Море Скоша — разлика између измена

Координате: 57° 30′ Ј; 40° 00′ З / 57.5° Ј; 40° З / -57.5; -40
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{{Инфокутија Море
{{Инфокутија Море
| име = Море Скоша
| име = Море Скоша
| изворни_назив =
⚫
| слика = Scotia Sea.png
| опис_слике = Положај мора Скоша
| слика = Scotia Sea 1996.jpg
| опис_слике = [[Tabular iceberg|Табуларни]] ледени брег у мору Скоша, 1996
⚫
| локација = [[Атлантски океан|Јужни Атлантик]] и [[Јужни океан]]
| image_bathymetry = Scotiazee en scotiarug.png
| површина = око 900.000
| caption_bathymetry =
⚫
| запремина =
| дубина = 6.022
| државе =
| просечна_дубина = око 5.000
| републике =
| настанак =
| покрајине =
| ширина =
| области = [[Southern Ocean|Јужни океан]]
| дужина =
| регије =
⚫
| локација = [[Атлантски океан|Јужни Атлантик]] и [[Јужни океан]]
⚫
| салинитет = 34
| површина = {{convert|900000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}}
| ширина =
| дужина =
| обала =
⚫
| запремина =
| просечна_дубина = око 5.000
| највећа_дубина = {{convert|6022|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| басен =
| висина =
⚫
| салинитет = 34
| настанак =
| максималне_температуре =
| максималне_температуре =
| минималне_температуре =
| минималне_температуре =
| земље =
| земље =
| врста =
| притоке =
| отоке =
| острва =
| градови =
| map =
⚫
| lat = -57.5
| long = -40
}}
}}
[[Image:Scotia Sea.png|thumb|Приближна област мора на [[Southern Hemisphere|јужној хемисфери]].]]
⚫
'''Скоша''' ({{јез-енг|Scotia Sea}}, {{јез-рус|Мо́ре Ско́ша}}) је ивично море између [[Фолкландска острва|Фолкландских острва]], [[Јужна Џорџија и Јужна Сендвичка Острва|Јужне Џорџије и Јужних Сендвичких острва]] и [[Јужна Оркнијска острва|Јужних Оркнијских острва]]. Назив потиче из [[1932]]. по имену брода -{''Scotia''}- ([[Шкотска]]) шкотске антарктичке експедиције под командом [[Вилијам Спирс Брус|Вилијама С. Бруса]].

⚫
'''Скоша''' ({{јез-енг|Scotia Sea}}, {{јез-рус|Мо́ре Ско́ша}}) је ивично море између [[Фолкландска острва|Фолкландских острва]], [[Јужна Џорџија и Јужна Сендвичка Острва|Јужне Џорџије и Јужних Сендвичких острва]] и [[Јужна Оркнијска острва|Јужних Оркнијских острва]]. Назив потиче из [[1932]]. по имену брода -{''Scotia''}- ([[Шкотска]]) шкотске антарктичке експедиције под командом [[Вилијам Спирс Брус|Вилијама С. Бруса]]. Мноштво [[iceberg|ледених брегова]] се отапа тамо.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/antarctica-iceberg-graveyard-climate-change|title=Antarctica's iceberg graveyard could reveal the ice sheet's future|date=2019-04-09|website=Science News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>


Већи део мора лежи у [[Атлантски океан|Атлантском океану]], а мањи у [[Јужни океан|Јужном океану]]. На западу је [[Дрејков пролаз]] који повезује [[Атлантски океан|Атлантски]] са [[Тихи океан|Тихим океаном]]. Површина мора је преко 1,3 милиона км². Просечна дубина је већа од 5.000 метара, што је више од просечних дубина мора у свету. Максимална дубина је 6.022 м.
Већи део мора лежи у [[Атлантски океан|Атлантском океану]], а мањи у [[Јужни океан|Јужном океану]]. На западу је [[Дрејков пролаз]] који повезује [[Атлантски океан|Атлантски]] са [[Тихи океан|Тихим океаном]]. Површина мора је преко 1,3 милиона км². Просечна дубина је већа од 5.000 метара, што је више од просечних дубина мора у свету. Максимална дубина је 6.022 м.
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На мору се појављује огромна количина рачића која представља храну за многе рибе, морске птице и китове. Ту су повољни услови за развој рибарства.
На мору се појављује огромна количина рачића која представља храну за многе рибе, морске птице и китове. Ту су повољни услови за развој рибарства.

