Materijal — разлика између измена
м Враћене измене корисника 109.245.192.18 (разговор) на последњу измену корисника Smilutin ознака: враћање |
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{{Short description|Супстанца или смеша супстанци која чини предмет}} |
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[[Датотека:Hot metalwork.jpg|мини|250px|десно|Užareni [[metal]] u [[kovanje|kovačnici]].]] |
[[Датотека:Hot metalwork.jpg|мини|250px|десно|Užareni [[metal]] u [[kovanje|kovačnici]].]] |
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[[Датотека:Mineraaleja.jpg|250px|мини|десно|[[Stena|Stene]] i [[minerali]].]] |
[[Датотека:Mineraaleja.jpg|250px|мини|десно|[[Stena|Stene]] i [[minerali]].]] |
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[[Датотека:Sprint Boat K-2.jpg|250px|мини|десно|Stakloplastični ([[kajak]]) je primer [[Kompozitni materijala|kompozitnog materijala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mar-bal.com/language/en/applications/history-of-composites/ |title=History of Composite Materials |publisher=Mar-Bal Incorporated |accessdate = 3. 1. 2018.}}</ref><ref>David Hon and Nobuo Shiraishi, eds. (2001) Wood and cellulose chemistry, 2nd ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker).</ref>]] |
[[Датотека:Sprint Boat K-2.jpg|250px|мини|десно|Stakloplastični ([[kajak]]) je primer [[Kompozitni materijala|kompozitnog materijala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mar-bal.com/language/en/applications/history-of-composites/ |title=History of Composite Materials |publisher=Mar-Bal Incorporated |accessdate = 3. 1. 2018.}}</ref><ref>David Hon and Nobuo Shiraishi, eds. (2001) Wood and cellulose chemistry, 2nd ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker).</ref>]] |
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'''Materijal''' je [[Чврсто агрегатно стање|čvrsta materija]]<ref>{{Atkins7th}}</ref><ref>{{McQuarrie1st}}</ref> koja ima [[masa|masu]] i zauzima [[prostor]]. Materijali su čvrste materije od kojih su izrađeni razni [[proizvod]]i. Razumevanje načina ponašanja materija pod datim uslovima, te zašto imaju međusobno različita svojstva, moguće je samo uz pomoć razumevanja [[atom]]ske građe materije i prihvatanja [[Kvantna mehanika|kvantne mehanike]],<ref name="Feynman">{{Cite book | last = Feynman | first = Richard | last2 = Leighton | first2 = Robert | last3 = Sands | first3 = Matthew | title = The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3 | publisher = California Institute of Technology | date = 1964 | location = | pages = | language = | url = http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-201-50064-6 | access-date = 23. 02. 2018 | archive-date = 26. 11. 2018 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181126003618/http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> koja je definisala atome i čvrsta tela početkom tridesetih godina 20. veka.<ref>{{cite book|first=J. |last=Mehra|first2=H. |last2=Rechenberg|title=The historical development of quantum theory |location=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=1982|isbn=978-0-387-90642-3|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century |first=Helge |last=Kragh|publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002|isbn=978-0-691-09552-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELrFDIldlawC&pg=PA58|pages=58}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ELrFDIldlawC&pg=PA58 Extract of pp. 58]</ref> Te su spoznaje omogućile odgovore na mnoga pitanja, pa i ona kako se mogu promeniti svojstva materijala, kako se mogu dobili bolji i jeftiniji proizvodi, ili kako se novouočena svojstva materijala mogu korisno upotrebiti, tj. pronaći nova područja primene.<ref> |
'''Materijal''' je [[Чврсто агрегатно стање|čvrsta materija]]<ref>{{Atkins7th}}</ref><ref>{{McQuarrie1st}}</ref> koja ima [[masa|masu]] i zauzima [[prostor]]. Materijali su čvrste materije od kojih su izrađeni razni [[proizvod]]i. Razumevanje načina ponašanja materija pod datim uslovima, te zašto imaju međusobno različita svojstva, moguće je samo uz pomoć razumevanja [[atom]]ske građe materije i prihvatanja [[Kvantna mehanika|kvantne mehanike]],<ref name="Feynman">{{Cite book | last = Feynman | first = Richard | last2 = Leighton | first2 = Robert | last3 = Sands | first3 = Matthew | title = The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3 | publisher = California Institute of Technology | date = 1964 | location = | pages = | language = | url = http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-201-50064-6 | access-date = 23. 02. 2018 | archive-date = 26. 11. 2018 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181126003618/http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> koja je definisala atome i čvrsta tela početkom tridesetih godina 20. veka.<ref>{{cite book|first=J. |last=Mehra|first2=H. |last2=Rechenberg|title=The historical development of quantum theory |location=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |year=1982|isbn=978-0-387-90642-3|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century |first=Helge |last=Kragh|publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002|isbn=978-0-691-09552-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELrFDIldlawC&pg=PA58|pages=58}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=ELrFDIldlawC&pg=PA58 Extract of pp. 58]</ref> Te su spoznaje omogućile odgovore na mnoga pitanja, pa i ona kako se mogu promeniti svojstva materijala, kako se mogu dobili bolji i jeftiniji proizvodi, ili kako se novouočena svojstva materijala mogu korisno upotrebiti, tj. pronaći nova područja primene.<ref>"Materijali", red. prof. dr. sc. Božo Smoljan, izv. prof. dr. sc. Loreta Pomenić, www.riteh.uniri.hr, 2011.</ref> |
