Cynohyaenodon

Cynohyaenodon ; (parafiletski rod); Vremenski raspon: 50.8–37.8 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani do srednji eocen
	ilustracija lobanje vrste; Cynohyaenodon cayluxi
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Natporodica:	†Hyaenodontoidea
Porodica:	†Hyaenodontidae
Rod:	†Cynohyaenodon; Filhol, 1873
Tipska vrsta
	†Cynohyaenodon cayluxi; Filhol, 1873
Vrste
	†Cynohyaenodon cayluxi; †Cynohyaenodon lautricensis; †Cynohyaenodon ruetimeyeri; †Cynohyaenodon smithae; †Cynohyaenodon trux;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Pseudosinopa (Depéret, 1917) ; sinonimi vrste: C. cayluxi: Proviverra cayluri (Gaudry, 1878) ; Proviverra cayluxi (Gaudry, 1878) ; Stypolophus cayluxi (Cope, 1880) ; ; C. lautricensis: Quercitherium lautricensis (Lange-Badré, 1978) ; ; C. ruetimeyeri: Pseudosinopa ruetimeyeri (Depéret, 1917) ; ;

Cynohyaenodon (Kinohijaenodon — „psoliki Hijaenodon”) je izumrli parafiletski rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrle porodice Hyaenodontidae, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Evrope.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Cynohyaenodon	starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas i izumrlog roda sisara Hyaenodon	psoliki Hijaenodon^[7]

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
C. cayluxi	roda Cynohyaenodon i francuskog grada Kelisa	Kinohijaenodon iz Kelisa
C. lautricensis	roda Cynohyaenodon i francuske opštine Lautrek	Kinohijaenodon iz Lautreka
C. ruetimeyeri	roda Cynohyaenodon i prezimena švajcarskog paleontologa Karla Ludviga Runtermajera	runtermajerov Kinohijaenodon
C. smithae	roda Cynohyaenodon i prezimena američke pjevačice, pjesnikinje i vizuelne umetnice Patriše Li Smit	smitin Kinohijaenodon
C. trux	roda Cynohyaenodon i latinske riječi truks (lat. trux), koja znači divlje	divlji Kinohijaenodon

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrsta Cynohyaenodon cayluxi je težila od 1,73 do 2,514 kg,^[8]^[9] Cynohyaenodon lautricensis oko 3 kg, Cynohyaenodon ruetimeyeri oko 1,89 kg, Cynohyaenodon smithae oko 310 g^[10], a Cynohyaenodon trux oko 1,17 kg.^[11] Zapremina mozga u lobanji kod vrste Cynohyaenodon cayluxi je iznosila 12 cm³.^[8]^[9]^[12]

Ponašanje i paleoekologija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz parafiletskog roda Cynohyaenodon su bile mali kopneni predatori koji su se hranili sa malim plijenom (glodarima, gušterima i insektima).

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Cynohyaenodon* ^{(parafiletski rod)} (Filhol, 1873)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†C. cayluxi (Filhol, 1873)^[13]	Francuska (Oksitanija)	40,0 do 37,5 mil. god.
†C. lautricensis (Lange-Badré, 1978)^[14]	Francuska (Oksitanija)	40,0 do 37,8 mil. god.
†C. ruetimeyeri (Van Valen, 1965)^[15]	Švajcarska (kanton Bazel-provincija)^[16]	43,5 do 41,2 mil. god.
†C. smithae (Solé, 2021)^[10]	Francuska (O de Frans)	50,8 do 47,8 mil. god.
†C. trux (Van Valen, 1965)	Švajcarska (kanton Bazel-provincija)	46,3 do 41,2 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze parafiletskog roda Cynohyaenodon.^[17]^[18]^[11]^[10]^[19]

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Proviverridae

†Hyaenodontidae

	†Paracynohyaenodon

	†Quercytherium

	†Cynohyaenodon lautricensis

†Cynohyaenodon cayluxi

	†Cynohyaenodon ruetimeyeri

	†Cynohyaenodon trux

†Cynohyaenodon

†Cynohyaenodon smithae

†Boritia

?

†Protoproviverra

?

†Praecodens

	†Leonhardtina

	†Preregidens

	†Cartierodon

	†Prodissopsalis

?

