Arfia

Arfia; Vremenski raspon: 56.0–48.6 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani eocen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Porodica:	†Arfiidae; Solé, 2013
Rod:	†Arfia; Van Valen, 1965
Tipska vrsta
	†Arfia opisthotoma; Matthew, 1901
Vrste
	†Arfia gingerichi; †Arfia junnei; †Arfia langebadreae; †Arfia opisthotoma; †Arfia palustris; †Arfia shoshoniensis; †Arfia zele;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi porodice: Arfianinae (Solé, 2013) ; Arfiinae (Solé, 2014) ; sinonimi roda: Anthracoxyaena (Tong & Wang, 2006) ; sinonimi vrste: A. opisthotoma: Sinopa opisthotoma (Matthew, 1901) ; ; A. palustris: Anthracoxyaena palustris (Tong & Wang, 2006) ; ; A. shoshoniensis: Sinopa shoshoniensis (Matthew & Granger, 1915) ; ;

Arfia (Arfija — „životinja koja laje”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrle porodice Arfiidae unutar izumrlog reda Hyaenodonta, koji je u periodu ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike, Evrope i Azije.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Porodica:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Arfiidae	tipskog roda Arfia i taksonomskog nastavka -idae	životinje koje laju

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Arfia	onomatopeje arf (engl. arf) iz engleskog jezika, koja se koristi kao opis lajanja psa^[3] i latinskog sufiksa u ženskom rodu -ia (lat. -ia)	životinja koja laje

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
A. gingerichi	roda Arfia i prezimena američkog palentologa profesora Filipa Džindžeriča	džindžeričova Arfija
A. junnei	roda Arfia i prezimena američkog palentologa Džordža H. Džuna	džunova Arfija
A. langebadreae	roda Arfia i prezimena francuske palentologinje Brižit Lange-Badre	langebadrina Arfija
A. opisthotoma	roda Arfia starogrčke riječi opisten (stgrč. ὄπισθεν), koja znači iza i starogrčke riječi tomos (stgrč. τόμος), koja znači rezati ili sjeći	zadnja oštrica Arfije
A. palustris	roda Arfia i latinske riječi paluster (lat. paluster), koja znači morvarno	močvarna Arfija
A. shoshoniensis	roda Arfia i Šošona, sjevernoamerički starosjedioca	šošonska Arfija
A. zele	roda Arfia i starogrčke riječi zilos (stgrč. ζῆλος), koja znači željno rivalstvo	protivnička Arfija

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz roda Arfia su dostizale dimenzije lisica. Imale su veliku glavu, izduženo tjelo i duge i vitke noge, koje su im omogućavale da brzo trče ali i da se penju po drveću. Vrsta Arfia opisthotoma je težila oko 9,52 kg, Arfia shoshoniensis od 4,45 do 7,08 kg^[7], a Arfia gingerichi oko 1,63 kg.^[8]

zubi vrste Arfia gingerichi

ilustracija djela gornje i donje vilice
vrste Arfia opisthotoma

djelovi donje vilice vrste Arfia shoshoniensis

Ponašanje i paleoekologija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz roda Arfia su bile kopneni predatori koji su u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike, Evrope i Azije nastanjivale plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme, gdje su lovile srednje velike sisare, ptice i gmizavce.

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Porodica: †Arfiidae (Solé, 2014)
Rod: †*Arfia* (Van Valen, 1965)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†A. gingerichi (Smith & Smith, 2001)^[9]	Belgija (pokrajine Eno i Flamanski Brabant) UK (Istočna Engleska) Francuska (O de Frans)	56,0 do 55,2 mil. god.
†A. junnei (Gingerich, 1989)^[10]	SAD (Vajoming) UK (Istočna Engleska)	56,0 do 50,3 mil. god.
†A. langebadreae (Lavrov & Lopatin, 2004)^[11]	Mongolija (pokrajina Hentij)	55,8 do 48,6 mil. god.
†A. opisthotoma (Matthew, 1901)^[12]	SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado)	55,0 do 53,0 mil. god.
†A. palustris (Tong & Wang, 2006)^[13]	Kina (pokrajina Šandung)	56,0 do 52,0 mil. god.
†A. shoshoniensis (Matthew & Granger, 1915)^[14]	SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado)	55,0 do 53,0 mil. god.
†A. zele (Gingerich & Deutsch, 1989)^[15]	SAD (Vajoming)	54,9 do 54,7 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Arfia.^[16]^[17]^[8]^[18]^[19]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Arfiidae

