Раса (категоризација људи) — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
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ВизуелноВикитекст
Нема описа измене
.
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== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|30em}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news |title=Molecular eyewitness: DNA gets a human face |first=Carolyn |last=Abraham |url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/life/molecular-eyewitness-dna-gets-a-human-face/article888804/?service=mobile&template=shareEmail&tabInside_tab=0&page=1 |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |publisher=Phillip Crawley |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=2011-02-04 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717002110/http://m.theglobeandmail.com/life/molecular-eyewitness-dna-gets-a-human-face/article888804/?service=mobile&template=shareEmail&tabInside_tab=0&page=1 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url= http://www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm |title=American Anthropological Association Statement on 'Race' |work=AAAnet.org |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] (AAA)<!--Keep abbreviation in this case; it's used by the Harvard referencing.--> |date=17 May 1998 |access-date=18 April 2009 |ref={{harvid|AAA|1998}}}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1331010408 |last=AAPA |authorlink=American Association of Physical Anthropologists |date=1996 |title=AAPA statement on biological aspects of race |url= http://www.virginia.edu/woodson/courses/aas102%20%28spring%2001%29/articles/AAPA_race.pdf |journal=Am J Phys Anthropol |volume=101 |issue=4| pages=569–70 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1364805 |last1=Amadon |first1=D. |date=1949 |title=The seventy-five percent rule for subspecies |journal=Condor |volume=51 |issue=6| pages=250–58 |ref=harv |jstor=1364805|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0e28650aeb595326eba5172cf5bb55dbb8aaa1c0 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Amundson|first=Ron|title=Quality of life and human difference: genetic testing, health care, and disability|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521832014|pages=[https://archive.org/details/qualityoflifehum00davi/page/101 101–24]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9PvWVZIzoTIC&pg=PA107|editor=David T. Wasserman|editor2=Robert Samuel Wachbroit|editor3=Jerome Edmund Bickenbach|chapter=Disability, Ideology, and Quality of Life: A Bias in Biomedical Ethics|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/qualityoflifehum00davi/page/101}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Andreasen|first1=Robin O.|title=Race: Biological Reality or Social Construct?|journal=Philosophy of Science|volume=67|issue=Suppl|date=2000|pages=S653–66|jstor=188702|ref=harv|doi=10.1086/392853}}
* {{Cite news |last=Angier |first=Natalie|title=Do Races Differ? Not Really, DNA Shows|url= https://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/082200sci-genetics-race.html|access-date=9 August 2010 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=22 August 2000 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |title=In My Father's House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/inmyfathershouse00appi |url-access=registration |last=Appiah |first=Kwame Anthony |date=1992 |isbn=9780195068528 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19|
first2=Diana|last2=Smay|first=George|last=Armelagos|
title=Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy|journal=Transforming Anthropology|date=2000|volume=9|pages=19–29|url= http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTGA/Web%20Site/PDFs/Galileo%20Wept-%20A%20Critical%20Assessment%20of%20the%20Use%20of%20Race%20in%20Forensic%20Anthropology.pdf|ref=harv|issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bamshad |first1=Michael |last2=Olson |first2=Steve E |url=http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf |title=Does Race Exist? |journal=Scientific American |volume=289 |issue=6 |pages=78–85 |date=10 November 2003 |ref=harv |bibcode=2003SciAm.289f..78B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1203-78 |pmid=14631734 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614110106/http://schools.tdsb.on.ca/rhking/departments/science/bio/evol_pop_dyn/does_race_exist.pdf |archivedate=14 June 2007 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bamshad |first1=M |last2=Wooding |first2=S |last3=Salisbury |first3=BA |last4=Stephens |title=Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race |journal=Nat. Rev. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=598–609 |date=August 2004 |pmid=15266342 |doi=10.1038/nrg1401 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Banton |first=Michael |date=1977 |title=The idea of race |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder |type=paperback |isbn=0891587195 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Barbujani|first1=Guido|title=Human Races: Classifying People vs Understanding Diversity|journal=Current Genomics|date=1 June 2005|volume=6|issue=4|pages=215–26|doi=10.2174/1389202054395973|ref=harv|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/325d51e8d3bb17afd38dfa0f902bfc03fe886986}}
