Dissopsalis

Dissopsalis; Vremenski raspon: 16.1–8.8 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N srednji do kasni miocen
	ilustracija lobanje vrste; Dissopsalis carnifex
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Natporodica:	†Hyainailouroidea
Porodica:	†Teratodontidae
Potporodica:	†Teratodontinae
Pleme:	†Dissopsalini
Rod:	†Dissopsalis; Pilgrim, 1910
Tipska vrsta
	†Dissopsalis carnifex; Pilgrim, 1910
Vrste
	†Dissopsalis carnifex; †Dissopsalis pyroclasticus;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi vrsta: D. carnifex: Dissopsalis ruber (Pilgrim, 1910) ; ;

Dissopsalis (Disopsalis — „dvostruke makaze”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara, iz izumrlog plemena Dissopsalini, unutar izumrle potporodice Teratodontinae i izumrle porodice Teratodontidae, koji je u periodu od srednjeg do kasnog miocena nastanjivao područje Afrike i Azije.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Dissopsalis	starogrčke riječi disos (stgrč. δισσός), koja znači dvostruko starogrčke riječi psalis (stgrč. ψαλίς), koja znači makaze	dvostruke makaze

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
D. carnifex	roda Dissopsalis i latinske riječi karnifeks (lat. carnifex), koja znači mesar	Disopsalis mesar
D. pyroclasticus	roda Dissopsalis starogrčke riječi piro (stgrč. πῦρ), koja znači vatra i starogrčke riječi klastos (stgrč. κλαστός), koja znači slomljeno	Disopsalis od vatreni komada

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz roda Dissopsalis su veličinu crvene lisice. Zubna formula kod vrsti iz ovog roda je ?.1.4.3?.1.4.3.^[3]

Ponašanje i paleoekologija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz roda Dissopsalis su bile kopneni predatori koji su u prošlosti Afrike i Azije nastanjivali plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme.

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Dissopsalis* (Pilgrim, 1910)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†D. carnifex (Pilgrim, 1910)^[6]	Indija (Pandžab^[7] i Džamu i Kašmir) Pakistan^[8]^[9]	16,1 do 8,8 mil. god.
†D. pyroclasticus (Savage, 1965)^[10]	Kenija^[8]	15,0 do 9,0 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Dissopsalis.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]

†Teratodontidae

†Teratodontinae

†Furodon

?

†Teratodontinae sp. (BC 2’08)

?

†Teratodontinae sp. (CBI-1-614)

†Ekweeconfractus

†Paratritemnodon

†Kyawdawia

†Dissopsalini

†Dissopsalis

	†Dissopsalis carnifex

	†Dissopsalis pyroclasticus

†Buhakia

?	†Teratodontinae sp. (Locality BQ-2, Fayum, Egypt)

	†Brychotherium

†Metasinopa

†Masrasector nananubis

?

†Masrasector pithecodacos

	†Masrasector aegypticum

	†Masrasector ligabuei

	†Anasinopa

	†Teratodontini

†Kyawdawia grupa

†Masrasector

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Dissopsalis unutar porodice Teratodontidae[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Colbert, E. H. (1933.) "The skull of Dissopsalis carnifex, Pilgrim, a Miocene Creodont of India." American Museum Novitates, 603, 1-8.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ ^a ^b Margaret E. Lewis and Michael Morlo (2010.) "Creodonta". In: Lars Werdelin and William Joseph Sanders (eds.) "Cenozoic Mammals of Africa". University of California Press, Berkeley, London, New York, pp. 543-560
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). „The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition”. PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. PMC 5636082 . PMID 29020030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301.
^ Jorge Morales; Martin Pickford (2017). „New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)” (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 332—359. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0019.
^ Pilgrim, G. E. (1910.) "Preliminary note on a revised classification of the Tertiary freshwater deposits in India." Records Geological Survey of India, 40, 185-205.
^ Pilgrim, G. E. (1914.) "Description of teeth referable to the Lower Siwaliks creodont genus Dissopsalis, Pilgrim." Records Geological Survey of India, 44, 265-279.
^ ^a ^b Barry, J. C. (1988). „Dissopsalis, a middle and late Miocene proviverrine creodont (Mammalia) from Pakistan and Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 48 (1): 25—45. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011682.
^ Abdul Ghaffar and Muhammad Akhtar (2009.) "New fossil remains of Dissopsalis cf. carnifex Pilgrim, 1910 from the Chinji Formation, Pakistan" Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 42, 37-43
^ R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Flink, T.; Cote, S. (2021). „The neurocranium of Ekweeconfractus amorui gen. et sp. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) and the evolution of the brain in some hyaenodontan carnivores”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2): e1927748. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1927748.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007.) "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications." Geodiversitas 29(3):441-458
Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
Borths, M. R.; Seiffert, E. R. (april 2017). „Craniodental and humeral morphology of a new species of Masrasector (Teratodontinae, Hyaenodonta, Placentalia) from the late Eocene of Egypt and locomotor diversity in hyaenodonts”. PLoS ONE. 12 (4): e0173527. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173527. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[1] Colbert, E. H. (1933.) "The skull of Dissopsalis carnifex, Pilgrim, a Miocene Creodont of India." American Museum Novitates, 603, 1-8.

[McKenna_&_Bell-2] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Lewis2010-3] Margaret E. Lewis and Michael Morlo (2010.) "Creodonta". In: Lars Werdelin and William Joseph Sanders (eds.) "Cenozoic Mammals of Africa". University of California Press, Berkeley, London, New York, pp. 543-560

[4] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). „The first hyaenodont from the late Oligocene Nsungwe Formation of Tanzania: Paleoecological insights into the Paleogene-Neogene carnivore transition”. PLOS ONE. 12 (10): e0185301. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1285301B. PMC 5636082 . PMID 29020030. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185301.

[Morales_&_Pickford,_2017-5] Jorge Morales; Martin Pickford (2017). „New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)” (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 332—359. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0019.

[6] Pilgrim, G. E. (1910.) "Preliminary note on a revised classification of the Tertiary freshwater deposits in India." Records Geological Survey of India, 40, 185-205.

[7] Pilgrim, G. E. (1914.) "Description of teeth referable to the Lower Siwaliks creodont genus Dissopsalis, Pilgrim." Records Geological Survey of India, 44, 265-279.

[Barry1988-8] Barry, J. C. (1988). „Dissopsalis, a middle and late Miocene proviverrine creodont (Mammalia) from Pakistan and Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 48 (1): 25—45. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011682.

[9] Abdul Ghaffar and Muhammad Akhtar (2009.) "New fossil remains of Dissopsalis cf. carnifex Pilgrim, 1910 from the Chinji Formation, Pakistan" Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 42, 37-43

[10] R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316

[Matthew2017-11] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-12] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-13] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-14] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Flink2021-15] Flink, T.; Cote, S. (2021). „The neurocranium of Ekweeconfractus amorui gen. et sp. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) and the evolution of the brain in some hyaenodontan carnivores”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2): e1927748. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1927748.

[Maocyon-16] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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