Арафурско море — разлика између измена

Арафурско море^[1]
Арафурско море
	Локација
	Арафурско море
Локација	Океанија, Индонезија
Земље басена	Аустралија, Индонезија, и Папуа Нова Гвинеја
Макс. дужина	1.290 km (800 mi) km
Макс. ширина	560 km (350 mi) km
Површина	650.000 km2 (250.000 sq mi) km2
Водена површина на Викимедијиној остави

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Верзија на датум 24. март 2023. у 00:01

Арафурско море је део Тихог океана између Аустралије и Карпентеријског залива на југу, Нове Гвинеје на северу, Тиморског мора на западу и Коралног мора на истоку са којим комуницира преко Торесовог пролаза. Дуго је 1290 km, широко 560 km и има површину од 650.000 km². Највећим делом има дубину од 50 до 80 метара, која се повећава према западу.^[2]

Током последњег леденог доба Тиморско море је заједно са Карпентаријским заливом и Торесовим пролазом чинило велику равницу која је повезивала Аустралију и Нову Гвинеју формирајући континент Сахул, што је олакшало миграцију људи из Азије у Аустралију.

Географија

The Arafura Sea is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria and the continent of Australia to the south, the Timor Sea to the west, the Banda and Seram seas to the northwest, and the Torres Strait to the east. (Just across the strait, farther to the east, lies the Coral Sea). The Arafura Sea is 1,290 km (0,802 mi) long and 560 km (350 mi) wide. The depth of the sea is 50–80 m in most places, with the depth increasing to the west.

The sea lies over the Arafura Shelf, which is a section of the Sahul Shelf. When sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Torres Strait formed a large, flat, land bridge that connected Australia and New Guinea and eased the migration of humans from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Опсег

The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) categorizes the Arafura Sea as one of the bodies of water of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows:^[7]

On the North. The Southeastern limit of the Ceram Sea [A line from Karoefa, New Guinea, to the Southeastern extreme of Adi Island, thence to Tg. Borang, the Northern point of Noehoe Tjoet [Kai Besar] (5° 17′ S 133° 09′ E / 5.283° Ј; 133.150° И / -5.283; 133.150)] and the Eastern limit of the Banda Sea [From Tg Borang, the Northern point of Noehoe Tjoet, through this island to its Southern point, thence a line to the Northeast point of Fordata, through this island and across to the Northeast point of Larat, Tanimbar Islands (7° 06′ S 131° 55′ E / 7.100° Ј; 131.917° И / -7.100; 131.917), down the East coast of Jamdena [Yamdena] Island to its Southern point, thence through Anggarmasa to the North point of Selaroe and through this island to Tg Aro Oesoe its Southern point (8° 21′ S 130° 45′ E / 8.350° Ј; 130.750° И / -8.350; 130.750)].
On the East. The Southwest coast of New Guinea from Karoefa (133°27'E) to the entrance to the Bensbak River (141°01'E), and thence a line to the Northwest extreme of York Peninsula, Australia (11° 05′ S 142° 03′ E / 11.083° Ј; 142.050° И / -11.083; 142.050).
On the South. By the North coast of Australia from the Northwest extreme of York Peninsula to Cape Don (11° 19′ S 131° 46′ E / 11.317° Ј; 131.767° И / -11.317; 131.767).
On the West. A line from Cape Don to Tanjong Aro Oesoe, the Southern point of Selaroe (Tanimbar Islands).

Име

European use of the name "Arafura Sea" dates back to at least 1663, when Joan Blaeu recorded in the text on his wall map of the East Indies ("Archipelagus Orientalis, sive Asiaticus") that the inland inhabitants of the Moluccas call themselves "Alfores".^[8]

The name also appeared in George Windsor Earl's 1837 Sailing Directions for the Arafura Sea, which he compiled from the narratives of Lieutenants Kolff and Modera of the Royal Netherlands Navy.^[9]

Although it has been suggested that Arafura derives from the Portuguese word "Alfours", meaning "free men", it seems more likely that sea is named after the Harrafora, the indigenous name for "the people of mountains" in the Moluccas (part of Indonesia), which was the explanation recorded by Lieutenants Kolff and Modera in the 1830s.^[9]

Thomas Forrest sailed through the Moluccas (Maluku Islands) in 1775, and documented that there were people who called themselves the "Harafora" living in the western end of New Guinea, in subordination to the "Papuas". He also reported their presence in Magindano (Mindanao).^[10] The geographer Conrad Malte-Brun repeated Forrest's reports of a race of "Haraforas" in 1804,^[11] and added Borneo to the list of places this group inhabited.^[12] The ethnologist James C. Prichard described the Haraforas as head-hunters.^[13] John Coulter, in his account of a sojourn in the interior of south-west New Guinea in 1835,^[14] referred to the tribespeople there as the "Horrafora", and had the impression that Papuans and Horraforans were two distinct groups in New Guinea.