* {{cite book |last=Blank |first=Rebecca M. |last2=Dabady |first2=Marilyn |last3=Citro |first3=Constance Forbes|author3-link=Constance F. Citro |series=National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination |publisher=National Adademies Press |date=2004 |isbn=9780309091268 |page=317 |title=Measuring racial discrimination |chapter=Chapter 2 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMp048271 |last1=Bloche |first1=Gregg M. |date=2004 |title=Race-Based Therapeutics |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=351 |issue=20| pages=2035–37 |pmid=15533852 |ref=harv|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/1ab0f85f65ed3bbf5cdbc27a4799e94c1b4e97cd }}
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* {{cite book |last=Boyd |first=William C. |title=Genetics and the races of man: an introduction to modern physical anthropology |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticsracesofm00boyd |url-access=registration |date=1950 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |ref=harv |page=[https://archive.org/details/geneticsracesofm00boyd/page/207 207] |location=Boston }}
* {{cite web| last=Brace |first=C. Loring |date=2000 |url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/brace.html |title=Does race exist? An antagonist's perspective |publisher=Pbs.org |access-date=2010-10-11 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Brace |first=C. Loring |date=2005 |title=Race is a four letter word |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195173512 |page=326 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=65–76 |last=Caspari |first=Rachel |title=From types to populations: A century of race, physical anthropology, and the American Anthropological Association |journal=American Anthropologist |date=2003 |doi=10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.65 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/65890/aa.2003.105.1.65.pdf |ref=harv|hdl=2027.42/65890 }}
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* {{cite book |last=Conley |first=D. |date=2007 |chapter=Being black, living in the red" |editor=P. S. Rothenberg |title=Race, Class, and Gender in the United States |edition=7th |pages=350–58 |location=New York |publisher=Worth Publishers |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Coop |first1=G. |last2=Pickrell |first2=J.K. |last3=Novembre |first3=J. |last4=Kudaravalli |first4=S. |last5=Li |first5=J. |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000500 |title=The Role of Geography in Human Adaptation |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e1000500 |date=2009 |pmid=19503611| pmc=2685456 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cravens |first=Hamilton |date=2010 |title=What's New in Science and Race since the 1930s?: Anthropologists and Racial Essentialism |journal=The Historian |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=299–320 |ref=harv |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.2010.00263.x|pmid=20726131 }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1341398 |last1=Crenshaw |first1=KW |name-list-format=vanc| year=1988 |title=Race, reform, and retrenchment: Transformation and legitimation in antidiscrimination law |journal=Harvard Law Review |volume=101 |issue=7| pages=1331–37 |ref=harv |jstor=1341398}}
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJMsb022863 |last1=Cooper |first1=RS |last2=Kaufman |first2=JS |last3=Ward |first3=R |date=2003 |title=Race and genomics |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=348 |issue=12| pages=1166–70 |pmid=12646675 |ref=harv|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/709320ca589df7bb33dd879238804ac99d928f07 }}
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* {{citation|last1=Desmond|first1=Adrian|authorlink1=Adrian Desmond|last2=Moore|first2=James|authorlink2=James Moore (biographer)|title=Darwin's sacred cause: how a hatred of slavery shaped Darwin's views on human evolution|publisher=Allen Lane, Penguin Books|date=2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/darwinssacredcau0000desm/page/484 484]|isbn=9781846140358|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/darwinssacredcau0000desm/page/484}}
