Јонско море — разлика између измена

Јонско море
Јонско море
	Boundaries of Ionian Sea: red lines define border per International Hydrographic Organization
Локација	Southern Europe
Координате	38° С; 19° И / 38° С; 19° И 38° С; 19° И / 38° С; 19° И
Отоке	Mediterranean Sea
Острва	List of islands in the Ionian Sea
Насеља	Igoumenitsa, Parga, Preveza, Astakos, Patras, Kerkyra, Lefkada, Argostoli, Zakynthos, Kyparissia, Pylos, Kalamata, Himarë, Sarandë, Syracuse, Catania, Taormina, Messina, Taranto
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Јонско море (грч. Ιόνιο Πέλαγος [Iónio Pélagos], лат. Mare Ionium, итал. Mare Ionio), део Средоземног мора који се налази између Грчке на истоку, Сицилије на југозападу и континенталне Италије на западу и северозападу. Иако су га старији аутори сматрали делом Јадранског мора, Јонско море се сада сматра посебном морском површином. У Јонском мору, јужно од Грчке, измерена је највећа дубина у Средоземљу (4.900 m).

Јонско море је повезано с Тиренским морем Месинским мореузом, а с Јадранским морем Отрантским мореузом.

There are ferry routes between Patras and Igoumenitsa, Greece, and Brindisi and Ancona, Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from Piraeus westward. Calypso Deep, the deepest point in the Mediterranean at 5.109 m (16.762 ft), is in the Ionian Sea, at 36° 34′ N 21° 8′ E / 36.567° С; 21.133° И / 36.567; 21.133.^[1]^[2] The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world.

Etymology

The name Ionian comes from the Greek word Ionion (Ἰόνιον). Its etymology is unknown.^[3] Ancient Greek writers, especially Aeschylus, linked it to the myth of Io. In ancient Greek the adjective Ionios (Ἰόνιος) was used as an epithet for the sea because Io swam across it.^[4]^[5]^[6] According to the Oxford Classical Dictionary, the name may derive from Ionians who sailed to the West.^[7] There were also narratives about other eponymic legendary figures;^[8] according to one version, Ionius was a son of Adrias (eponymic for the Adriatic Sea); according to another, Ionius was a son of Dyrrhachus.^[9] When Dyrrhachus was attacked by his own brothers, Heracles, who was passing through the area, came to his aid, but in the fight the hero killed his ally's son by mistake. The body was cast into the water, and thereafter was called the Ionian Sea.^[9]

In the Cham Albanian dialect, the sea is known as "Fusha e zonjës", translated as "the lady's domain.^[10]

Geography

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Ionian Sea as follows:^[11]

On the North. A line running from the mouth of the Butrinto River (39°44'N) in Albania, to Cape Karagol in Corfu (39°45'N), along the North Coast of Corfu to Cape Kephali (39°45'N) and from thence to Cape Santa Maria di Leuca in Italy.

On the East. From the mouth of the Butrinto River in Albania down the coast of the mainland to Cape Matapan.

On the South. A line from Cape Matapan to Cape Passero, the Southern point of Sicily.

On the West. The East coast of Sicily and the Southeast coast of Italy to Cape Santa Maria di Leuca.

Места и луке

Сиракуза - западна обала
Катанија - западна обала
Кротоне - северозападна обала
Таранто - северна обала
Саранда - североисточна обала
Парга - источна обала
Превеза - источна обала
Крф - источна обала
Аргостоли -источна обала
Пиргос - југоисточна обала

Заливи и пролази

залив Скилаће - северна обала
Тарантски залив - северна обала
залив Арта - источна обала
Патраски залив, који се продужава у Коринтски залив - источна обала

Месински мореуз - северозапад
Отрантска врата - север

History

The Sea was the location of the famous naval battle between Octavian and Marc Antony known as The Battle of Actium, a war fought in 31 BC,^[12] and is also famous for the hero from Ancient Greek mythology named Odysseus, who was from the island of Ithaca.^[13]