== Локација и опис ==
[[File:Scotia-sea.png|thumb|left|400px|Map of Scotia Sea. Toponyms: Undersea relief, maritime, nearby lands, countries and cities. Isobath interval: 2000 m]]
{{рут}}
The Scotia Sea is the area of water between the Drake Passage, [[Tierra del Fuego]], [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]], the [[South Sandwich Islands]], the [[South Orkney Islands]], and the [[Antarctic Peninsula]]. These island groups all sit atop the Scotia Arc, which frames the sea on the north, east, and south. The Scotia Sea covers an area around {{convert|900000|km2|sqmi|-2|abbr=on}}. About half of the sea stands above the [[continental shelf]].

== Историја ==

The sea was named about 1932 after the ''[[Scotia (barque)|Scotia]]'', the expedition ship used in these waters by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04) under [[William S. Bruce]]. The most famous traverse of this frigid sea was made near the end of the [[Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] in 1916 by Sir [[Ernest Shackleton]] and five others in the adapted lifeboat ''James Caird''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Endurance is Found |url=https://endurance22.org/endurance-is-found |website=Endurance22 |access-date=9 March 2022 |date=9 March 2022|author1=Alexw }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Fountain |first1=Henry |title=At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/09/climate/endurance-wreck-found-shackleton.html |website=The New York Times |date=9 March 2022}}</ref> They left [[Elephant Island]], just off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and reached [[South Georgia Island]] two weeks later. It was a distance of nearly 900 miles and the sun was only sighted four times during the entire journey.

In [[Argentina]], the Scotia Sea is considered part of an area known as the ''Mar Argentino'', and several territories claimed but not occupied by Argentina, such as South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, lie within this region.

== Флора и фауна ==

The islands bordering the Scotia Sea are rocky and partly covered in ice and snow year round; despite these harsh conditions, however, the islands do support vegetation and have been described as the [[Scotia Sea Islands tundra]] [[ecoregion]],<ref name=dinerstein>{{cite journal | first1=Eric | last1=Dinerstein | first2=David | last2=Olson | display-authors=etal | year=2017 | title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm | journal=BioScience | volume=67 | issue=6 | date=June 2017 | pages=534–545 | doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014| pmid=28608869 | pmc=5451287 | doi-access=free }} Supplemental material 2 table S1b.</ref><ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014</ref><ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name='dopa'>{{cite web|title=Scotia Sea Islands tundra|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/21103|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Scotia Sea Islands tundra|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Scotia_Sea_Islands_tundra|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref> which includes South Georgia, the volcanic South Sandwich Islands, and the South Orkneys in the Scotia Sea, as well as the remote [[South Shetland Islands]] near the Antarctic Peninsula and the small isolated volcano called [[Bouvet Island]]. All these islands lie in the cold seas below the [[Antarctic convergence]].<ref>R.K. Headland, ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. </ref><ref>Alan Gurney, ''Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1699–1839'', Penguin Books, New York, 1998.</ref> These areas support [[tundra]] vegetation consisting of [[moss]]es, [[lichen]]s, and [[algae]], while seabirds, penguins, and seals feed in the surrounding waters.