†Paenoxyaenoides

†Eurotherium theriodis

†Eurotherium mapplethorpei

†Eurotherium

	†Eurotherium matthesi

	†Alienetherium

†Matthodon

	†Hyaenodontinae

?	†Neosinopa

	†Oxyaenoidinae

†Cynohyaenodon/Quercytherium grupa

†Leonhardtina grupa

†Eurotherium grupa

†Matthodon grupa

†Oxyaenoides grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst parafiletskog roda Cynohyaenodon unutar porodice Hyaenodontidae[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Depéret C. (1917.) "Monographie de la faune de mammiféres fossiles du Ludien inférieur d'Euget-les-Bains (Gard)." Ann. Univ. Lyon (N. S.), Div. 1, 40, 1-288.
^ Gaudry A. (1878.) "Les enchainements du monde animal dans les temps géologiques." Mammiféres tertiaires. Paris. 293 p., 312 fig.
^ E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). „New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878—917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.
^ Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „A large hyaenodont from the Lutetian of Switzerland expands the body mass range of the European mammalian predators during the Eocene”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64 (2): 275—290. doi:10.4202/app.00581.2018 .
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ ^a ^b Morgane Dubied; Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution”. Palaeontology. 62 (6): 983—1001. doi:10.1111/pala.12437.
^ ^a ^b Dubied, M.; Solé, F.; Mennecart, B. (2021). „Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3). doi:10.4202/app.00771.2020 .
^ ^a ^b ^v Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ ^a ^b Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Flink, T.; Werdelin, L. (2022). „Digital endocasts from two late Eocene carnivores shed light on the evolution of the brain at the origin of Carnivora”. Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (2): e1422. doi:10.1002/spp2.1422.
^ Filhol, H. (1873.) "Sur les Vertébrés fossiles trouvés dans les dépôts de phosphate de chaux du Quercy." Bull. Soc. Pholomath. Paris (6) 10, 85-89.
^ Lange-Badré, B. (1978.) "Cynohyaenodon lautricensis nov. sp. (Creodonta, Mammalia) et les Cynohyaenodon européens." Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 114: 472-483
^ Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.
^ L. Costeur and M. Schneider (2011.) "Catalogue of the Eocene mammal types of the Natural History Museum Basel." Carnets de Géologie - Notebooks on Geology
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Filhol, Henri (1877). „Recherches sur les phosphorites du Quercy. Étude des fossiles qu'on y recontre et spécialement des mammifères”. Annales des Sciences Géologiques, Paris. 8 (1): 1—562.
Filhol, H. (1888.) "Étude du squelette du Cynohyaenodon." Soc. Philom. Paris, Mém. publiés par Société philomaire de Paris a l'occasion centenaire de sa fondation, 1788-1888: 179-192
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
J.-Y. Crochet (1988.) "Le gisement du Bretou (Phosphorites du Quercy, Tarn-et-Garonne, France) et sa faune des vertebres de l'Eocene superieur; 3. Marsupiaux creodontes et fissipedes. [Le Bretou locality (Quercy Phosphorites, Tarn-et-Garonne, France) and its late Eocene vertebrate fauna; 3. Marsupialia, Creodonta and Fissipeda.]" Palaeontographica Abteilung A 205(1-6):61-67
Morlo, M. (1999). „Niche structure and evolutionin creodont (Mammalia) faunas of the European and North American Eocene”. Geobios. 32 (2): 297—305. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(99)80043-6.
S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007.) "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications." Geodiversitas 29(3):441-458
Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
Floréal Solé; Eli Amson; Matthew Borths; Dominique Vidalenc; Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl (2015). „A New Large Hyainailourine from the Bartonian of Europe and Its Bearings on the Evolution and Ecology of Massive Hyaenodonts (Mammalia)”. PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0135698. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035698S. PMC 4580617 . PMID 26398622. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135698.
Floréal Solé, Valentin Fischer, Julien Denayer, Robert P. Speijer, Morgane Fournier, Kévin Le Verger, Sandrine Ladevèze, Annelise Folie & Thierry Smith (2020.) "The upper Eocene-Oligocene carnivorous mammals from the Quercy Phosphorites (France) housed in Belgian collections", Geologica Belgica 24(1-2)

[1] Depéret C. (1917.) "Monographie de la faune de mammiféres fossiles du Ludien inférieur d'Euget-les-Bains (Gard)." Ann. Univ. Lyon (N. S.), Div. 1, 40, 1-288.

[2] Gaudry A. (1878.) "Les enchainements du monde animal dans les temps géologiques." Mammiféres tertiaires. Paris. 293 p., 312 fig.

[3] E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82

[McKenna_&_Bell-4] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[ZJLS14proviverrines-5] Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). „New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878—917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.

[6] Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „A large hyaenodont from the Lutetian of Switzerland expands the body mass range of the European mammalian predators during the Eocene”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64 (2): 275—290. doi:10.4202/app.00581.2018 .

[7] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[Provierra2019-8] Morgane Dubied; Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution”. Palaeontology. 62 (6): 983—1001. doi:10.1111/pala.12437.

[Eurotherium21-9] Dubied, M.; Solé, F.; Mennecart, B. (2021). „Endocranium and ecology of Eurotherium theriodis, a European hyaenodont mammal from the Lutetian”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 66 (3). doi:10.4202/app.00771.2020 .

[hyaenodontsGeobios-10] v Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Geodiversitas4213-11] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[12] Flink, T.; Werdelin, L. (2022). „Digital endocasts from two late Eocene carnivores shed light on the evolution of the brain at the origin of Carnivora”. Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (2): e1422. doi:10.1002/spp2.1422.

[13] Filhol, H. (1873.) "Sur les Vertébrés fossiles trouvés dans les dépôts de phosphate de chaux du Quercy." Bull. Soc. Pholomath. Paris (6) 10, 85-89.

[14] Lange-Badré, B. (1978.) "Cynohyaenodon lautricensis nov. sp. (Creodonta, Mammalia) et les Cynohyaenodon européens." Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 114: 472-483

[15] Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.

[16] L. Costeur and M. Schneider (2011.) "Catalogue of the Eocene mammal types of the Natural History Museum Basel." Carnets de Géologie - Notebooks on Geology

[Matthew2017-17] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-18] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Maocyon-19] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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