References

^ Gade, Martin (15. 3. 2008). „The European Marginal and Enclosed Seas: An Overview”. Ур.: Barale, Vittorio. Remote Sensing of the European Seas. Springer Science+Business Media. стр. 3—22. ISBN 978-1-4020-6771-6. LCCN 2007942178. Приступљено 28. 8. 2009.
^ „NCMR - MAP”. National Observatory of Athens. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 8. 2009. г. Приступљено 5. 4. 2018.
^ Babiniotis, Lexiko tis Neoellinikis Glossas.
^ Jakub Pigoń (18. 12. 2008). The Children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman Historiography and Related Genres. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. стр. 114. ISBN 978-1-4438-0251-2.
^ LSJ, A Greek-English Lexicon s.v. Ἰόνιος.
^ John Freely (30. 4. 2008). The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia and Beyond. I.B.Tauris. стр. 10. ISBN 978-0-85771-828-0.
^ John Keahey (15. 7. 2014). A Sweet and Glorious Land: Revisiting the Ionian Sea. St. Martin's Press. стр. 116. ISBN 978-1-4668-7603-3.
^ Charles Anthon (1869). A Classical Dictionary Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors [and Intended to Elucidate All the Important Points Connected with the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts of the Greeks and Romans: Together with an Account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, with Tabular Values of the Same]. Harper [& Brothers]. стр. 679.
^ ^а ^б Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (2008). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. BRILL. стр. 157. ISBN 978-90-04-15576-3.
^ Fatos Mero Rrapaj (1995). Fjalori Onomastik i Epirit. Eurorilindja. page 144-145. "Deti Jon:.....Fusha e Zonjës, siç e quan populli çam"
^ Limits of Oceans and Seas (PDF) (3rd изд.). Organisation hydrographique internationale. 1953. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 28. 12. 2020.
^ „Battle of Actium | ancient Roman history | Britannica”.
^ „Odysseus | Myth, Significance, Trojan War, & Odyssey | Britannica”.