AJ van der Aa's 1939 Toponymic Dictionary, recently rediscovered in the Dutch National Archives, has this explanation for the name of the sea: "The inhabitants of the Moluccas called themselves 'haraforas', translating 'Anak anak gunung' as 'children of the mountains'."

Рибарство

The Arafura Sea is a rich fishery resource, particularly for shrimp and demersal fish. Economically important species include Barramundi, grouper, Penaeid shrimp, and Nemipteridae fishes, among others.

At a time when many marine ecosystems and fish stocks around the world are diminished or collapsing, the Arafura Sea stands out as among the richest marine fisheries on Earth.^[15] However, the natural resources of the Arafura have been under increased pressure from illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities.^[16]

The Arafura and Timor Seas Expert Forum (ATSEF) was established in 2002 to promote the economically and environmentally sustainable management of those seas.^[17]^[18]

Референце

^ Arafura Sea: OS (Oceans) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA
^ Arafura Sea: OS (Oceans) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA
^ O'Connor, Sue; Hiscock, Peter (2018). „The people of Sahul and near Oceania”. Ур.: Cochrane, Ethan E.; Hunt, Terry L. The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania. New York: Oxford University Press. стр. 26—45. ISBN 978-0-19-992507-0.
^ Oliver, Douglas L. (1961). The Pacific Islands. New York: The American Museum of Natural History.
^ Thomas, Nicholas (јун 2021). „From Sunda to Sahul: the first crossings and early settlement of the Pacific”. Natural History. Research Triangle Park: Natural History Magazine, Inc. ISSN 0028-0712. Приступљено 7. 1. 2022.
^ White, J. Peter; O'Connell, James F. (1982). A prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. Sydney: Academic Press Australia. ISBN 0-12-746750-5.
^ „Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition” (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. стр. 27—28. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 28. 12. 2020.
^ Joan Blaeu Archipelagus Orientalis, sive Asiaticus Apud Ioannem Blaeu Published: Amsterdam Apud Joannem Blaeu, 1663
^ ^а ^б Earl, George Windsor; Kolff, D. H.; Modera, Justin (1837). „Sailing directions for the Arafura Sea”. Hydrographic Office, London.
^ Captain Thomas Forrest, A Voyage to New Guinea, and the Moluccas, from Balambangan: &c. (Dublin, 1779).
^ Edme Mentelle & Malte Brun, Géographie mathématique, physique et politique de toutes les parties du monde, &c., vol. XII (Paris, Henry Tardieu & Laporte, 1804), pages 400, 597.
^ M. Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, or a Description of All the Parts of the World on a New Plan, &c., vol. III (Edinburgh, Adam Black, 1822).
^ James Clowes Prichard, Researches into the Physical History of Man (London, J. & A. Arch, 1813), page 307.
^ John Coulter, M.D., Adventures on the Western Coast of South America and the Interior of California: including a narrative of incidents at the Kingsmill Islands, New Ireland, New Britain, New Guinea, and other islands in the Pacific Ocean; &c., vol. II (London, Longmans, 1847), chapters 11—16.
^ Biophysical Profile of the Arafura and Timor Seas.
^ World Wildlife Fund. "Fishing problems: Illegal fishing" Архивирано 2008-04-11 на сајту Wayback Machine
^ Arafura and Timor Seas Expert Forum (ATSEF)
^ „The Arafura and Timor Seas Ecosystem Action Program (ATSEA)”. Архивирано из оригинала 2018-08-23. г. Приступљено 2018-08-23.