†Arfia

	†Arfia opisthotoma

	†Arfia shoshoniensis

†Arfia zele

†Arfia gingerichi

†Arfia junnei

†Arfia langebadreae

†Arfia palustris

†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Arfia unutar reda Hyaenodonta[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.
^ Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.
^ ^a ^b Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). „New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878—917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.
^ Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). „Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)”. PeerJ. 4: e2639. PMC 5111901 . PMID 27867761. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639.
^ Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 08. 02. 2021.
^ ^a ^b Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ T. Smith and R. Smith (2001.) "The creodonts (Mammalia, Ferae) from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7)." Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(2):117-135
^ P. D. Gingerich (1989.) "New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 28:1-97
^ A. V. Lavrov and A. V. Lopatin (2004.) "A New Species of Arfia (Hyaenodontidae, Creodonta) from the Basal Eocene of Mongolia." Paleontological Journal 38(4):448-457
^ Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38
^ Yongsheng Tong; Yingwen Wang (2006). „Fossil mammals from the early Eocene Wutu Formation of Shandong Province”. Palaeontologia Sinica. 192, New Series C28: 1—195. ISBN 7030168941.
^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
^ Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
E. Delson (1971.) "Fossil mammals of the early Wasatchian Powder River local fauna, Eocene of northeast." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 146(4)
A. J. Kihm (1984.) "Early Eocene Mammalian Fauna of the Piceance Creek Basin, Northwestern Colorado." Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Boulder: The University of Colorado.
P. D. Polly (1993.) "Hyaenodontidae (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene Four Mile Fauna and their biostratigraphic implications." PaleoBios 14(4):1-10
Daniel L. Gebo & Kenneth D. Rose (1993.) "Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13:1, 125-144
G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
S. Peigné, M. Morlo, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq, S. T. Tun and J. J. Jaeger (2007.) "New discoveries of hyaenodontids (Creodonta, Mammalia) from the Pondaung Formation, middle Eocene, Myanmar—paleobiogeographic implications." Geodiversitas 29(3):441-458
Solé, Floréal; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Amaghzaz, Mbarek; Bouya, Baâdi (2009). „Further evidence of the African antiquity of hyaenodontid (‘Creodonta’, Mammalia) evolution”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 156 (4): 827—846. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00501.x .
Laudet, V.; Grohé, C.; Morlo, M.; Chaimanee, Y.; Blondel, C.; Coster, P.; Valentin, X.; Salem, M.; Bilal, A. A.; Jaeger, J. J.; Brunet, M. (2012). „New Apterodontinae (Hyaenodontida) from the Eocene Locality of Dur At-Talah (Libya): Systematic, Paleoecological and Phylogenetical Implications”. PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e49054. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749054G. PMC 3504055 . PMID 23185292. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049054 .
K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012.) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
Floréal Solé; Emmanuel Gheerbrant; Marc Godinot (2013). „Sinopaninae and Arfianinae (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene of Europe and Asia; evidence for dispersal in Laurasia around the Paleocene/Eocene boundary and for an unnoticed faunal turnover in Europe”. Geobios. 46 (4): 313—327. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2013.02.003.
Michael Morlo; Katharina Bastl; Wu Wenhao; Stephan F. K. Schaal (2014). „The first species of Sinopa (Hyaenodontida, Mammalia) from outside of North America: implications for the history of the genus in the Eocene of Asia and North America”. Palaeontology. 57 (1): 111—125. doi:10.1111/pala.12052.
S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE

[1] Van Valen, Leigh (1965). „Some European Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia)” (PDF). Palaeontology. 8: 638–665.

[2] Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.

[ZJLS14proviverrines-3] Floréal Solé; Jocelyn Falconnet; Laurent Yves (2014). „New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae”. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878—917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.

[McKenna_&_Bell-4] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[hyaenodontidansGourLazib-5] Solé, F.; Lhuillier, J.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M.; Mahboubi, M.; Tabuce, R. (2013). „The hyaenodontidans from the Gour Lazib area (?Early Eocene, Algeria): implications concerning the systematics and the origin of the Hyainailourinae and Teratodontinae”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12 (3): 303—322. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.795196.

[Brychotherium-6] Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). „Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)”. PeerJ. 4: e2639. PMC 5111901 . PMID 27867761. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639.

[7] Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 08. 02. 2021.

[Geodiversitas4213-8] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[9] T. Smith and R. Smith (2001.) "The creodonts (Mammalia, Ferae) from the Paleocene-Eocene transition in Belgium (Tienen Formation, MP7)." Belgian Journal of Zoology 131(2):117-135

[10] P. D. Gingerich (1989.) "New earliest Wasatchian mammalian fauna from the Eocene of northwestern Wyoming: composition and diversity in a rarely sampled high-floodplain assemblage." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 28:1-97

[11] A. V. Lavrov and A. V. Lopatin (2004.) "A New Species of Arfia (Hyaenodontidae, Creodonta) from the Basal Eocene of Mongolia." Paleontological Journal 38(4):448-457

[12] Matthew, W. D. (1901.) "Additional observations on the Creodonta." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 14: 1-38

[PS192C28-13] Yongsheng Tong; Yingwen Wang (2006). „Fossil mammals from the early Eocene Wutu Formation of Shandong Province”. Palaeontologia Sinica. 192, New Series C28: 1—195. ISBN 7030168941.

[14] W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103

[15] Philip D. Gingerich and Harvey A. Deutsch (1989). „Systematics and evolution of early Eocene Hyaenodontidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 27 (13): 327—391.

[Matthew2017-16] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776 .

[Simbakubwa-17] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-18] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-19] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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