Литература

Elmer LaMoreaux, Philip (2001). „Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs”. Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use. Springer. стр. 57. ISBN 978-3-540-61841-6.
Pinet, Paul R. (2008). Invitation to Oceanography. Paleoceanography. 30. Jones & Barlett Learning. стр. 220. ISBN 978-0-7637-5993-3.
Boxer, Baruch. „Mediterranean Sea”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 23. 10. 2015.
David Abulafia (2011). The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press.
Davidson, Tom (11. 4. 2019). „Archaeologists discover 3,600-year-old shipwreck that sunk in a storm”. mirror. Приступљено 5. 5. 2019.
„Turkish archaeologists discover world's 'oldest' Bronze Age shipwreck off Antalya coast”. DailySabah. 8. 4. 2019. Приступљено 5. 5. 2019.
„Turkey: 3,600-year-old shipwreck found in Mediterranean”. www.aa.com.tr. Приступљено 5. 5. 2019.
Couper, Alastair (2015). The Geography of Sea Transport. стр. 33—37. ISBN 978-1-317-35150-4.
Balard, Michel (2003). Bull, Marcus Graham; Edbury, Peter; Phillips, Jonathan, ур. The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 – Defining the Crusader Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. стр. 23—35. ISBN 978-0-521-78151-0.
Housley, Norman (2006). Contesting the Crusades. Blackwell Publishing. стр. 152—54. ISBN 978-1-4051-1189-8.
Brundage, James (2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-94880-1.
Robert Davis (5. 12. 2003). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-71966-4. Приступљено 17. 1. 2013.
„British Slaves on the Barbary Coast”. Bbc.co.uk. Приступљено 17. 1. 2013.
C.I. Gable – Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks Архивирано 29 октобар 2014 на сајту Wayback Machine - Boglewood Timeline – 1998 – Retrieved 3 September 2011.
"History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived" Архивирано 18 октобар 2014 на сајту Wayback Machine
Vella, Andrew P. (1985). „Mediterranean Malta” (PDF). Hyphen. 4 (5): 469—472. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 29. 3. 2017. г.
Bai, Yan; He, Xianqiang; Yu, Shujie; Chen, Chen-Tung (2018-02-28). „Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014”. Sustainability (на језику: енглески). 10 (3): 635. ISSN 2071-1050. doi:10.3390/su10030635 .
„Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition” (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 28. 12. 2020.
Lionello, P. (2012). The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future. Elsevier. стр. lxii. ISBN 9780123914774. „Geographically, the Mediterranean catchment is extremely large and heterogeneous, covering an area of approximately 5 millions km². It extends from the equator, where the springs of the White Nile River are located, to the source of the Rhone River at approximately 48°N. In longitude, it spans about 40°, from the middle of the Iberian peninsula, at 4°W, towards southern Turkey and the Middle East coasts facing the Mediterranean Sea (35°E).”
Poulos, Serafeim (2011). „An insight to the fluvial characteristics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea watersheds”. Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment. Springer Nature. стр. 191. „The drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea, accounting for some 4,184 10³ km² (including the R. Nile)”
Margat, Jean F. (2004). Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas. UNESCO. стр. 4. ISBN 9782951718159.
García-García, D. (2022). „Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system”. Climate Dynamics. 59 (7–8): 1919—1938. Bibcode:2022ClDy...59.1919G. doi:10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2 . „In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 10⁶ and 2.43 × 10⁶ km², respectively”
Gupta, Avijit (2008). Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management. John Wiley & Sons. стр. 275. ISBN 9780470723715. „The highest point in the Nile basin is Mount Stanley (5109 m) in the Ruwenzori Mountain range between Lake Edward and Lake Albert”
„The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting.”. Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP). Приступљено 16. 4. 2022. „The Mediterranean is an area of transition between a temperate Europe with relatively abundant and consistent water resources, and the arid African and Arabian deserts that are very short of water.”
„Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea”. Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders: First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. 2007. стр. 154—181. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 4. 2022. г. Приступљено 15. 4. 2022.
Maier, Andreas (2015). The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability. Springer Publishing. стр. 187. ISBN 9789401772068. „The major geographic features characterizing the landscape are the Rhône-Saône valley, the Jura Mountains, the Molasse basin and the northwestern slopes of the Alps.”

Спољашње везе

[1] Gade, Martin (15. 3. 2008). „The European Marginal and Enclosed Seas: An Overview”. Ур.: Barale, Vittorio. Remote Sensing of the European Seas. Springer Science+Business Media. стр. 3—22. ISBN 978-1-4020-6771-6. LCCN 2007942178. Приступљено 28. 8. 2009.

[2] „NCMR - MAP”. National Observatory of Athens. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 8. 2009. г. Приступљено 5. 4. 2018.

[3] Babiniotis, Lexiko tis Neoellinikis Glossas.

[Pigoń2008-4] Jakub Pigoń (18. 12. 2008). The Children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman Historiography and Related Genres. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. стр. 114. ISBN 978-1-4438-0251-2.

[5] LSJ, A Greek-English Lexicon s.v. Ἰόνιος.

[Freely2008-6] John Freely (30. 4. 2008). The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia and Beyond. I.B.Tauris. стр. 10. ISBN 978-0-85771-828-0.

[Keahey2014-7] John Keahey (15. 7. 2014). A Sweet and Glorious Land: Revisiting the Ionian Sea. St. Martin's Press. стр. 116. ISBN 978-1-4668-7603-3.

[Anthon1869-8] Charles Anthon (1869). A Classical Dictionary Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors [and Intended to Elucidate All the Important Points Connected with the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts of the Greeks and Romans: Together with an Account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, with Tabular Values of the Same]. Harper [& Brothers]. стр. 679.

[Tsetskhladze2008-9] а ^б Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (2008). Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. BRILL. стр. 157. ISBN 978-90-04-15576-3.