Seabirds include four species of albatross: black-browed albatross ''([[Thalassarche melanophris]])'', grey-headed albatross ''([[Thalassarche chrysostoma]])'', light-mantled albatross ''([[Phoebetria palpebrata]])'', and wandering albatross ''([[Diomedea exulans]])''. Only five species of birds remain on land on the islands, and these include an endemic race of the yellow-billed pintail duck ''([[Anas georgica]])'' and the endemic South Georgia pipit ''([[Anthus antarcticus]])''. Other birds include the [[southern giant petrel]], with sizeable colonies on [[Bird Island, South Georgia|Bird Island]].

[[Penguin]] species found here include large numbers of [[king penguin]]s on South Georgia especially, as well as [[chinstrap penguin]], [[macaroni penguin]], [[gentoo penguin]], [[Adelie penguin]], and rockhopper penguin ''([[Eudyptes chrysocome]])''.

Seals include the Antarctic fur seal ''([[Arctocephalus gazella]])'' and sub-Antarctic fur seal ''([[Arctocephalus tropicalis]])'' in large numbers, [[leopard seal]] ''(Hydrurga leptonyx)'', [[Weddell seal]] ''(Leptonychotes weddellii)'', the huge [[southern elephant seal]] ''(Mirounga leonina)'', and [[crabeater seal]] ''(Lobodon carcinophagus)''.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Marielandia Antarctic tundra|id=an1101}}</ref>

== Претње и очување ==

Although the [[Scotia Arc]] islands have a harsh climate and have never been permanently occupied,<ref name="Barker-2001-fig1">{{Harvnb|Barker|2001|loc=Fig. 1, p. 3}}</ref> they have long been used as a base for fishing and seal hunting. Wildlife on these remote islands is threatened by [[introduced species]], especially on South Georgia, where even large animals, including (now removed) [[reindeer]], have been brought to the islands. Further damage to ecosystems results from overfishing. South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island are protected as nature reserves, with [[Bird Island, South Georgia]], being a [[site of special scientific interest]]. The seals are further protected by international agreements, and fur seal populations are recovering.