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== Podela materijala == |
== Podela materijala == |
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== Literatura == |
== Literatura == |
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Feynman | first = Richard | last2 = Leighton | first2 = Robert | last3 = Sands | first3 = Matthew | title = The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3 | publisher = California Institute of Technology | date = 1964 | location = | pages = | language = | url = http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-201-50064-6 | access-date = 23. 02. 2018 | archive-date = 26. 11. 2018 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181126003618/http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | url-status = dead }} |
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Feynman | first = Richard | last2 = Leighton | first2 = Robert | last3 = Sands | first3 = Matthew | title = The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3 | publisher = California Institute of Technology | date = 1964 | location = | pages = | language = | url = http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-201-50064-6 | access-date = 23. 02. 2018 | archive-date = 26. 11. 2018 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181126003618/http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/III_01.html | url-status = dead }} |
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* {{Cite book | ref= harv|last=Young|first=Hugh D.|last2=Freedman|first2=Roger A.|title=University Physics|edition=11th|year=2003|url= |publisher=|location= |isbn=978-0-8053-8684-4}} |
* {{Cite book | ref= harv|last=Young|first=Hugh D.|last2=Freedman|first2=Roger A.|title=University Physics|edition=11th|year=2003|url= |publisher=|location= |isbn=978-0-8053-8684-4}} |
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* {{Cite book| ref= harv|last=Kaw|first=Autar K. |year=2005|title=Mechanics of Composite Materials|publisher=CRC|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-8493-1343-1}} |
* {{Cite book| ref= harv|last=Kaw|first=Autar K. |year=2005|title=Mechanics of Composite Materials|publisher=CRC|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-8493-1343-1}} |
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* {{Cite book| ref= harv|author1=Matthews, F.L. |author2=Rawlings, R.D. |year=1999|title=Composite Materials: Engineering and Science|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-0-8493-0621-1}} |
* {{Cite book| ref= harv|author1=Matthews, F.L. |author2=Rawlings, R.D. |year=1999|title=Composite Materials: Engineering and Science|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-0-8493-0621-1}} |
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* {{cite book |title=The Rise of the Standard Model |editor= Lillian Hoddeson |editor2=Michael Riordan |isbn=978-0-521-57816-5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=klLUs2XUmOkC }} |
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* {{cite book |title=Hidden Worlds |chapter=The search for quarks in ordinary matter |author=Timothy Paul Smith |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pc1A0qJio88C&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-0-691-05773-6 |date=2004 |publisher=Princeton University Press}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Elementary Particles: Building blocks of matter |isbn=978-981-256-141-1 |date=2005 |publisher=World Scientific |author=Harald Fritzsch |url=https://archive.org/details/elementarypartic0000frit |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/elementarypartic0000frit/page/1 1]|bibcode=2005epbb.book.....F }} |
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* {{cite book |title=A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz |author= Bertrand Russell |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7GauFXXedwC&pg=PA88 |page=88 |chapter=The philosophy of matter |isbn=978-0-415-08296-9 |date=1992 |edition=Reprint of 1937 2nd |publisher=Routledge}} |
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* Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield, ''The Architecture of Matter'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962). |
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* Richard J. Connell, ''Matter and Becoming'' (Chicago: The Priory Press, 1966). |
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* [[Ernan McMullin]], ''The Concept of Matter in Greek and Medieval Philosophy'' (Notre Dame, Indiana: Univ. of Notre Dame Press, 1965). |
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* [[Ernan McMullin]], ''The Concept of Matter in Modern Philosophy'' (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978). |