[10] Fatos Mero Rrapaj (1995). Fjalori Onomastik i Epirit. Eurorilindja. page 144-145. "Deti Jon:.....Fusha e Zonjës, siç e quan populli çam"

[11] Limits of Oceans and Seas (PDF) (3rd изд.). Organisation hydrographique internationale. 1953. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 8. 10. 2011. г. Приступљено 28. 12. 2020.

[12] „Battle of Actium | ancient Roman history | Britannica”.

[13] „Odysseus | Myth, Significance, Trojan War, & Odyssey | Britannica”.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{rut}}
+{{Инфокутија водена површина
+| име              = Јонско море
+| изворни_назив    =
+| слика            = Ionian Sea borders.png
+| опис_слике       = Boundaries of Ionian Sea: red lines define border per [[International Hydrographic Organization]]
+| државе           = [[Albania]], [[Greece]], and [[Italy]]
+| републике        =
+| покрајине        =
+| области          =
+| регије           =
+| локација         = [[Southern Europe]]
+| површина         =
+| ширина           =
+| дужина           =
+| обала            =
+| запремина        =
+| просечна_дубина  =
+| највећа_дубина   =
+| басен            =
+| висина           =
+| салинитет        =
+| настанак         =
+| максималне_температуре =
+| минималне_температуре  =
+| земље            =
+| врста            =
+| притоке          =
+| отоке            = [[Mediterranean Sea]]
+| острва           = [[List of Greek islands#The Ionian Islands|List of islands in the Ionian Sea]]
+| градови          = [[Igoumenitsa]], [[Parga]], [[Preveza]], [[Astakos]], [[Patras]],  [[Kerkyra]], [[Lefkada]], [[Argostoli]], [[Zakynthos]], [[Kyparissia]], [[Pylos]], [[Kalamata]], [[Himarë (town)|Himarë]], [[Sarandë]], [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], [[Catania]], [[Taormina]], [[Messina]], [[Taranto]]
+| map              =
+| lat              = 38
+| long             = 19
+}}
 [[Датотека:Ionian Sea map.png|мини|десно|300п|Јонско море]]
 [[Датотека:Kipouria1.JPG|мини|десно|300п|Јонско острво [[Кефалонија]]]]
 '''Јонско море''' ({{јез-грч|Ιόνιο Πέλαγος}} [-{''Iónio Pélagos''}-], {{јез-лат|Mare Ionium}}, {{јез-итал|Mare Ionio}}), део [[Средоземно море|Средоземног мора]] који се налази између [[Грчка|Грчке]] на истоку, [[Сицилија|Сицилије]] на југозападу и континенталне [[Италија|Италије]] на западу и северозападу. Иако су га старији аутори сматрали делом [[Јадранско море|Јадранског мора]], Јонско море се сада сматра посебном морском површином. У Јонском мору, јужно од Грчке, измерена је највећа дубина у Средоземљу (4.900 -{m}-).
 Јонско море је повезано с [[Тиренско море|Тиренским морем]] [[Месински мореуз|Месинским мореузом]], а с [[Јадранско море|Јадранским морем]] [[Отрантска врата|Отрантским мореузом]].
+There are [[ferry]] routes between [[Patras]] and [[Igoumenitsa]], Greece, and [[Brindisi]] and [[Ancona]], Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from [[Piraeus]] westward. [[Calypso Deep]], the deepest point in the Mediterranean at {{convert|5109|m|ft|abbr=on}}, is in the Ionian Sea, at {{coord|36|34|N|21|8|E}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Barale |editor-first=Vittorio |first=Martin |last=Gade |title=Remote Sensing of the European Seas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9B3D5-HBTzkC&pg=PA14 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |date=March 15, 2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-1-4020-6771-6 |pages=3–22 |chapter=The European Marginal and Enclosed Seas: An Overview |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9B3D5-HBTzkC&pg=PA3 |lccn=2007942178}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nestor.noa.gr/map/map.html |title=NCMR - MAP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828180100/http://www.nestor.noa.gr/map/map.html |archive-date=August 28, 2009 |work=[[National Observatory of Athens]] |access-date=April 5, 2018}}</ref> The sea is one of the most [[Earthquake|seismically active]] areas in the world.
+==Etymology==