== Референце ==
{{Reflist}}

== Литература ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Great Southern Ocean |volume=12 |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} |page=422 }}
* {{citation |ref={{harvid|NGS|2014}} |contribution=Antarctic Ocean, Austral Ocean, Southern Ocean |contribution-url=http://stylemanual.ngs.org/home/A/antarctic-ocean |title=Style Manual |url=http://stylemanual.ngs.org |publisher=National Geographic Society |location=[[Washington, DC|Washington]] |date=2014 |editor-last=Brindley |editor-first=David |access-date=31 July 2015 }}.
* Arndt, JE et al.: ''The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean Version 1.0 – A new bathymetric compilation covering circum-Antarctic waters''. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(9), 1–7, 2013. [[doi:10.1002/grl.50413]]
* [[Sarah Gille|Gille, Sarah T.]]: ''Warming of the Southern Ocean since the 1950s''. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'': Vol. '''295''' (no. 5558), 1275–1277, 2002. [[doi:10.1126/science.1065863]]
* Descriptive Regional Oceanography, P. Tchernia, Pergamon Press, 1980, {{ISBN|978-0080209197}}.
* Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. ''Regional Oceanography: an Introduction''. (see [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630202249/http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/regoc/ the site])
* {{cite book|last=Cook|first=James|title=Three Voyages of Captain James Cook Round the World|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irYBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA244|access-date=1 November 2015|year=1821|publisher=Longman|page=244|chapter=March 1775|quote=These voyages of the French, though undertaken by private adventurers, have contributed something towards exploring the Southern Ocean. That of Captain Surville, clears up a mistake, which I was led into, in imagining the shoals off the west end of New Caledonia was to extend to the west, but as far as New Holland.}}
* {{cite book|title=A Compendious Geographical Dictionary, Containing, a Concise Description of the Most Remarkable Places, Ancient and Modern, in Europe, Asia, Africa, & America, ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8a9bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA29|edition=2nd|year=1795|publisher=W. Peacock|location=London|page=29}}
* {{cite book|last=Payne|first=John|title=Geographical extracts, forming a general view of earth and nature... illustrated with maps|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63tZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80|access-date=1 November 2015|year=1796|publisher=G.G. and J. Robinson|location=London|page=80}}
* {{cite book|title=The Edinburgh Gazetteer: Or, Geographical Dictionary: Containing a Description of the Various Countries, Kingdoms, States, Cities, Towns, Mountains, &c. of the World; an Account of the Government, Customs, and Religion of the Inhabitants; the Boundaries and Natural Productions of Each Country, &c. &c. Forming a Complete Body of Geography, Physical, Political, Statistical, and Commercial with Addenda, Containing the Present State of the New Governments in South America...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR59|volume=1|year=1827|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green|location=London|page=lix}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Family Magazine: Or Monthly Abstract of General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGpMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16|volume=3|date=June 1835|publisher=Redfield & Lindsay|location=New York|page=16|title=Physical Geography|number=1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Michael L. |first=Van Woert |display-authors=etal |editor-last=DiTullio |editor-first=Giacomo R. |editor2-last=Dunbar |editor2-first=Robert B. |contribution=The Ross Sea Circulation During the 1990s |title=Biogeochemistry of the Ross Sea |publisher=American Geophysical Union |year=2003 |pages=4–34 |url= |isbn=0-87590-972-8 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Florindo |first1=Fabio |last2=Siegert |first2=Martin J. |title=Antarctic Climate Evolution |publisher=Elsevier |year=2008 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUu-x70CZEcC |isbn=978-0-444-52847-6}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rintoul |first1=S. R. |last2=Meredith |first2=M. P. |last3=Schofield |first3=O. |last4=Newman |first4=L. |date=2012 |title=The southern ocean observing system |journal=Oceanography |volume=25 |number=3 |pages=68–69|doi=10.5670/oceanog.2012.76 |s2cid=129434229 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=A. J. |last2=Costa |first2=D. P. |last3=Schofield |first3=O. |last4=Newman |first4=L. |last5=Urban Jr |first5=E. R. |last6=Fulton |first6=E. A. |last7=Melbourne-Thomas |first7=J. |last8=Ballerini |first8=T. |last9=Boyd |first9=P. W. |last10=Brandt |first10=A |last11=Willaim |first11=K. |date=2016 |title=Developing priority variables ("ecosystem Essential Ocean Variables"—eEOVs) for observing dynamics and change in Southern Ocean ecosystems |journal=Journal of Marine Systems |volume=161 |pages=26–41|doi=10.1016/j.jmarsys.2016.05.003 |bibcode=2016JMS...161...26C |s2cid=3530105 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Trathan|first1=P.n|last2=Forcada|first2=J|last3=Murphy|first3=E.j|date=2007-12-29|title=Environmental forcing and Southern Ocean marine predator populations: effects of climate change and variability|url= |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=362|issue=1488|pages=2351–2365|doi=10.1098/rstb.2006.1953|pmc=2443178|pmid=17553770}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Havermans, C. |author2=G. Sonet |author3=C. d'Udekem d'Acoz |author4=Z. T. Nagy |author5=P. Martin |author6=S. Brix |author7=T. Riehl |author8=S. Agrawal |author9=C. Held | year=2013 |title=Genetic and Morphological Divergences in the Cosmopolitan Deep-Sea Amphipod Eurythenes gryllus Reveal a Diverse Abyss and a Bipolar Species |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=e74218 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0074218|pmid=24086322 |pmc=3783426 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...874218H |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal | author=Hunt, B. | author2=J. Strugnell | author3=N. Bednarsek | author4=K. Linse | author5=R.J. Nelson | author6=E. Pakhomov | author7=B. Seibel | author8=D. Steinke | author9=L. Würzberg | year=2010 | title = Poles Apart: The "Bipolar" Pteropod Species Limacina helicina is Genetically Distinct Between the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=5 | issue=3 | page=e9835 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0009835 | pmid=20360985 | pmc=2847597 | bibcode=2010PLoSO...5.9835H | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Uriz, M.J. |author2=J.M. Gili |author3=C. Orejas |author4=A.R. Perez-Porro | year=2011 |title=Do bipolar distributions exist in marine sponges? Stylocordyla chupachups sp.nv. (Porifera: Hadromerida) from the Weddell Sea (Antarctic), previously reported as S. borealis (Lovén, 1868) |journal=Polar Biol |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=243–255 |doi=10.1007/s00300-010-0876-y |s2cid=25074505 }}
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* {{Cite journal | last = Barker | first = P. F. | title = Scotia Sea regional tectonic evolution: implications for mantle flow and palaeocirculation | year = 2001 | journal = Earth-Science Reviews | volume = 55 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 1–39 | url = http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~jdwright/MarGeol/Barker.pdf | accessdate = 1 July 2015 | doi=10.1016/s0012-8252(01)00055-1}}<!-- {{Harvnb|Barker|2001}} -->
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{{Refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category|Scotia Sea}}
* {{ru}} [http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/geography/article/geo/geo3/geo-4372.htm Море Скоша]{{Мртва веза|date=10. 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Словарь современных географических названий
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Antarctic Ocean |volume=2 |ref={{harvid|EB|1878}} |page=100 }}