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* {{cite book |author=B. Povh |author2=K. Rith |author3=C. Scholz |author4=F. Zetsche |author5=M. Lavelle |date=2004 |title=Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts |chapter=Fundamental constituents of matter |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJe4k8tkq7sC&pg=PA9 |edition=4th |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-20168-7}} |
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* {{cite book |author=P.M. Chaikin |author2=T.C. Lubensky |date=2000 |title=Principles of Condensed Matter Physics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9YjNjzr9OIC |page=xvii |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79450-3 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |author=W. Greiner |date=2003 |editor1=W. Greiner |editor2=M.G. Itkis |editor3=G. Reinhardt |editor4=M.C. Güçlü |title=Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORyJzhAzpUgC |publisher=Springer |page=xii |isbn=978-1-4020-2445-0}} |
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* {{cite book |author=P. Sukys |date=1999 |title=Lifting the Scientific Veil: Science Appreciation for the Nonscientist |url=https://archive.org/details/liftingscientifi0000suky |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/liftingscientifi0000suky/page/87 87] |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-8476-9600-0}} |
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* {{cite book |author=M. Jibu |author2=K. Yasue |date=1995 |title=Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUvcniwvg0C&pg=PA62 |page=62 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-55619-183-1}} |
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* {{cite book |author=B. Martin |date=2009 |title=Nuclear and Particle Physics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ws8QZ2M5OR8C&pg=PT143 |page=125 |edition=2nd |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-74275-4}} |
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* {{cite book |author=K.W. Plaxco |author2=M. Gross |date=2006 |title=Astrobiology: A Brief Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/astrobiologybrie0000plax |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/astrobiologybrie0000plax/page/23 23] |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8367-5 }} |
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* {{cite book |author=P.A. Tipler |author2=R.A. Llewellyn |date=2002 |title=Modern Physics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpU18JqcSNkC&pg=PA94 |pages=89–91, 94–95 |isbn=978-0-7167-4345-3 |publisher=Macmillan }} |
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* {{cite book |author=P. Schmüser |author2=H. Spitzer |date=2002 |chapter=Particles |editor=L. Bergmann |display-editors=etal |title=Constituents of Matter: Atoms, Molecules, Nuclei |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mGj1y1WYflMC |isbn=978-0-8493-1202-1 |pages=773 ''ff'' |publisher=CRC Press}} |
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{{refend}} |
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== Spoljašnje veze == |
== Spoljašnje veze == |
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{{commonscat|Materials|Materijali}} |
{{commonscat|lat|Materials|Materijali}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203231817/https://cdmhub.org/ Composites Design and Manufacturing HUB] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203231817/https://cdmhub.org/ Composites Design and Manufacturing HUB] |
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* [http://www.wmc.eu/optimatblades_optidat.php OptiDAT composite material database] |
* [http://www.wmc.eu/optimatblades_optidat.php OptiDAT composite material database] |
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* [http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=49&l=&c3= Visionlearning Module on Matter] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227150154/http://www.newuniverse.co.uk/Matter.html Matter in the universe] How much Matter is in the Universe? |
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* [http://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/mass-energy-matter-etc/matter-and-energy-a-false-dichotomy/ Matter and Energy: A False Dichotomy] |
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[[Категорија:Материјали| ]] |
[[Категорија:Материјали| ]] |
Верзија на датум 2. септембар 2022. у 19:48
Materijal je čvrsta materija[7][8] koja ima masu i zauzima prostor. Materijali su čvrste materije od kojih su izrađeni razni proizvodi. Razumevanje načina ponašanja materija pod datim uslovima, te zašto imaju međusobno različita svojstva, moguće je samo uz pomoć razumevanja atomske građe materije i prihvatanja kvantne mehanike,[9] koja je definisala atome i čvrsta tela početkom tridesetih godina 20. veka.[10][11] Te su spoznaje omogućile odgovore na mnoga pitanja, pa i ona kako se mogu promeniti svojstva materijala, kako se mogu dobili bolji i jeftiniji proizvodi, ili kako se novouočena svojstva materijala mogu korisno upotrebiti, tj. pronaći nova područja primene.[12]
Podela materijala
Materijali se mogu podeliti prema poreklu, vrsti, građi, svojstvima, primeni itd.