Литература

Berndt, Ronald M.; Berndt, Catherine (1947). „Discovery of Pottery in North-Eastern Arnhem Land”. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 77 (2): 133—138. JSTOR 2844477. doi:10.2307/2844477.
Berndt, Ronald M. (2004) [First published 1952]. Djanggawul: An Aboriginal Religious Cult of North-Eastern Arnhem Land. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-1-136-53864-3.
Choo, Poh-Sze (2004). „Fisheries, trade and utilization of sea cucumbers in Malaysia” (PDF). Ур.: Lovatelli, Alessandro; Conand, Chantal; Purcell, Steven; Uthicke, Sven; Hamel, Jean-François; Mercier, Annie. Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management. Fao Fisheries Technical Paper. FAO. стр. 57—68.
Evans, Nicholas (2016). „As intimate as it gets? Paradigm borrowing in Marrku and its implications for the emergence of mixed languages”. Ур.: Meakins, Felicity; O'Shannessy, Carmel. Loss and Renewal: Australian Languages Since Colonisation. Walter de Gruyter. стр. 29—56. ISBN 978-1-614-51879-2.
Flinders, Matthew (1814). A voyage to terra Australis..in the years 1801-1803. London: Bulmer. стр. 230.
Ganter, Regina (2008). „Muslim Australians: the deep histories of contact” (PDF). Journal of Australian Studies. 32 (4): 1—14. S2CID 145583395. doi:10.1080/14443050802471384. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 15. 4. 2012. г.
Macknight, Charles Campbell (1976a). Using Daeng Rangka (1845–1927). Australian Dictionary of Biography. 6. Melbourne University Press.
Macknight, Charles Campbell (1976b). The Voyage to Marege. Macassan trepangers in northern Australia. Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84088-9.
Macknight, Charles Campbell (април 1986). „Macassans and the Aboriginal past”. Archaeology in Oceania. 21 (1): 69—75. JSTOR 40386713. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.1986.tb00126.x.
Macknight, Charles Campbell (2011). „The view from Marege': Australian knowledge of Makassar and the impact of the trepangindustry across two centuries”. Aboriginal History. 35: 121—143. JSTOR 24046930. doi:10.22459/AH.35.2011.06 .
Máñez, Kathleen Schwerdtner; Ferse, Sebastian C. A. (29. 6. 2010). „The History of Makassan Trepang Fishing and Trade”. PLOS ONE. 5 (6): e11346. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511346S. PMC 2894049 . PMID 20613871. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011346 .
McIntosh, Ian (1996). „Allah and the Spirit of the Dead: The hidden legacy of pre-colonial Indonesian/Aboriginal contact in north-east Arnhem Land” (PDF). Australian Folklore. 11: 131—138. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 11. 6. 2011. г.
McIntosh, Ian (6. 1996j). „Islam and Australia's Aborigines? A Perspective from North-East Arnhem Land”. Journal of Religious History. 20 (1): 53—77. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9809.1996.tb00692.x. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 4. 2015. г. Приступљено 26. 3. 2015.
McIntosh, Ian (1997). „The Birrinydji Legacy: Aborigines, Macassans and mining in north-east Arnhem Land”. Aboriginal History (објављено јун 1999). 21: 70—89. doi:10.22459/AH.21.2011 .
Mulvaney, D. J. (1969). The Prehistory of Australia. London: Thames and Hudson.
Rogers, Janak (24. 6. 2014). „When Islam came to Australia”. BBC News. Приступљено 25. 6. 2014.
Russell, Denise (2004-03-22). „Aboriginal-Makassan interactions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in northern Australia and contemporary sea rights claims” (PDF). Australian Aboriginal Studies. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 2004 (1): 3—17. ISSN 0729-4352. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 6. 3. 2019. г. Приступљено 21. 4. 2019.
Stephenson, P. (2010). Islam Dreaming: Indigenous Muslims in Australia. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-74223-247-8.
Taçon, Paul S.C.; May, Sally K.; Fallon, Stewart J.; Travers, Meg; Wesley, Daryl; Lamilami, Ronald (децембар 2010). „A Minimum Age for Early Depictions of Southeast Asian Praus in Rock Art of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory”. Australian Archaeology. 71 (71): 1—10. ISSN 0312-2417. S2CID 54182146. doi:10.1080/03122417.2010.11689379. hdl:10072/36684 . Архивирано из оригинала 24. 4. 2016. г. Приступљено 28. 3. 2016.
Tuwo, Ambo (2004). „Status of sea cucumber fisheries and farming in Indonesia” (PDF). Ур.: Lovatelli, Alessandro; Conand, Chantal; Purcell, Steven; Uthicke, Sven; Hamel, Jean-François; Mercier, Annie. Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management. Fao Fisheries Technical Paper. FAO. стр. 49—55.

Спољашње везе

[1] Arafura Sea: OS (Oceans) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA

[2] Arafura Sea: OS (Oceans) National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA

[3] O'Connor, Sue; Hiscock, Peter (2018). „The people of Sahul and near Oceania”. Ур.: Cochrane, Ethan E.; Hunt, Terry L. The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania. New York: Oxford University Press. стр. 26—45. ISBN 978-0-19-992507-0.

[4] Oliver, Douglas L. (1961). The Pacific Islands. New York: The American Museum of Natural History.

