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Viverravus

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Viverravus
Vremenski raspon: 57.4–39.9 Ma
kasni paleocen do srednji eocen
Naučna klasifikacija e
Domen: Eukaryota
Carstvo: Animalia
Tip: Chordata
Klasa: Mammalia
Kladus: Carnivoramorpha
Natporodica: Viverravoidea
Porodica: Viverravidae
Potporodica: Viverravinae
Rod: Viverravus
Marsh, 1872[1]
Tipska vrsta
Viverravus gracilis
Marsh, 1872
Vrste
  • Viverravus acutus
  • Viverravus gracilis
  • Viverravus lawsoni
  • Viverravus laytoni
  • Viverravus lutosus
  • Viverravus minutus
  • Viverravus politus
  • Viverravus rosei
  • Viverravus sicarius
Sinonimi[2]
sinonimi roda:
  • Triacodon (Marsh, 1871)[3]
  • Xiphacodon (Schlosser, 1890)[4]
  • Ziphacodon (Marsh, 1872)
sinonimi vrste:
  • V. gracilis:
    • Didymictis dawkinsianus (Cope, 1881)[5]
    • Harpalodon vulpinus (Marsh, 1872)
    • Triacodon fallax (Marsh, 1871)
    • Viverravus dawkinsianus (Cope, 1881)
    • Viverravus nitidus (Marsh, 1872)
    • Viverravus vulpinus (Marsh, 1872)
    • Ziphacodon rugatus (Marsh, 1872)
    • Ziphacodon ugatus (Marsh, 1872)
  • V. laytoni:
    • Protictis laytoni (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)
    • Viverravus bowni (Gingerich, 1987)[6]
  • V. politus:
    • Protictis schaffi (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)
    • Viverravus schaffi (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)

Viverravus (Viveravus — „predak cibetki”) je izumrli rod placentalni sisara, iz izumrle potporodice Viverravinae unutar izumrle porodice Viverravidae, koji je u periodu od kasnog paleocena do srednjeg eocen nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike, Azije i Evrope.[7][8][9][10]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: Porijeklo naziva od: Značenje naziva:
Viverravus
  • roda cibetki Viverra
  • i latinske riječi avus (lat. avus), koja znači predak ili starac
predak cibetki[11]
Vrste: Porijeklo naziva od: Značenje naziva:
V. acutus
  • roda Viverravus
  • i latinske riječi akutus (lat. acutus), koja znači oštar
oštri Viveravus
V. gracilis
  • roda Viverravus
  • i starogrčke riječi gracilis (lat. gracilis), koja znači vitak
vitki Viveravus
V. lawsoni
  • roda Viverravus
  • i ...
...
V. laytoni
  • roda Viverravus
  • i prezimena američkog sakupljača fosila Roberta Lejtona
lejtonov Viveravus
V. lutosus
  • roda Viverravus
  • i latinske riječi lutosus (lat. lutosus), koja znači kaljav ili blatnjav
kaljavi Viveravus
V. minutus
  • roda Viverravus
  • i latinske riječi minutus (lat. minutus), koja znači umanjen
mali Viveravus
V. politus
  • roda Viverravus
  • i latinske riječi politus (lat. politus), koja znači uglačano
uglačani Viveravus
V. rosei
  • roda Viverravus
  • i prezimena američkog paleontologa Keneta D. Rosea
roseov Viveravus
V. sicarius
  • roda Viverravus
  • i latinske riječi sikarijus (lat. sicarius), koja znači ubica
Viveravus ubica
ilustracija djela donje vilice vrste
Viverravus acutus
donja vilica vrste Viverravus gracilis
donja vilica vrste
Viverravus laytoni
donja vilica vrste Viverravus lutosus
ilustracija lobanje vrste Viverravus minutus
djelovi donje vilice vrste
Viverravus politus
ilustracija djela gornje vilice i čitave donje vilice
vrste Viverravus sicarius

