Štapići za jelo
Štapići za jelo su kratki, zašiljeni štapići koji se u parovima jednake dužine koriste kao tradicionalni pribor za jelo u Kini, Japanu, Vijetnamu i na Korejskom poluostrvu. Takođe se koriste u delovima Nepala, kao i u oblastima Tajlanda, Laosa, Filipinia, Singapura i Mjanmara u kojima živi značajan broj Kineza.
Štapići za jelo su nastali u staroj Kini, mada je tačan period njihovog nastanka još uvek predmet debate među istoričarima i arheolozima.[1] Najstariji sačuvani štapići potiču iz vremena dinastije Šan (1766—1122. p. n. e.), međutim oni su se koristili pri kuhanju i serviranju hrane a ne kao pribor za jelo. Pretpostavlja se da su se štapići počeli koristiti kao pribor za jelo za vreme dinastije Han, dok su za vreme dinastije Ming ušli u široku upotrebu.
Vrste
[uredi | uredi izvor]Standardni štapići za jelo su dugi oko 20 cm.[2] Postoje i veći štapići za kuhanje koji su dugački između 30 i 40 cm. Takvi štapići se u Japanu nazivaju ryoribashi.[3], dok se štapići koji se koriste za prenos hrane do posuđa za serviranje nazivaju saibashi.
Štapići se prave od raznih materijala, najčešće od bambusa, drveta i plastike, ali i od metala, porcelana, žada, slonovače, kostiju itd.
Upotreba
[uredi | uredi izvor]Prvi štapić leži na korenu palca, a između domalog i srednjeg prsta. Prilikom uzimanja hrane, ovaj štapić ne treba pomerati.
Drugi štapić se drži sa tri prsta kao što se drži olovka, i samo njega treba pomerati pri uzimanju hrane.[4]
Kada se ne upotrebljavaju, štapići se ostavljaju s desne strane ili ispod tanjira, prema kineskim običajima.[5]
Uticaj na životnu sredinu
[uredi | uredi izvor]Samo u Kini se, prema procenama, godišnje proizvede oko 45 milijardi pari jednokratnih štapića za jelo, koji se nakon upotrebe bacaju. Za njihovu proizvodnju potrebno je poseći preko 25 miliona stabala.[6]
Kineska vlada pokušava da smanji proizvodnju jednokratnih štapića, apelujući da se u restoranima koriste štapići za višekratnu upotrebu. Kako bi se smanjila proizvodnja, uvedena je i taksa od 5% na jednokratne štapiće.[2]
Poreklo i istorija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Štapići za jelo postoje i koriste se barem od dinastije Šang (1766–1122. p. n. e.). Međutim, istoričar iz dinastije Han Sima Ćen napisao je da je verovatno da su štapići korišćeni i u prethodnoj dinastiji Sja, pa čak iu ranijoj kulturi Erlitou, iako je pronalaženje arheoloških dokaza iz ovog doba izuzetno teško.[7]
Najraniji dokaz o do sada otkrivenim štapićima za jelo sastoji se od šest štapića, napravljenih od bronze, dugih 26 cm (10 in) i širokih 1,1—1,3 cm (0,43—0,51 in), eskaviranih iz ruševina Jin blizu Anjanga (Henan). Oni datiraju otprilike iz 1200. godine pre nove ere, tokom dinastije Šang. Smatra se da su korišteni za kuvanje.[8][9][10] Najranije poznato tekstualno spominjanje upotrebe štapića potiče iz Han Fejzija, filozofskog teksta koji je napisao Han Fej (oko 280–233. p. n. e.) u 3. veku pre nove ere.[11]
Široka difuzija štapića u kineskoj kulturi ponekad se pripisuje konfučijanskoj filozofiji koja naglašava porodični sklad kao osnovu građanskog poretka.[12] Sam Konfučije je navodno rekao da su noževi za ratnike, a štapići za učenjake,[13] a njegov naslednik Mencije se vezuje za aforizam „čestit i pošten čovek se drži podalje i od klanice i od kuhinje… I ne dozvoljava noževe na svom stolu“.[14] Konfučijevo pozivanje na štapiće za jelo u svojoj Knjizi obreda sugeriše da su ovi predmeti bili široko poznati u periodu Zaraćenih država (oko 475–221. p. n. e.).[15]
Kao pribor za kuvanje
[uredi | uredi izvor]Prvi štapići su korišćeni za kuvanje, raspirivanje vatre, serviranje ili hvatanje komadića hrane, a ne kao pribor za jelo. Jedan od razloga je bio taj što je pre dinastije Han proso bilo preovlađujuća hrana u Severnoj Kini, Koreji i delovima Japana. Dok su se štapići koristili za kuvanje, prosena kaša se u to vreme jela kašikama.[16]:29-35 Upotreba štapića u kuhinji traje do danas.
Rioribaši (料理箸) su japanski kuhinjski štapići za jelo koji se koriste u japanskoj kuhinji. Oni su korišteni u pripremi japanske hrane, i nisu namenjene za jelo. Ovi štapići za jelo omogućavaju rukovanje vrućom hranom jednom rukom i koriste se kao obični štapići za jelo. Ovi štapići za jelo imaju dužinu od 30 cm (12 in) ili više i mogu da budu spojeni u petlju zajedno sa kanapom na vrhu. Obično se prave od bambusa. Za duboko prženje, međutim, preferiraju se metalni štapići za jelo sa bambusovim drškama, jer vrhovi običnih bambusovih štapića za jelo izblede i postanu masni nakon višekratne upotrebe u vrelom ulju. Ručke od bambusa štite od toplote.
Slično, vijetnamski kuvari koriste đũa cả (𥮊奇) ili „velike štapiće za jelo“ pri kuvanju, kao i za serviranje pirinča iz lonca.[17]
Kao pribor za jelo
[uredi | uredi izvor]Štapići su počeli da se koriste kao pribor za jelo tokom dinastije Han, pošto se potrošnja pirinča povećala. Tokom ovog perioda, kašike su nastavile da se koriste uz štapiće za jelo kao pribor za jelo tokom obroka. Tek u vreme dinastije Ming štapići su ušli u isključivu upotrebu i za serviranje i za jelo. Tada su dobili ime kuajizi i sadašnji oblik.[18][16]:6-8
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Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Kako se jede štapićima, Domino magazin, 5. 9. 2011.