[5] Thomas, Nicholas (јун 2021). „From Sunda to Sahul: the first crossings and early settlement of the Pacific”. Natural History. Research Triangle Park: Natural History Magazine, Inc. ISSN 0028-0712. Приступљено 7. 1. 2022.

[6] White, J. Peter; O'Connell, James F. (1982). A prehistory of Australia, New Guinea and Sahul. Sydney: Academic Press Australia. ISBN 0-12-746750-5.

[7] „Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition” (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. стр. 27—28. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 28. 12. 2020.

[8] Joan Blaeu Archipelagus Orientalis, sive Asiaticus Apud Ioannem Blaeu Published: Amsterdam Apud Joannem Blaeu, 1663

[earl-9] а ^б Earl, George Windsor; Kolff, D. H.; Modera, Justin (1837). „Sailing directions for the Arafura Sea”. Hydrographic Office, London.

[10] Captain Thomas Forrest, A Voyage to New Guinea, and the Moluccas, from Balambangan: &c. (Dublin, 1779).

[11] Edme Mentelle & Malte Brun, Géographie mathématique, physique et politique de toutes les parties du monde, &c., vol. XII (Paris, Henry Tardieu & Laporte, 1804), pages 400, 597.

[12] M. Malte-Brun, Universal Geography, or a Description of All the Parts of the World on a New Plan, &c., vol. III (Edinburgh, Adam Black, 1822).

[13] James Clowes Prichard, Researches into the Physical History of Man (London, J. & A. Arch, 1813), page 307.

[14] John Coulter, M.D., Adventures on the Western Coast of South America and the Interior of California: including a narrative of incidents at the Kingsmill Islands, New Ireland, New Britain, New Guinea, and other islands in the Pacific Ocean; &c., vol. II (London, Longmans, 1847), chapters 11—16.

[15] Biophysical Profile of the Arafura and Timor Seas.

[16] World Wildlife Fund. "Fishing problems: Illegal fishing" Архивирано 2008-04-11 на сајту Wayback Machine

[17] Arafura and Timor Seas Expert Forum (ATSEF)

[18] „The Arafura and Timor Seas Ecosystem Action Program (ATSEA)”. Архивирано из оригинала 2018-08-23. г. Приступљено 2018-08-23.

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п р у Светска мора и океани
Северни ледени океан	Амундсенов залив Баренцово море Бело море Берингов мореуз Бофорово море Бутијски залив Ванделсово море Гренландско море Источносибирско море Карска врата Карско море Лаптевско море Линколново море Море Густава Адолфа Печорско море Фрамов мореуз Чукотско море
Атлантски океан	Азовско море Алборанско море Аргентинско море Архипелагово море Балеарско море Балтичко море Бафинов залив Бискајски залив Ботнијски залив Ботнијско море Венецуелански залив Гвинејски залив Гренландско море Дански мореуз Дејвисов мореуз Егејско море Ирмингерово море Ирско море Јадранско море Јонско море Залив Кампече Карипско море Келтско море Критско море Лабрадорско море Ламанш Левантско море Керчки мореуз Либијско море Лигурско море Лионски залив Мексички залив Миртојско море Мраморно море Норвешко море Оландско море Саргашко море Северно море Залив Сен Лорен Средоземно море Тиренско море Тракијско море Залив Фанди Фински залив Фоксов залив Хадсонов залив Хебридско море Црно море Џејмсов залив
Индијски океан	Аденски залив Акапски залив Андаманско море Арабијско море Бенгалски залив Камбејски залив Качки залив Лакадивско море Малајски мореуз Мозамбички канал Омански залив Персијски залив Суецки залив Сундски мореуз Тиморско море Црвено море
Тихи океан	Аљаски залив Арафурско море Балијско море Бандско море Берингово море Бизмарково море Бохајско море Бохолско море Висајанско море Жуто море Источно кинеско море Јаванско море Јапанско море Јужно кинеско море Калифорнијски залив Карпентаријски залив Камотеско море Корално море Корско море Макасарски мореуз Молучко море Моро залив Охотско море Савуско море Салишко море Серамско море Сибујанско море Соломоново море Сулуско море Тајландски залив Тасманово море Тонкиншки залив Унутрашње јапанско море Филипинско море Флореско море Халмахерско море Целебеско море Чилеанско море
Јужни океан	Амундсеново море Белингсхаусеново море Веделово море Дејвисово море Дирвилово море Дрејков мореуз Космонаутско море Лазаревљево море Море краља Хокона VII Море сарадње Море Скоша Мосоново море Рисер Ларсеново море Росово море Сомовљево море
Копнена „мора”	Аралско језеро Бајкалско језеро Балхашко језеро Велика језера Каспијско језеро Мртво море Салтон си

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