{{Светско море}}
{{Светско море}}

Верзија на датум 27. март 2023. у 02:33

Море Скоша
Табуларни ледени брег у мору Скоша, 1996
ЛокацијаЈужни Атлантик и Јужни океан
Координате57° 30′ Ј; 40° 00′ З / 57.5° Ј; 40° З / -57.5; -40
57° 30′ Ј; 40° 00′ З / 57.5° Ј; 40° З / -57.5; -40
Површина900.000 km2 (347.500 sq mi) km2
Прос. дубинаоко 5.000 m
Макс. дубина6.022 m (19.757 ft) m
Салинитет34‰
Водена површина на Викимедијиној остави
Приближна област мора на јужној хемисфери.

Скоша (енгл. Scotia Sea, рус. Мо́ре Ско́ша) је ивично море између Фолкландских острва, Јужне Џорџије и Јужних Сендвичких острва и Јужних Оркнијских острва. Назив потиче из 1932. по имену брода Scotia (Шкотска) шкотске антарктичке експедиције под командом Вилијама С. Бруса. Мноштво ледених брегова се отапа тамо.[1]

Већи део мора лежи у Атлантском океану, а мањи у Јужном океану. На западу је Дрејков пролаз који повезује Атлантски са Тихим океаном. Површина мора је преко 1,3 милиона км². Просечна дубина је већа од 5.000 метара, што је више од просечних дубина мора у свету. Максимална дубина је 6.022 м.

Просечна температура на површини је од 6 °C до -1 °C. Салинитет воде је око 34‰. Море се углавном налази у субполарним географским ширинама. Северне воде превладавају само на северозападу, док у средини доминирају јужне поларне воде. Над морем доминирају јаки ветрови са запада, те су честе олује. То је један од главних разлога настанка многих ледених санти према Антарктику, тако да су њихове појаве овде врло честе.

На мору се појављује огромна количина рачића која представља храну за многе рибе, морске птице и китове. Ту су повољни услови за развој рибарства.

Локација и опис

Map of Scotia Sea. Toponyms: Undersea relief, maritime, nearby lands, countries and cities. Isobath interval: 2000 m

The Scotia Sea is the area of water between the Drake Passage, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, the South Orkney Islands, and the Antarctic Peninsula. These island groups all sit atop the Scotia Arc, which frames the sea on the north, east, and south. The Scotia Sea covers an area around 900.000 km2 (347.500 sq mi). About half of the sea stands above the continental shelf.