* {{cite book |last=Dikötter |first=Frank |date=1992 |title=The discourse of race in modern China |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford |isbn=9780804719940 |ref=harv }}
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* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1110303 |last1=Duster| first1=T. |date=2005 |title=Race and reification in science |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712| pages=1050–51 |pmid=15718453 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Edwards |first=AW |authorlink=A. W. F. Edwards |title=Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy |journal=BioEssays |volume=25 |issue=8 |pages=798–801 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12879450 |doi=10.1002/bies.10315 |ref=harv|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/2f6295c900dd40377e60b6ca07ed1dc155c71504 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ehrlich |first1=Paul |last2=Holm |first2=Richard W. |chapter=A Biological View of Race |title=The Concept of Race |editor=Ashley Montagu |date=1964 |publisher=Collier Books |pages=153–79 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fullwiley |first=Duana |title=Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture |editor1-last=Krimsky |editor1-first=Sheldon |editor2-last=Sloan |editor2-first=Kathleen |chapter=Chapter 6: Can DNA "Witness" Race? |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OVg4AAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52769-9 |lay-url=http://www.cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-15696-7/ |laydate=31 August 2013 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite web|last=Gill |first=G|url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html |title=Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective |publisher=Pbs.org |date=2000 |access-date=2009-04-18 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Gitschier |first=Jane |title=The Whole Side of It&nbsp;– An Interview with Neil Risch |date=2005 |journal=PLOS Genet |volume=1|issue=1|page=e14 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0010014 |ref=harv |pmid=17411332 |pmc=1183530 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Milton Myron |title=Assimilation in American life: the role of race, religion, and national origins |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=1964 |isbn=978-0-19-500896-8 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/assimilationinam0000gord }}
* {{cite book |last=Graves |first=Joseph L |authorlink=Joseph L. Graves |title=The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/emperorsnewcloth00grav |url-access=registration |publisher=Rutgers University Press |date=2001 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |url= http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/Graves/ |title=What We Know and What We Don't Know: Human Genetic Variation and the Social Construction of Race |work=Is Race "Real"? |access-date=2011-01-22 |last=Graves |first=Joseph L. |date=2006 |publisher=Social Science Research Council |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |last=Graves |first=Joseph L. |title=Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture |editor1-last=Krimsky |editor1-first=Sheldon |editor2-last=Sloan |editor2-first=Kathleen |chapter=Chapter 8: Evolutionary Versus Racial Medicine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OVg4AAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52769-9 |lay-url=http://www.cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-15696-7/ |laydate=31 August 2013 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Haig |first1=SM|last2=Beever|first2=EA|last3=Chambers|first3=SM|last4=Draheim |first4=HM |display-authors=etal |title=Taxonomic considerations in listing subspecies under the U.S. Endangered Species Act |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=1584–94 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17181793 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00530.x |ref=harv|url=https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2579/}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harpending |first=Henry |title=Anthropological Genetics: Theory, Methods and Applications |editor-last=Crawford |editor-first=Michael |chapter=Chapter 16: Anthropological Genetics: Present and Future |date=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-54697-3 |lay-url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/life-sciences/biological-anthropology-and-primatology/anthropological-genetics-theory-methods-and-applications |laydate=4 December 2013 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Harris |first=Marvin |title=Patterns of race in the Americas |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CN|date=1980 |isbn=0-313-22359-9 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hawks |first=John |date=2013 |title=Significance of Neandertal and Denisovan Genomes in Human Evolution |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |publisher=Annual Reviews |volume=42 |issn=0084-6570 |isbn=978-0-8243-1942-7 |pages=433–49 |doi=10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155548 |ref=harv |issue=1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Helms |first1=Janet E. |last2=Jernigan |first2=Maryam |last3=Mascher |first3=Jackquelyn |title=The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: A methodological perspective |journal=American Psychologist |date=2005 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=27–36 |doi=10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.27 |pmid=15641919 |ref=harv|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/76f4b90cf2eab3829c86b489bfdc372c1e735616 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Methods of Racial Analysis |last=Hooton |first=Earnest A. |journal=Science |date=22 January 1926 |volume=63 |issue=1621 |pages=75–81 |doi=10.1126/science.63.1621.75 |pmid=17774966 |ref=harv |bibcode=1926Sci....63...75H }}
* {{cite web |last=Human Genome Project |url= http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/minorities.shtml |title=Human Genome Project Information: Minorities, Race, and Genomics |date=2003 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)&nbsp;– Human Genome Program |ref=harv}}
* Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)
* Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)
* {{Cite book |last=Kahn |first=Jonathan |title=Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture |editor1-last=Krimsky |editor1-first=Sheldon |editor2-last=Sloan |editor2-first=Kathleen |chapter=Chapter 7: Bidil and Racialized Medicine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OVg4AAAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2013 |date=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52769-9 |lay-url=http://www.cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-15696-7/ |laydate=31 August 2013 |page=132 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=J.M. |last2=Winther |first2=R.G. |title=Prisoners of Abstraction? The Theory and Measure of Genetic Variation, and the Very Concept of 'Race' |journal=Biological Theory |volume=7 |url= http://philpapers.org/archive/KAPPOA.14.pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1525/aa.1997.99.3.534 |last1=Keita |first1=S.O.Y. |last2=Kittles |first2=R.A. |date=1997 |title=The persistence of racial thinking and the myth of racial divergence |journal=Am Anthropol |volume=99 |issue=3| pages=534–44 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Keita |first1=S.O.Y. |last2=Kittles |first2=R. A. |last3=Royal |first3=C.D.M. |last4=Bonney |first4=G.M. |last5=Furbert-Harris |first5=P. |last6=Dunston |first6=G.M. |last7=Rotimi |first7=C.M. |date=2004 |title=Conceptualizing human variation |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=36 |issue=S17–S20 |pmid=15507998 |doi=10.1038/ng1455 |ref=harv |pages=S17–20|doi-access=free }}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Kenneth A. R. |title=But Professor, Why Teach Race Identification if Races Don't Exist? |date=1995|journal=Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=15386J |doi=10.1520/jfs15386j|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last=King |first=Desmond |editor1-last=Beem|editor1-first=Christopher |editor2-last=Mead|editor2-first=Lawrence M. |title=Welfare Reform and Political Theory |chapter=Making people work: Democratic consequences of workfare |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation Publications |location=New York |date=2007 |pages=65–81 |isbn=978-0-87154-588-6 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |title=Race and the Genetic Revolution: Science, Myth, and Culture |editor1-last=Krimsky |editor1-first=Sheldon |editor2-last=Sloan |editor2-first=Kathleen |date=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-52769-9 |lay-url=http://www.cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-15696-7/ |laydate=31 August 2013 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite web |last=Krulwich |first=Robert |url= https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100057939 |title=Your Family May Once Have Been A Different Color |publisher=Morning Edition, National Public Radio |date=2 February 2009 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |editor=Gates, E. Nathaniel |title=Critical Race Theory: Essays on the Social Construction and Reproduction of Race |publisher=Garland Pub |location=New York |date=1997 |isbn=9780815326038 |last=Lee |first=Jayne Chong-Soon |chapter=Review essay: Navigating the topology of race" |volume=4:''The Judicial Isolation of the "Racially" Oppressed'' |pages=393–426 |ref=harv }}