Podela materijala prema poreklu
Prema poreklu materijali se mogu podeliti na:[13]
- Prirodni materijali:
- Veštački ili sintetički materijali:
- legura metala,
- polimer,
- poluprovodnik,
- superprovodnik,
- tehnička keramika,
- kompozit itd.
Vrste materijala
Metali i legure
Metalni materijali i legure su neorganske materije sastavljene od atoma hemijskih elemenata po karakteru metala povezanih međusobno metalnom vezom. Većina hemijskih elemenata u periodnom sistemu su metali. Primer legura su mesing (legura bakra i cinka) i čelik (legura željeza i ugljenika). Najviše ima legura kojima je osnovni element gvožđe.
Osnovna svojstva metala su:[14]
- kristalna struktura,
- dobra električna i toplotna provodljivost,
- čvrstoća i žilavost,
- metalni sjaj.
Polimeri
Polimeri su veliki molekuli sastavljeni od delova koji se ponavljaju (monomera) povezanih u dugačke lance. Iako se pojam polimer često koristi kao sinonim za plastiku, u polimere se u hemiji ubraja veliki broj prirodnih i veštačkih materijala s različitim svojstvima i namenama. Najčešće se sastoje iz lanaca atoma ugljika, na kojima su vezani atomi vodonika, kiseonika, azota, sumpora, hlora, itd.
Svojstva polimera su:
- struktura velikog molekula (makromolekula); lanci uglavnom u nesređenom poretku,
- slaba električna provodnost (tipični su izolatori),
- slaba toplotna provodnost,
- mehanička svojstva su im različita i zavise od hemijskog sastava i strukture,
- neotporni su na visokim temperaturama,
- uglavnom su otporni na uticaj različitih hemikalija.
Keramički materijali
Keramički materijali su neorganski materijali kristalne građe (stakla su amorfne građe), sastavljeni od atoma metalnih i nemetalnih hemijskih elemenata, koji su međusobno spojeni uglavnom hemijskim vezama (kovalentnim i/ili jonskim vezama). Osnovne karakteristike tih materijala su:
- kristalna ili amorfna (staklasta) građa,
- tvrdi su i krti,
- slabo provode toplotu,
- uglavnom su izolatori,
- imaju dobra mehanička svojstva na visokoj temperaturi.
Kompozitni materijali
Kompoziti su materijali sastavljeni iz drugih, već gotovih materijala, uglavnom kao njihova mešavina, kako bi zajedno imali nova svojstva, tj. ona svojstva koja svaki materijal sam ne bi imao. Sastavljeni su iz najmanje dva materijala (komponente), jedna je komponenta osnovni materijal, a druga je komponenta materijal za očvršćivanje (npr. vlakna ili čestice).