Историја

The sea was named about 1932 after the Scotia, the expedition ship used in these waters by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04) under William S. Bruce. The most famous traverse of this frigid sea was made near the end of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition in 1916 by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five others in the adapted lifeboat James Caird.[2][3] They left Elephant Island, just off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and reached South Georgia Island two weeks later. It was a distance of nearly 900 miles and the sun was only sighted four times during the entire journey.

In Argentina, the Scotia Sea is considered part of an area known as the Mar Argentino, and several territories claimed but not occupied by Argentina, such as South Georgia and the Falkland Islands, lie within this region.

Флора и фауна

The islands bordering the Scotia Sea are rocky and partly covered in ice and snow year round; despite these harsh conditions, however, the islands do support vegetation and have been described as the Scotia Sea Islands tundra ecoregion,[4][5][6][7][8] which includes South Georgia, the volcanic South Sandwich Islands, and the South Orkneys in the Scotia Sea, as well as the remote South Shetland Islands near the Antarctic Peninsula and the small isolated volcano called Bouvet Island. All these islands lie in the cold seas below the Antarctic convergence.[9][10] These areas support tundra vegetation consisting of mosses, lichens, and algae, while seabirds, penguins, and seals feed in the surrounding waters.

Seabirds include four species of albatross: black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris), grey-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma), light-mantled albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata), and wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans). Only five species of birds remain on land on the islands, and these include an endemic race of the yellow-billed pintail duck (Anas georgica) and the endemic South Georgia pipit (Anthus antarcticus). Other birds include the southern giant petrel, with sizeable colonies on Bird Island.

Penguin species found here include large numbers of king penguins on South Georgia especially, as well as chinstrap penguin, macaroni penguin, gentoo penguin, Adelie penguin, and rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome).

Seals include the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) and sub-Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) in large numbers, leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), the huge southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina), and crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus).[11]

Претње и очување

Although the Scotia Arc islands have a harsh climate and have never been permanently occupied,[12] they have long been used as a base for fishing and seal hunting. Wildlife on these remote islands is threatened by introduced species, especially on South Georgia, where even large animals, including (now removed) reindeer, have been brought to the islands. Further damage to ecosystems results from overfishing. South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island are protected as nature reserves, with Bird Island, South Georgia, being a site of special scientific interest. The seals are further protected by international agreements, and fur seal populations are recovering.

Референце

  1. ^ „Antarctica's iceberg graveyard could reveal the ice sheet's future”. Science News (на језику: енглески). 2019-04-09. Приступљено 2020-02-28. 
  2. ^ Alexw (9. 3. 2022). „Endurance is Found”. Endurance22. Приступљено 9. 3. 2022. 
  3. ^ Fountain, Henry (9. 3. 2022). „At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found”. The New York Times. 
  4. ^ Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; et al. (јун 2017). „An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm”. BioScience. 67 (6): 534—545. PMC 5451287 Слободан приступ. PMID 28608869. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix014 Слободан приступ.  Supplemental material 2 table S1b.
  5. ^ Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014
  6. ^ „Map of Ecoregions 2017” (на језику: енглески). Resolve, using WWF data. Приступљено 20. 6. 2021. 
  7. ^ „Scotia Sea Islands tundra” (на језику: енглески). Digital Observatory for Protected Areas. Приступљено 20. 6. 2021. 
  8. ^ „Scotia Sea Islands tundra” (на језику: енглески). The Encyclopedia of Earth. Приступљено 20. 6. 2021. 
  9. ^ R.K. Headland, The Island of South Georgia, Cambridge University Press, 1984.
  10. ^ Alan Gurney, Below the Convergence: Voyages Toward Antarctica, 1699–1839, Penguin Books, New York, 1998.
  11. ^ „Marielandia Antarctic tundra”. Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. 
  12. ^ Barker 2001, Fig. 1, p. 3

Литература

Спољашње везе

Море Скоша на Викимедијиној остави.
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