Герд Биниг — разлика између измена

Герд Биниг
Герд Биниг
Лични подаци
Датум рођења	20. јул 1947. (76 год.)
Место рођења	Франкфурт на Мајни, Немачка
Пребивалиште	Швајцарска
Држављанство	Немачко
Образовање	Гетеов универзитет, Франкфурт
Научни рад
Поље	Физика
Институција	IBM Циришка истраживачка лабораторија
Награде	Нобелова награда за физику (1986)

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Верзија на датум 11. септембар 2022. у 23:37

Герд Биниг (нем. Gerd Binnig, 20. јул 1947)^[1] је немачки физичар, који је 1986. године, заједно са Хајнрихом Рорером, добио Нобелову награду за физику „за дизајн микроскопа са тунелским скенирањем”.^[2]

Рани живот и образовање

Binnig was born in Frankfurt am Main and played in the ruins of the city during his childhood. His family lived partly in Frankfurt and partly in Offenbach am Main, and he attended school in both cities. At the age of 10, he decided to become a physicist, but he soon wondered whether he had made the right choice. He concentrated more on music, playing in a band. He also started playing the violin at 15 and played in his school orchestra.^[1]

Binnig studied physics at the J.W. Goethe University in Frankfurt, gaining a bachelor's degree in 1973 and remaining there to do a PhD with in Werner Martienssen's group, supervised by Eckhardt Hoenig.^[3]

Каријера

In 1978, Binnig accepted an offer from IBM to join their Zürich research group, where he worked with Heinrich Rohrer, Christoph Gerber and Edmund Weibel. There they developed the scanning tunneling microscope (STM),^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.^[9] The Nobel committee described the effect that the invention of the STM had on science, saying that "entirely new fields are opening up for the study of the structure of matter."^[2] The physical principles on which the STM was based were already known before the IBM team developed the STM, but Binnig and his colleagues were the first to solve the significant experimental challenges involved in putting it into effect.^[2]

The IBM Zürich team were soon recognized with a number of prizes: the German Physics Prize, the Otto Klung Prize, the Hewlett Packard Prize and the King Faisal Prize.^[1] In 1986, Binnig and Rohrer shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physics, the other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska.

From 1985–1988, he worked in California. He was at IBM in Almaden Valley, and was visiting professor at Stanford University.^[10]

In 1985, Binnig invented the atomic force microscope (AFM)^[11] and Binnig, Christoph Gerber and Calvin Quate went on to develop a working version of this new microscope for insulating surfaces.^[12]

In 1987 Binnig was appointed IBM Fellow. In the same year, he started the IBM Physics group Munich, working on creativity.^[13] and atomic force microscopy.^[14]

In 1994 Professor Gerd Binnig founded Definiens which turned in the year 2000 into a commercial enterprise. The company developed Cognition Network Technology to analyze images just like the human eye and brain are capable of doing.^[15]

in 2016, Binnig won the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience.^[16] He became a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.^[17]

The Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center, an IBM-owned research facility in Rüschlikon, Zürich is named after Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.^[18]

Лични живот

In 1969, Binnig married Lore Wagler, a psychologist, and they have a daughter born in Switzerland and a son born in California.^[1] His hobbies include reading, swimming, and golf.

Референце

^ ^а ^б ^в ^г „Gerd Binnig – Biographical”. Nobel Media AB. 1986. Приступљено 1. 1. 2014.
^ ^а ^б ^в „The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986”. NobelPrize.org (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 30. 12. 2018.
^ „Definiens Management Team – Gerd Binnig, PhD”. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 1. 2014. г. Приступљено 1. 1. 2014.
^ Binnig G, Rohrer H (1986). „Scanning tunneling microscopy”. IBM Journal of Research and Development. 30 (4): 355—69. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(83)90716-1.
^ Binnig G, Rohrer H (1987-07-01). „Scanning tunneling microscopy---from birth to adolescence”. Reviews of Modern Physics. 59 (3): 615—625. Bibcode:1987RvMP...59..615B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.59.615 .
^ Bai C (2000). Scanning tunneling microscopy and its applications. New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-65715-6.
^ Chen CJ (1993). Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (PDF). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507150-4.
^ SPECS. „STM 150 Aarhus - High Stability Temperature Control” (PDF). specs.de. Приступљено 23. 2. 2017.
^ Binnig, G.; Rohrer, H.; Gerbe, Ch; Weibe, E. (1982). „Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy”. Physical Review Letters. 49 (1): 57. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49...57B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57 .
^ „Gerd Binnig”. kavliprize.org. 2. 6. 2016. Приступљено 30. 5. 2017.
^ G. Binnig, "Atomic force microscope and method for imaging surfaces with atomic resolution", US Patent US4724318 (priority date 25 November 1985)
^ Binnig, G.; Quate, C. F. (1986). „Atomic Force Microscope”. Physical Review Letters. 56 (9): 930—933. Bibcode:1986PhRvL..56..930B. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10033323. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930 .
^ G. Binnig, "Aus dem Nichts. Über die Kreativität von Natur und Mensch", Piper (1990).
^ Giessibl, F. J.; Gerber, Christoph; Binnig, G. (1991). „A low-temperature atomic force/scanning tunneling microscope for ultrahigh vacuum” (PDF). Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures. American Vacuum Society. 9 (2): 984–988. Bibcode:1991JVSTB...9..984G. ISSN 0734-211X. doi:10.1116/1.585441.
^ Health, Audacity. „Team | Definiens”. www.definiens.com. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 6. 2016. г. Приступљено 6. 6. 2016.
^ „2016 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience | www.kavliprize.org”. www.kavliprize.org. 2. 6. 2016. Приступљено 6. 6. 2016.
^ „Artikkel: Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics”. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (на језику: норвешки). Приступљено 14. 12. 2021.
^ „IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center”. Press Release. Приступљено 17. 5. 2011.