Poluprovodnici
Poluprovodnik (engl. semiconductor) je materijal koji ima električnu provodljivost u rasponu između izolatora i provodnika. Poluprovodnik postaje izolator na vrlo niskim temperaturama, a na sobnoj temperaturi postaje električno provodan, iako je ta provodnost znatno manja nego što je provodnost punog provodnika. Najčešće korišteni poluprovodnički materijali su silicijum, germanijum, galijum arsenid i indijum fosfid.
Biomaterijali
Biomaterijali se primenjuju u komponentama koje se ugrađuju u ljudsko telo, zbog zamene ozleđenog ili bolesnog dela tela (npr. veštački kuk). Sve navedene vrste materijala: metali, keramike, polimeri, kompoziti i poluprovodnici mogu se koristiti kao biomaterijali. Ti materijali moraju biti netoksični, ne smeju da korodiraju, niti na drugi način da reaguju s okolnim tkivom.
Vidi još
Reference
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- ^ Sutherland TD, Young JH, Weisman S, Hayashi CY, Merritt DJ (2010). „Insect silk: one name, many materials”. Annual Review of Entomology. 55: 171—88. PMID 19728833. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085401.
- ^ Walker AA, Weisman S, Church JS, Merritt DJ, Mudie ST, Sutherland TD (2012). „Silk from Crickets: A New Twist on Spinning”. PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e30408. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730408W. PMC 3280245 . PMID 22355311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030408.
- ^ „History of Composite Materials”. Mar-Bal Incorporated. Приступљено 3. 1. 2018.
- ^ David Hon and Nobuo Shiraishi, eds. (2001) Wood and cellulose chemistry, 2nd ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker).
- ^ Peter Atkins; Julio de Paula (2001). Physical Chemistry (7th изд.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0716735393.
- ^ Donald A. McQuarrie; John D. Simon (1997). Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach (1st изд.). University Science Books. ISBN 0935702997.
- ^ Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1964). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3. California Institute of Technology. ISBN 978-0-201-50064-6. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 11. 2018. г. Приступљено 23. 02. 2018.
- ^ Mehra, J.; Rechenberg, H. (1982). The historical development of quantum theory. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-90642-3.
- ^ Kragh, Helge (2002). Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. Princeton University Press. стр. 58. ISBN 978-0-691-09552-3. Extract of pp. 58
- ^ "Materijali", red. prof. dr. sc. Božo Smoljan, izv. prof. dr. sc. Loreta Pomenić, www.riteh.uniri.hr, 2011.
- ^ "Tehnička enciklopedija", glavni urednik Hrvoje Požar, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1987.
- ^ [1] “Ispitivanje materijala”, doc. dr. sc. Stoja Rešković, Metalurški fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, www.scribd.com/doc, 2010.
Literatura
- Feynman, Richard; Leighton, Robert; Sands, Matthew (1964). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3. California Institute of Technology. ISBN 978-0-201-50064-6. Архивирано из оригинала 26. 11. 2018. г. Приступљено 23. 02. 2018.
- Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A. (2003). University Physics (11th изд.). ISBN 978-0-8053-8684-4.
- Kittel, Charles (1996). Introduction to Solid State Physics (7. изд.). New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-11181-8.
- Schwaigerer, H. J.; Sailer; Glaser; Meyer (2002). Strom eiskalt serviert: Supraleitfähigkeit. Chemie in unserer Zeit. 36 (2. изд.). стр. 108—124. doi:10.1002/1521-3781(200204)36:2<108::AID-CIUZ108>3.0.CO;2-Y.
- Callandine, Anthony (1993). „Lombe's Mill: An Exercise in reconstruction”. Industrial Archaeology Review. Maney Publishing. XVI (1). ISSN 0309-0728.
- Rayner, Hollins (1903). Silk throwing and waste silk spinning. Scott, Greenwood, Van Nostrand.
- Jones, Robert M. (1999). Mechanics of Composite Materials (2nd изд.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781560327127.
- Kaw, Autar K. (2005). Mechanics of Composite Materials (2nd изд.). CRC. ISBN 978-0-8493-1343-1.
- Matthews, F.L.; Rawlings, R.D. (1999). Composite Materials: Engineering and Science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0621-1.
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