+The name ''Ionian'' comes from the Greek word {{lang|grc|Ionion (Ἰόνιον)}}. Its etymology is unknown.<ref>Babiniotis, ''Lexiko tis Neoellinikis Glossas''.</ref> Ancient Greek writers, especially [[Aeschylus]], linked it to the myth of [[Io (mythology)|Io]]. In [[ancient Greek]] the adjective ''Ionios'' ({{lang|grc|Ἰόνιος}}) was used as an [[epithet]] for the sea because Io swam across it.<ref name="Pigoń2008">{{cite book|author=Jakub Pigoń|title=The Children of Herodotus: Greek and Roman Historiography and Related Genres|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5vzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|date=18 December 2008|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0251-2|page=114}}</ref><ref>LSJ, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'' s.v. [http://artflx.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.35:3:172.LSJ.640026 Ἰόνιος].</ref><ref name="Freely2008">{{cite book|author=John Freely|title=The Ionian Islands: Corfu, Cephalonia and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9VIBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=30 April 2008|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-828-0|page=10}}</ref> According to the ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', the name may derive from [[Ionians]] who sailed to the West.<ref name="Keahey2014">{{cite book|author=John Keahey|title=A Sweet and Glorious Land: Revisiting the Ionian Sea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-w-jAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT116|date=15 July 2014|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1-4668-7603-3|page=116}}</ref> There were also narratives about other [[eponym]]ic legendary figures;<ref name="Anthon1869">{{cite book|author=Charles Anthon|title=A Classical Dictionary Containing an Account of the Principal Proper Names Mentioned in Ancient Authors [and Intended to Elucidate All the Important Points Connected with the Geography, History, Biography, Mythology, and Fine Arts of the Greeks and Romans: Together with an Account of Coins, Weights, and Measures, with Tabular Values of the Same]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EHsMAAAAYAAJ|year=1869|publisher=Harper [& Brothers]|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EHsMAAAAYAAJ/page/n597 679]}}</ref> according to one version, ''Ionius'' was a son of ''Adrias'' (eponymic for the [[Adriatic Sea]]); according to another, ''Ionius'' was a son of ''[[Dyrrhachus]]''.<ref name="Tsetskhladze2008">{{cite book|author=Gocha R. Tsetskhladze|title=Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3C9b4FvpEwC&pg=PA157|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-15576-3|page=157}}</ref> When Dyrrhachus was attacked by his own brothers, [[Heracles]], who was passing through the area, came to his aid, but in the fight the hero killed his ally's son by mistake. The body was cast into the water, and thereafter was called the Ionian Sea.<ref name="Tsetskhladze2008"/>
+In the [[Cham Albanian dialect]], the sea is known as "Fusha e zonjës", translated as "the lady's domain.<ref>Fatos Mero Rrapaj (1995). Fjalori Onomastik i Epirit. Eurorilindja. page 144-145. "Deti Jon:.....Fusha e Zonjës, siç e quan populli çam"</ref>
+==Geography==
+===Extent===
+The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Ionian Sea as follows:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |title=Limits of Oceans and Seas |edition=3rd |year=1953 |publisher=[[Organisation hydrographique internationale]] |access-date=28 December 2020 |issue=28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf |archive-date=October 8, 2011 }}</ref>
+::''On the North.'' A line running from the mouth of the [[Butrint|Butrinto River]] (39°44'N) in [[Albania]], to Cape Karagol in [[Corfu]] (39°45'N), along the North Coast of Corfu to Cape Kephali (39°45'N) and from thence to [[Santa Maria di Leuca|Cape Santa Maria di Leuca]] in Italy.
+::''On the East.'' From the mouth of the Butrinto River in Albania down the coast of the mainland to [[Cape Matapan]].
+::''On the South.'' A line from Cape Matapan to [[Cape Passero]], the Southern point of [[Sicily]].
+::''On the West.'' The East coast of Sicily and the Southeast coast of Italy to Cape Santa Maria di Leuca.
 == Места и луке ==
@@ Ред 25: / Ред 81: @@
 * [[Месински мореуз]] - северозапад
 * [[Отрантска врата]] - север
+==History==
+The Sea was the location of the famous [[Naval Warfare|naval battle]] between [[Octavian]] and [[Marc Antony]] known as [[Battle of Actium|The Battle of Actium]], a war fought in 31 BC,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Actium-ancient-Roman-history|title = Battle of Actium &#124; ancient Roman history &#124; Britannica}}</ref> and is also famous for the hero from Ancient Greek mythology named Odysseus, who was from the island of Ithaca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Odysseus|title=Odysseus &#124; Myth, Significance, Trojan War, & Odyssey &#124; Britannica }}</ref>
+==References==
+{{Reflist|}}
+== Литература ==
+{{Refbegin|30em}}
+* {{Cite book|ref=harv|url=https://books.google.si/books?id=sjEoBmfUka0C&pg=PA58#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Springs and Bottled Waters of the World: Ancient History, Source, Occurrence, Quality and Use |last=Elmer LaMoreaux |first=Philip |publisher=Springer |year=2001|isbn=978-3-540-61841-6 |chapter=Geologic/Hydrogeologic Setting and Classification of Springs|pages=57}}