Литература

Voigtländer, Bert (2015), Voigtländer, Bert, ур., „Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS)”, Scanning Probe Microscopy: Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, NanoScience and Technology (на језику: енглески), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, стр. 309—334, ISBN 978-3-662-45240-0, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0_21, Приступљено 2020-10-15
Pan SH, Hudson EW, Lang KM, Eisaki H, Uchida S, Davis JC (фебруар 2000). „Imaging the effects of individual zinc impurity atoms on superconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta”. Nature. 403 (6771): 746—50. Bibcode:2000Natur.403..746P. PMID 10693798. S2CID 4428971. arXiv:cond-mat/9909365 . doi:10.1038/35001534.
Lapshin RV (2011). „Feature-oriented scanning probe microscopy”. Ур.: Nalwa HS. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (PDF). 14. USA: American Scientific Publishers. стр. 105—115. ISBN 978-1-58883-163-7.
Schitter G, Rost MJ (2008). „Scanning probe microscopy at video-rate”. Materials Today. 11 (special issue): 40—48. ISSN 1369-7021. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(09)70006-9 .
Lapshin RV, Obyedkov OV (1993). „Fast-acting piezoactuator and digital feedback loop for scanning tunneling microscopes” (PDF). Review of Scientific Instruments. 64 (10): 2883—2887. Bibcode:1993RScI...64.2883L. doi:10.1063/1.1144377.
Swartzentruber BS (јануар 1996). „Direct measurement of surface diffusion using atom-tracking scanning tunneling microscopy”. Physical Review Letters. 76 (3): 459—462. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..76..459S. PMID 10061462. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.459.
Rost MJ, et al. (2005). „Scanning probe microscopes go video rate and beyond” (PDF). Review of Scientific Instruments. 76 (5): 053710—053710—9. Bibcode:2005RScI...76e3710R. ISSN 1369-7021. doi:10.1063/1.1915288. hdl:1887/61253 .
Tersoff J, Hamann DR (1983-06-20). „Theory and Application for the Scanning Tunneling Microscope”. Physical Review Letters. 50 (25): 1998—2001. Bibcode:1983PhRvL..50.1998T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1998 .
Tersoff J, Hamann DR (јануар 1985). „Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope”. Physical Review B. 31 (2): 805—813. Bibcode:1985PhRvB..31..805T. PMID 9935822. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.31.805.
Hansma, Paul K.; Tersoff, Jerry (1987-01-15). „Scanning tunneling microscopy”. Journal of Applied Physics. 61 (2): R1—R24. Bibcode:1987JAP....61R...1H. ISSN 0021-8979. doi:10.1063/1.338189.
Chen CJ (1993). Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (PDF). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507150-4.
Wiesendanger R (1994). Scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42847-7.
Wiesendanger R, Güntherodt HJ, ур. (1996). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy III – Theory of STM and Related Scanning Probe Methods. Springer Series in Surface Sciences. 29. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-540-60824-0. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-80118-1.
Bai C (2000). Scanning tunneling microscopy and its applications. New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-65715-6.
Voigtländer B (2015). Scanning Probe Microscopy. NanoScience and Technology (на језику: енглески). Bibcode:2015spma.book.....V. ISBN 978-3-662-45239-4. ISSN 1434-4904. S2CID 94208893. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0.
Бот ће ускоро да поправи ову референцу. Кликните овде за квеј arXiv:1404.0961.
Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E (1983-01-10). „7 × 7 Reconstruction on Si(111) Resolved in Real Space”. Physical Review Letters (на језику: енглески). 50 (2): 120—123. Bibcode:1983PhRvL..50..120B. ISSN 0031-9007. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.120 .
Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E (1982-07-05). „Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy”. Physical Review Letters (на језику: енглески). 49 (1): 57—61. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49...57B. ISSN 0031-9007. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57 .
Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E (1982-01-15). „Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap”. Applied Physics Letters (на језику: енглески). 40 (2): 178—180. Bibcode:1982ApPhL..40..178B. ISSN 0003-6951. doi:10.1063/1.92999.
Bardeen J (1961-01-15). „Tunnelling from a Many-Particle Point of View”. Physical Review Letters (на језику: енглески). 6 (2): 57—59. Bibcode:1961PhRvL...6...57B. ISSN 0031-9007. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.57.
Tersoff J, Hamann DR (јануар 1985). „Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope”. Physical Review B. 31 (2): 805—813. Bibcode:1985PhRvB..31..805T. PMID 9935822. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.31.805.
Chen CJ (јул 1990). „Origin of atomic resolution on metal surfaces in scanning tunneling microscopy”. Physical Review Letters. 65 (4): 448—451. Bibcode:1990PhRvL..65..448C. PMID 10042923. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.448.
Fujita D, Sagisaka K (јануар 2008). „Active nanocharacterization of nanofunctional materials by scanning tunneling microscopy”. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (1): 013003. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9a3003F. PMC 5099790 . PMID 27877921. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/013003.