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* {{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Sandra SJ |last2=Mountain |first2=Joanna |last3=Koenig |first3=Barbara |last4=Altman |first4=Russ |title=The ethics of characterizing difference: guiding principles on using racial categories in human genetics |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=9 |issue=7 |page=404 |date=2008 |pmid=18638359 |pmc=2530857 |doi=10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-404 |ref=harv}}
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* {{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=B |date=1990 |title=Race and slavery in the Middle East |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0195062833 |ref=harv }}
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* {{cite book |last=Lie |first=John |title=Modern Peoplehood |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2004 |isbn=0674013271 |ref=harv }}
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* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1086/318434 |last1=Lieberman |first1=L |date=2001 |title=How "Caucasoids" got such big crania and why they shrank: from Morton to Rushton |journal=Curr Anthropol |volume=42 |issue=1| pages=69–95 |pmid=14992214 }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard |last2=Kirk |first2=Rodney |chapter=Teaching About Human Variation: An Anthropological Tradition for the Twenty-first Century |editor=Rice, Patricia |editor2=Kottak, Conrad Phillip |editor3=White, Jane G. |editor4=Richard H. Furlow |title=The Teaching of Anthropology: Problems, Issues, and Decisions |publisher=Mayfield Pub |date=1997 |page=[https://archive.org/details/teachingofanthro0000unse/page/381 381] |isbn=1-55934-711-2 |ref=harv |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/teachingofanthro0000unse/page/381 }}
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* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1525/aa.1995.97.2.02a00030 |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard| last2=Jackson |first2=Fatimah Linda C.| year=1995 |title=Race and Three Models of Human Origins |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=97 |issue=2| pages=231–42 |ref=harv|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9a1c92bb14267115d2f2c18f139e0a51ac63f7e9 }}
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* {{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/tea.3660290308 |last1=Lieberman |first1=Leonard |last2=Hampton |first2=Raymond E. |last3=Littlefield |first3=Alice |last4=Hallead |first4=Glen | year=1992 |title=Race in Biology and Anthropology: A Study of College Texts and Professors |journal=Journal of Research in Science Teaching |volume=29 |issue=3| pages=301–21 |ref=harv|bibcode=1992JRScT..29..301L }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Wade |first1=Peter |title=Race, Nature and Culture : An anthropological perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=0-74-531459-7}}
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* {{cite book |title=What's the Use of Race?: Modern Governance and the Biology of Difference |editor1-last=Whitmarsh |editor1-first=Ian |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=David S. |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-262-51424-8 |lay-url=http://www.bionews.org.uk/page_111448.asp |laydate=28 April 2013 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Dawkins |first1=Richard |title=Race and creation |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/richard-dawkins-race-evolution-in-group |magazine=Prospect |date=23 October 2004 |authorlink=Richard Dawkins}} Extract from ''[[The Ancestor's Tale]]: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Evolution''. {{isbn|978-0-61-861916-0}}.
* {{cite news |last1=Leroi |first1=Armand Marie |title=A Family Tree in Every Gene |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/14/opinion/a-family-tree-in-every-gene.html |work=The New York Times|date=14 March 2005}}
* {{cite web |title=The Nature of Normal Human Variety: A Talk with Armand Marie Leroi |url=https://www.edge.org/conversation/the-nature-of-normal-human-variety |publisher=Edge Foundation, Inc. |date=13 March 2005}}
* {{cite magazine |url=http://www.medicinemagazine.info/consumer/index.php/articles/5-human-evolution-biology-and-anthropology/7-the-myth-of-race |title=The Myth of Race |magazine=[[Medicine Magazine]] |date=2007 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101131219/http://www.medicinemagazine.info/consumer/index.php/articles/5-human-evolution-biology-and-anthropology/7-the-myth-of-race |archivedate=1 January 2009 }}
{{refend}}

== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commons category|Race|lcfirst=yes}}
* -{[http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5069/ When racism was respectable: Franz Boas on '' The Categorization of Human Types'']}-
* -{[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/race/ Race (Stamford Encyclopedia)] }-
* -{[https://www.pbs.org/race/000_General/000_00-Home.htm ''Race: the Power of an Illusion''] companion website to California Newsreel feature, 2003, PBS}-
* -{[http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/ Is Race "Real"?], forum by the [[Social Science Research Council]].}-
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509192236/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68184.htm US Census Bureau: Definition of Race]}-
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20031004010836/http://www.doi.gov/diversity/doc/racedata.htm "Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity"], ''Federal Register,'' 1997, Department of Interior}-
* -{[https://web.archive.org/web/20190901093820/http://www.understandingrace.org/ ''RACE: Are we so different?''], a public education program by the American Anthropological Association.}-


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[[Категорија:Сродство и порекло]]
[[Категорија:Сродство и порекло]]

Верзија на датум 27. април 2020. у 04:01

За другу употребу, погледајте страницу Раса.
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Расе, као социјална конструкција, је група људи сличних и изразитих физичких карактеристика.[1][2][3][4][5][6] У почетку, ова реч се користила да опише људе који причају исти језик, а касније да одреди којој нацији припада појединац , почетком 17. века, реч раса почиње да се односи на физичке особине. Тај термин се често користио у биолошком таксономском смислу и почетком 19. века се користи да би одредили генетски различите популације људи дефинисане одређеним фенотипом.[7][8]

Социјалне концепције и груписање раса се мења временом, укључујући и народне таксономије[7] које дефинишу есенцијалне типове индивидуалаца на основу очигледних особина. Научници сматрају да је биолошки есенцијализам застарео,[9] и генерално обесхрабрују коришћење рацијалних овјашњења за колективно разликовање у физичким особинама, као и особинама понашања.[10][11][12][13][14]

Чак иако постоји широк договор међу научницима да су есенцијалистичке и типолошке консепцуализације раса неодрживе, научници око света настављају да консепцијализују расе на много различитих начина, неке од којих имају есенцијалистичке импликације.[15] Док неки истраживачи понекад користе концепт расе да би правили разлике између сетова особина које се тешко разликују, други у научној заједници сугеришу да је идеја раса често коришћена на наиван[10] и симплистичан начин,[16] и тврде да, међу људима, расе немају таксономског значаја истичући да сви људи припадају истој врсти, Homo sapiens, и под врсти, Homo sapiens sapiens.[17][18]

Од друге половине 20. века, повезивање речи раса са идеологијама и теоријама које су настале радом антрополога и физиолога у 19 веку, чине коришћење ове речи веома проблематичним. Иако се још увек користи у општим контекстима, реч раса су замениле друге речи као што су популација, људи, етничке групе и заједнице, у зависности ок контекста.[19][12]

Компликације и разне дефиниције концепта

Постоји широки консензус да су расне категорије које су уобичајене у свакодневној употреби друштвено конструисани, и да расне групе не могу бити биолошки дефинисани.[20][21][22][23][24][25] Ипак, неки научници тврде да су расне категорије очигледно у корелацији са биолошким особинама (нпр фенотипом) у извесној мери, и да неки генетски маркери имају различите фреквенције међу људским популацијама, од којих неки одговарају више или мање традиционалним расним групама. Из тог разлога, тренутно не постоји консензус о томе да ли се може сматрати расним категоријама да имају значај за разумевање људских генетских варијација.[26]

 Када људи дефинишу и разговарају о одређеној концепцији расе, они стварају друштвену стварност кроз коју се постиже социјална категоризација.[27] У том смислу, за расе се каже да су друштвене конструкције.[7] Ове конструкције се развијају у различитим правним, економским и друштвено-политичким контекстима, а може бити последица, а не узрок, главних друштвених ситуација.[7] Док многи схватају расе као социјални конструкт , многи научници се слажу да раса има материјалног ефекта у животима људи због преференца и дискриминације.

Социо-економски фактори, у комбинацији са ранијим али и трајним ставовима расе, довели су до значајне патње у неповољном положају расних група. Расна дискриминација се често поклапа са расистичким менталитетом.[28] Као резултат тога, расне групе које поседују релативно мало снаге често се нађу искључене , док хегемонистички појединци и институције оптужене за држање расистих ставова.[7] Расизам је довео до бројних трагедија, укључујући ропство и геноцид.[29]

У неким земљама, полиција користи расе као начин одређивања профила осумњиченог. Ова употреба расних категорија је често критикована зато што наставља да шири већ одавно превазиђена мишљења о биолошким варијацијама, као и промовисање стереотипова. Јер у неким друштвима расне групације одговарају блиско са обрасцима друштвене стратификације, за социолога који студира друштвене неједнакости, раса може бити значајна променљива. Као социолошки фактори, расне категорије могу делимично одражавају субјективне атрибуте, селф-идентитете и социјалне институције.[30][31]