+* {{cite book|title=Invitation to Oceanography |journal=Paleoceanography |volume=30 |issue=5 |first=Paul R. |last=Pinet |page=220 |publisher=Jones & Barlett Learning |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7637-5993-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TCm8Xy-sLUC&pg=PA220}}
+* {{Cite web |last=Boxer |first=Baruch |title=Mediterranean Sea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mediterranean-Sea |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2015 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en-US}}
+* {{cite book|author=David Abulafia|title=The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean|publisher= [[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011}}
+* {{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/archaeologists-discover-3600-year-old-14286476|title=Archaeologists discover 3,600-year-old shipwreck that sunk in a storm|last=Davidson|first=Tom|date=11 April 2019|website=mirror|access-date=5 May 2019}}
+* {{Cite web|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2019/04/08/turkish-archaeologists-discover-worlds-oldest-bronze-age-shipwreck-off-antalya-coast|title=Turkish archaeologists discover world's 'oldest' Bronze Age shipwreck off Antalya coast|website=DailySabah|access-date=5 May 2019|date=8 April 2019}}
+* {{Cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture/turkey-3-600-year-old-shipwreck-found-in-mediterranean/1446015|title=Turkey: 3,600-year-old shipwreck found in Mediterranean|website=www.aa.com.tr|access-date=5 May 2019}}
+* {{cite book|last=Couper |first=Alastair |title=The Geography of Sea Transport|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WFVACwAAQBAJ&q=The+Geography+of+Sea+Transport&pg=PA37|year=2015|isbn=978-1-317-35150-4|pages=33–37}}
+* {{cite book|last=Balard|first=Michel|editor-first1=Marcus Graham|editor-last1=Bull |editor-last2=Edbury|editor-first2=Peter|editor-last3=Phillips|editor-first3=Jonathan|title=The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 – Defining the Crusader Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003|isbn=978-0-521-78151-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEN-0A3icQUC&q=amalfi+cairo&pg=PA233|pages=23–35}}
+* {{cite book|last=Housley|first=Norman|author-link=Norman Housley|title=Contesting the Crusades|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4051-1189-8|pages=152–54}}
+* {{cite book|first=James|last=Brundage|title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-1-135-94880-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2CTAgAAQBAJ&q=through+all+these+military+triumphs+and+reverses,+italian+merchants+constituted+the+mainstay&pg=PT303 |page= }}
+* {{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392 |url-access= registration |title= Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 |author= Robert Davis |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |date= 5 December 2003|access-date= 17 January 2013|isbn= 978-0-333-71966-4}}
+* {{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml |title= British Slaves on the Barbary Coast |publisher= Bbc.co.uk |access-date= 17 January 2013}}
+* C.I. Gable – [http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html Constantinople Falls to the Ottoman Turks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029132035/http://www.boglewood.com/timeline/ottomans.html |date=29 October 2014 }} -'' Boglewood Timeline'' – 1998 – Retrieved 3 September 2011.
+* [http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html "History of the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic Nation where Jews Lived"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018040430/http://www.sephardicstudies.org/ottoemp.html |date=18 October 2014 }}
+* {{cite journal|journal=Hyphen|last=Vella|first=Andrew P.|date=1985|title=Mediterranean Malta|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204(1985)5/02.pdf|volume=4|issue=5|pages=469–472|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329163002/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Hyphen/Hyphen.%204%281985%295/02.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead}}
+* {{Cite journal |last1=Bai |first1=Yan |last2=He |first2=Xianqiang |last3=Yu |first3=Shujie |last4=Chen |first4=Chen-Tung |date=2018-02-28 |title=Changes in the Ecological Environment of the Marginal Seas along the Eurasian Continent from 2003 to 2014 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=635 |doi=10.3390/su10030635 |issn=2071-1050|doi-access=free }}
