Safavidski Iran

Safavidski Iran ili Safavidska Persija, takođe i Safavidsko carstvo, bilo je jedno od najvećih i dugotrajnih iranskih imperija nakon muslimanskog osvajanja Persije u 7. veku, kojom je od 1501. do 1736. godine vladao dinastija Safavida.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Često se smatra početkom moderne iranske istorije,^[5] kao i jednom od barutnih imperija.^[6] Safavidski šah Ismail I uspostavio je dvanaestočlanu denominaciju šiitskog islama kao zvaničnu religiju carstva, označivši jednu od najvažnijih prekretnica u istoriji islama.^[7]

Iranska dinastija Safavida ukorenjena je u sufijskom redu Safavida^[8] koji su osnovali kurdski šeici.

Članovi dinastije su često supali u brak sa turkomanskim, gruzijskim,^[9] čerkeskim,^[10]^[11] i pontskim grčkim^[12] plemstvom i velikodostojnicima. Bili su govornici turskog i poturčeni.^[13] Iz svoje baze u Ardabilu, Safavidi su uspostavili kontrolu nad delovima Velikog Irana i ponovo potvrdili iranski identitet regiona,^[14] čime su postali prva domorodačka dinastija od perioda vladavine Bujida koja je uspostavila nacionalnu državu zvanično poznatu kao Iran.^[15]

Safavidi su vladali od 1501. do 1722. (doživeli su kratku restauraciju od 1729. do 1736. i 1750. do 1773.) i, na svom vrhuncu, kontrolisali su sav današnji Iran, Republiku Azerbejdžan, Bahrein, Jermeniju, istočnu Gruziju, delove Severnog Kavkaza uključujući Rusiju, Irak, Kuvajt i Avganistan, kao i delove Turske, Sirije, Pakistana, Turkmenistana i Uzbekistana.

Uprkos padu sa vlasti 1736. godine, nasleđe koje su ostavili za sobom je oživljavanje Irana kao ekonomskog uporišta između Istoka i Zapada, uspostavljanje efikasne države i birokratije zasnovane na „proverama i ravnotežama“, ostvarenim arhitektonskim inovacijama i pokroviteljstvu za novčane kazne. umetnosti.^[5] Safavidi su takođe ostavili trag do sadašnjeg doba uspostavljanjem dvanaestorice šiizma kao državne religije Irana, kao i širenjem šiitskog islama u većim delovima Bliskog istoka, centralne Azije, Kavkaza, Anadolije, Persijskog zaliva i Mesopotamije.^[5]^[7]

Galerija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Jedna od prvih akcija koje je izveo šah Ismail I iz dinastije Safavida bilo je proglašenje dvanaestočlane denominacije šia islama zvaničnom religijom njegovog novoosnovanog Persijskog carstva, što je izazvalo religijske tenzije.^[16]
Deo Safavidskog Persijskog carstva (desno), Otomanskog carstva i Zapadne Azije uopšte, Emanuel Boven, 1744–52.
Persijska minijatura koja prikazuje polo utakmicu

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Helen Chapin Metz, ed.
^ Emory C. Bogle.
^ Stanford Jay Shaw.
^ Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).
^ ^a ^b ^v „SAFAVID DYNASTY”. Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. 13. 6. 2017 [28 July 2008]. ISSN 2330-4804. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 5. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.
^ ^a ^b „Ṣafawids”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 8. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2012 [1995]. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964.
^ Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). „The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries”. Ur.: Matthee, Rudi. The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st izd.). New York and London: Routledge. str. 15—36. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 260730590. doi:10.4324/9781003170822.
^ Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early.
^ Yarshater 2001, str. 493.
^ Khanbaghi 2006, str. 130.
^ Anthony Bryer.
^ Safavidski Iran at Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."
^ Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?
^ Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011). Early Islamic Iran. I. B. Tauris.
^ Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts On File. 2009. str. 71. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1. LCCN 2008020716 https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 5. 2016. g. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć)CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857716767.
Lockhart, Laurence; Jackson, Peter, ur. (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20094-6.
Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845110567.
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 izd.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442241466.
Savory, Roger (2007). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521042512.
Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0275968915.
Yarshater, Ehsan (2001). Encyclopædia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0933273566.

Dodatna literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Matthee, Rudi, ur. (2021). The Safavid World. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-94406-0.
Melville, Charles, ur. (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires. The Idea of Iran, Vol. 10. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-0-7556-3378-4.
Spuler, Bertold (2003). Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey. Prevod: Christoph Marcinkowski. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional Pte. ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
Dastūr Al-mulūk. Prevod: Christoph Marcinkowski. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC). 2002. ISBN 983-9379-26-7.
From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts Between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century. Prevod: Christoph Marcinkowski. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional Pte. 2005. ISBN 9971-77-491-7.
"The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors", Adam Olearius, translated by John Davies (1662),
Hasan Javadi; Willem Floor (2013). „The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran”. Iranian Studies. Routledge. 46 (4): 569—581. S2CID 161700244. doi:10.1080/00210862.2013.784516.

[1] Helen Chapin Metz, ed.

[2] Emory C. Bogle.

[3] Stanford Jay Shaw.

[4] Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).

[Iranica-5] v „SAFAVID DYNASTY”. Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. 13. 6. 2017 [28 July 2008]. ISSN 2330-4804. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 5. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[6] Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.

[savoryeiref-7] „Ṣafawids”. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 8. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2012 [1995]. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964.

[Matthee_2021-8] Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). „The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries”. Ur.: Matthee, Rudi. The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st izd.). New York and London: Routledge. str. 15—36. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 260730590. doi:10.4324/9781003170822.

[9] Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early.

[FOOTNOTEYarshater2001493-10] Yarshater 2001, str. 493.

[FOOTNOTEKhanbaghi2006130-11] Khanbaghi 2006, str. 130.

[Anthony_Bryer_1975-12] Anthony Bryer.

[13] Safavidski Iran at Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."

[14] Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?

[15] Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011). Early Islamic Iran. I. B. Tauris.

[Masters_2009-16] Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts On File. 2009. str. 71. ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1. LCCN 2008020716 https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 5. 2016. g. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar |title= (pomoć)CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

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