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: Viverravus (Marsh, 1872)
Vrste: Rasprostranjenost fosila
i lokacija:
Vremenski
raspon:
V. acutus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)[12]  SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) 55,8 do 52,4 mil. god.
V. gracilis (Marsh, 1872)[1]  SAD (Vajoming,[13] Juta i Kolorado) 54,9 do 49,2 mil. god.
V. lawsoni (Hooker, 2010)[14]  UK (Veliki London) 56,0 do 55,2 mil. god.
V. laytoni (Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)[15]  Kanada (Alberta)
 SAD (Vajoming)
57,4 do 54,9 mil. god.
V. lutosus (Gazin, 1952)[16]  SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) 53,0 do 49,2 mil. god.
V. minutus (Wortman, 1901)[17]  SAD (Vajoming, Juta, Kolorado i Nevada) 53,0 do 50,0 mil. god.
V. politus (Matthew & Granger, 1915)  SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) 57,4 do 54,1 mil. god.
V. rosei (Polly, 1997)[18]  SAD (Vajoming) 55,4 do 53,4 mil. god.
V. sicarius (Matthew, 1909)[19]  SAD (Vajoming, Juta i Kolorado) 53,0 do 49,2 mil. god.
V. sp. [V11141] (Meng, 1998)[20]  Kina (Unutrašnja Mongolija) 42,0 do 39,9 mil. god.
V. sp. [Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming] (Tomiya, 2021)[21]  SAD (Vajoming) 47,0 do 46,2 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Viverravus.[22][15][23][24]

 Carnivoramorpha 

Carnivoraformes

 ? 

Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

 ? 

Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

 ? 

"Sinopa" insectivorus

 †Viverravidae 
 ? 

Ravenictis

 ? 

Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

 †Viverravoidea 
 †Viverravidae 

Orientictis

Pappictidops

Preonictis

Variviverra

Ictidopappinae

Didymictinae

 ? 

Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 & CM 71189)

 †Viverravinae 

Simpsonictis

Viverriscus

 †Viverravus 

Viverravus lawsoni

Viverravus politus

 ? 

Viverravus sp. (V11141)

Viverravus laytoni

Viverravus acutus

Viverravus rosei

Viverravus gracilis

Viverravus lutosus

Viverravus minutus

Viverravus sicarius

 ? 

Viverravus sp. (Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming)

 sensu stricto 
 sensu lato 

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Viverravus unutar porodice Viverravidae[uredi | uredi izvor]

Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188)ViverriscusSimpsonictisDidymictinaeIctidopappusOrientictisVariviverraPreonictisPappictidopsFanerozoikKenozoikMezozoikPaleogenKreda (perioda)OligocenEocenPaleocenGornja kredaPriabonianBartonianLutetianYpresianThanetianSelandianDanian

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

  1. ^ a b O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part I." American Journal of Science 4(20):122-128
  2. ^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
  3. ^ O. C. Marsh (1871.) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127
  4. ^ M. Schlosser (1890.) "Die Affen, Lemuren, Chiropteren, Insectivoren, Marsupialier, Creodonten und Carnivoren des europäischen Tertiärs. III. Theil" Beitr. Paläont. Österreich-Ungarns u.d. Orients, 8(1)
  5. ^ E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202
  6. ^ P. D. Gingerich (1987.) "Early Eocene bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) and other vertebrates in freshwater limestones of the Willlwood Formation, Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(11):275-320
  7. ^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. 
  8. ^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
  9. ^ David Polly, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). „Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)”. Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019—1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x. 
  10. ^ R. E. Heinrich & P. Houde (2006) "Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:2, 422-435
  11. ^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office. 
  12. ^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
  13. ^ Gunnell, G. F.; Bartels, W. S.; Gingerich, P. D.; Torre, V. (1992). „Wapiti Valley Faunas: Early and Middle Eocene Fossil Vertebrates from the North Fork of the Shoshone River, Park Country, Wyoming”. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan. 28 (11): 247—287. hdl:2027.42/48547. 
  14. ^ Jerry J. Hooker (2010). "The mammal fauna of the early Eocene Blackheath Formation of Abbey Wood, London". Palaeontographical Society. str. 1—162. ISSN 0269-3445. 
  15. ^ a b P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler (1985.) "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128
  16. ^ C. L. Gazin (1952.) "The Lower Eocene Knight Formation Of Western Wyoming and Its Mammalian Faunas." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1-82
  17. ^ J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206
  18. ^ P. D. Polly. (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53
  19. ^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
  20. ^ J. Meng, R. J. Zhai and A. R. Wyss (1998.) "The late Paleocene Bayan Ulan fauna of Inner Mongolia, China." Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34:148-185
  21. ^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74. 
  22. ^ Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64. 
  23. ^ P. D. Polly (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53
  24. ^ S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]