+* {{cite web|url= https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title= Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year= 1953|publisher= International Hydrographic Organization|access-date= 28 December 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|archive-date= 8 October 2011}}
+* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a2u4HMfAMXoC | title=The Climate of the Mediterranean Region: From the Past to the Future | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | author=Lionello, P. | year=2012 | page=lxii | isbn=9780123914774 |quote=Geographically, the Mediterranean catchment is extremely large and heterogeneous, covering an area of approximately 5 millions km<sup>2</sup>. It extends from the equator, where the springs of the White Nile River are located, to the source of the Rhone River at approximately 48°N. In longitude, it spans about 40°, from the middle of the Iberian peninsula, at 4°W, towards southern Turkey and the Middle East coasts facing the Mediterranean Sea (35°E).}}
+* {{cite book | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226665381 | title=Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment | chapter=An insight to the fluvial characteristics of the Mediterranean and Black Sea watersheds | page=191 | publisher=[[Springer Nature]] | author=Poulos, Serafeim | year=2011 |quote=The drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea, accounting for some 4,184 10<sup>3</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (including the R. Nile)}}
+* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5CGAAAAIAAJ | title=Mediterranean Basin Water Atlas | publisher=[[UNESCO]] | author=Margat, Jean F. | year=2004 | pages=4 | isbn=9782951718159 }}
+* {{cite journal | title=Hydrological cycle of the Mediterranean-Black Sea system | author=García-García, D. | journal=[[Climate Dynamics]] | year=2022 | volume=59 | issue=7–8 | pages=1919–1938 | doi=10.1007/s00382-022-06188-2 | bibcode=2022ClDy...59.1919G | s2cid= |quote=In the continents, the drainage basins discharging into the Mediterranean and Black seas are defined according to the global continental runoff pathways scheme (Oki and Sud 1998), and they cover 5.34 × 10<sup>6</sup> and 2.43 × 10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup>, respectively| doi-access=free }}
+* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC | title=Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management | publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] | author=Gupta, Avijit | year=2008 | pages=275 | isbn=9780470723715 |quote=The highest point in the Nile basin is Mount Stanley (5109 m) in the Ruwenzori Mountain range between Lake Edward and Lake Albert}}
+* {{cite web | url=https://www.medqsr.org/mediterranean-marine-and-coastal-environment | title=The Mediterranean Marine and Coastal Environment: Hydrological and climatic setting. | publisher=Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP) | access-date=16 April 2022 |quote=The Mediterranean is an area of transition between a temperate Europe with relatively abundant and consistent water resources, and the arid African and Arabian deserts that are very short of water.}}
+* {{cite book | url=https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm | title=Our Waters: Joining Hands Across Borders: First Assessment of Transboundary Rivers, Lakes and Groundwaters | publisher=[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] | year=2007 | chapter=Drainage basin of the Mediterranean Sea | pages=154–181 | access-date=15 April 2022 | archive-date=15 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415181121/https://unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/water/publications/pub76.htm | url-status=dead }}
+* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZiKCgAAQBAJ | title=The Central European Magdalenian: Regional Diversity and Internal Variability | publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] | author=Maier, Andreas | year=2015 | pages=187 | isbn=9789401772068 |quote=The major geographic features characterizing the landscape are the Rhône-Saône valley, the Jura Mountains, the Molasse basin and the northwestern slopes of the Alps.}}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Ionian Sea}}
 * [https://www.grcki.com/egejsko-i-jonsko-more-naziv Егејско и Јонско море – назив] ''www.grcki.com''
+* [http://ionianweather.gr/en/ The Ionian-Puglia Network of Ground Meteorological Stations (real-time weather observations)]
 {{Светско море}}