Научници и даље расправљају о степени на којој расне категорије су биолошки оправдане и друштвено конструисане, као и степен у којем се стварност расе мора признати да би друштво схватило и да се према расизму опходи адекватно.[7] Сходно томе, расне парадигме запослене у различитим дисциплинама се разликују у њиховом акцентом на биолошко смањење као супротности са социјалном конструкџијом.

У друштвеним наукама, теоријски оквири, као што су расна теорија формирања и критичке теорије расе истражују импликације расе као друштвене конструкције истражујући како су слике, идеје и претпоставке о раси изражене у свакодневном животу. Велика количина научника су пратили односе између историјског, друштвеног производа расе у правном и криминалном језику, и њихови ефекти на рад полиције и непропорционалним хапшењем појединих група.

Референце

  1. ^ Anemone, Robert L. (2011).
  2. ^ Anemone, Robert L. (2011).
  3. ^ Takezawa, Yasuko I. "Race (human)".
  4. ^ Cartmill, Matt (1998).
  5. ^ "The Race Question" (PDF).
  6. ^ Wade, Nicholas (May 9, 2014).
  7. ^ а б в г д ђ See:
  8. ^ Keita, S. O. Y.; Kittles, R. A.; Royal, C. D. M.; Bonney, G. E.; Furbert-Harris, P.; Dunston, G. M.; Rotimi, C. N. (2004).
  9. ^ Sober 2000
  10. ^ а б Lee et al. 2008: "We caution against making the naive leap to a genetic explanation for group differences in complex traits, especially for human behavioral traits such as IQ scores"
  11. ^ AAA 1998: "For example, 'Evidence from the analysis of genetics (e.g., DNA) indicates that most physical variation, about 94%, lies within so-called racial groups.
  12. ^ а б Keita, S O Y; Kittles, Royal, Bonney, Furbert-Harris, Dunston, Rotimi; Royal, C D M; Bonney, G E; Furbert-Harris, P; Dunston, G M; Rotimi, C N (2004).
  13. ^ Harrison, Guy (2010).
  14. ^ Roberts, Dorothy (2011).
  15. ^ Lieberman, L.; Kaszycka, K. A.; Martinez Fuentes, A. J.; Yablonsky, L.; Kirk, R. C.; Strkalj, G.; Wang, Q.; Sun, L. (December 2004).
  16. ^ Graves 2001[page needed]
  17. ^ Keita et al. 2004
  18. ^ AAPA 1996 "Pure races, in the sense of genetically homogeneous populations, do not exist in the human species today, nor is there any evidence that they have ever existed in the past."-p.714
  19. ^ "Race2".
  20. ^ Marks, Jonathan (2003).
  21. ^ Templeton, A. R. (1998).
  22. ^ Williams, S. M.; Templeton, A. R. (2003).
  23. ^ Templeton, A. R. "The genetic and evolutionary significance of human races".
  24. ^ American; Anthropological, Physical.
  25. ^ Steve Olson, Mapping Human History: Discovering the Past Through Our Genes, Boston, 2002
  26. ^ Bamshad, M.; Wooding, S.; Salisbury, B. A.; Stephens, J. C. (2004).
  27. ^ Lee 1997
  28. ^ Lee 1997 citing Morgan 1975 and Appiah 1992
  29. ^ Owens & King 1999
  30. ^ King 2007: For example, "the association of blacks with poverty and welfare ... is due, not to race per se, but to the link that race has with poverty and its associated disadvantages"–p.75.
  31. ^ Schaefer 2008: "In many parts of Latin America, racial groupings are based less on the biological physical features and more on an intersection between physical features and social features such as economic class, dress, education, and context.

Литература

Spoljašnje veze

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