п р у Светска мора и океани
Северни ледени океан	Амундсенов залив Баренцово море Бело море Берингов мореуз Бофорово море Бутијски залив Ванделсово море Гренландско море Источносибирско море Карска врата Карско море Лаптевско море Линколново море Море Густава Адолфа Печорско море Фрамов мореуз Чукотско море
Атлантски океан	Азовско море Алборанско море Аргентинско море Архипелагово море Балеарско море Балтичко море Бафинов залив Бискајски залив Ботнијски залив Ботнијско море Венецуелански залив Гвинејски залив Гренландско море Дански мореуз Дејвисов мореуз Егејско море Ирмингерово море Ирско море Јадранско море Јонско море Залив Кампече Карипско море Келтско море Критско море Лабрадорско море Ламанш Левантско море Керчки мореуз Либијско море Лигурско море Лионски залив Мексички залив Миртојско море Мраморно море Норвешко море Оландско море Саргашко море Северно море Залив Сен Лорен Средоземно море Тиренско море Тракијско море Залив Фанди Фински залив Фоксов залив Хадсонов залив Хебридско море Црно море Џејмсов залив
Индијски океан	Аденски залив Акапски залив Андаманско море Арабијско море Бенгалски залив Камбејски залив Качки залив Лакадивско море Малајски мореуз Мозамбички канал Омански залив Персијски залив Суецки залив Сундски мореуз Тиморско море Црвено море
Тихи океан	Аљаски залив Арафурско море Балијско море Бандско море Берингово море Бизмарково море Бохајско море Бохолско море Висајанско море Жуто море Источно кинеско море Јаванско море Јапанско море Јужно кинеско море Калифорнијски залив Карпентаријски залив Камотеско море Корално море Корско море Макасарски мореуз Молучко море Моро залив Охотско море Савуско море Салишко море Серамско море Сибујанско море Соломоново море Сулуско море Тајландски залив Тасманово море Тонкиншки залив Унутрашње јапанско море Филипинско море Флореско море Халмахерско море Целебеско море Чилеанско море
Јужни океан	Амундсеново море Белингсхаусеново море Веделово море Дејвисово море Дирвилово море Дрејков мореуз Космонаутско море Лазаревљево море Море краља Хокона VII Море сарадње Море Скоша Мосоново море Рисер Ларсеново море Росово море Сомовљево море
Копнена „мора”	Аралско језеро Бајкалско језеро Балхашко језеро Велика језера Каспијско језеро Мртво море Салтон си

Нормативна контрола
Међународне	VIAF
Државне	Немачка Израел Сједињене Државе Чешка
Географске	Pleiades
Остале	Енциклопедија Британика