Спољашње везе

Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism – Gerd Binnig National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Герд Биниг на сајту Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1986 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy – From Birth to Adolescence
Astra Zeneca acquires Definiens
„STM References - Annotated Links for Scanning Tunneling Microscope Amateurs”. Приступљено 13. 7. 2012.

[nobelbio-1] а ^б ^в ^г „Gerd Binnig – Biographical”. Nobel Media AB. 1986. Приступљено 1. 1. 2014.

[nobelPR-2] а ^б ^в „The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986”. NobelPrize.org (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 30. 12. 2018.

[DefiniensBiog-3] „Definiens Management Team – Gerd Binnig, PhD”. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 1. 2014. г. Приступљено 1. 1. 2014.

[Binnig-4] Binnig G, Rohrer H (1986). „Scanning tunneling microscopy”. IBM Journal of Research and Development. 30 (4): 355—69. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(83)90716-1.

[5] Binnig G, Rohrer H (1987-07-01). „Scanning tunneling microscopy---from birth to adolescence”. Reviews of Modern Physics. 59 (3): 615—625. Bibcode:1987RvMP...59..615B. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.59.615 .

[Bai-6] Bai C (2000). Scanning tunneling microscopy and its applications. New York: Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-65715-6.

[Chen-7] Chen CJ (1993). Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (PDF). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507150-4.

[8] SPECS. „STM 150 Aarhus - High Stability Temperature Control” (PDF). specs.de. Приступљено 23. 2. 2017.

[Binnig1982-9] Binnig, G.; Rohrer, H.; Gerbe, Ch; Weibe, E. (1982). „Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy”. Physical Review Letters. 49 (1): 57. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49...57B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57 .

[10] „Gerd Binnig”. kavliprize.org. 2. 6. 2016. Приступљено 30. 5. 2017.

[11] G. Binnig, "Atomic force microscope and method for imaging surfaces with atomic resolution", US Patent US4724318 (priority date 25 November 1985)

[BinnigQuate1986-12] Binnig, G.; Quate, C. F. (1986). „Atomic Force Microscope”. Physical Review Letters. 56 (9): 930—933. Bibcode:1986PhRvL..56..930B. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10033323. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930 .

[13] G. Binnig, "Aus dem Nichts. Über die Kreativität von Natur und Mensch", Piper (1990).

[14] Giessibl, F. J.; Gerber, Christoph; Binnig, G. (1991). „A low-temperature atomic force/scanning tunneling microscope for ultrahigh vacuum” (PDF). Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures. American Vacuum Society. 9 (2): 984–988. Bibcode:1991JVSTB...9..984G. ISSN 0734-211X. doi:10.1116/1.585441.

[15] Health, Audacity. „Team | Definiens”. www.definiens.com. Архивирано из оригинала 5. 6. 2016. г. Приступљено 6. 6. 2016.

[16] „2016 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience | www.kavliprize.org”. www.kavliprize.org. 2. 6. 2016. Приступљено 6. 6. 2016.

[The_Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters-17] „Artikkel: Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics”. The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (на језику: норвешки). Приступљено 14. 12. 2021.

[18] „IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center”. Press Release. Приступљено 17. 5. 2011.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+{{short description|Немачки физичар}}
 {{Инфокутија Научник
 | име = Герд Биниг
@@ Ред 10: / Ред 11: @@
 | место_смрти =
 | држава_смрти =
-| пребивалиште =
+| пребивалиште = Швајцарска
-| држављанство =
+| држављанство = Немачко
 | религија =
-| образовање =
+| образовање = [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Гетеов универзитет]], Франкфурт
 | поље = [[Физика]]
 | школа =
 | ментор =
-| институција =
+| институција = [[IBM Zurich Research Laboratory|IBM Циришка истраживачка лабораторија]]
 | академија =
 | студенти =
@@ Ред 28: / Ред 29: @@
 }}
-'''Герд Биниг''' ({{јез-нем|Gerd Binnig}}, [[20. јул]] [[1947]]) је немачки физичар, који је 1986. године, заједно са [[Хајнрих Рорер|Хајнрихом Рорером]], добио [[Нобелова награда за физику|Нобелову награду за физику]]„за дизајн микроскопа са тунелским скенирањем”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|accessdate=30. 12. 2018.}}</ref>
+'''Герд Биниг''' ({{јез-нем|Gerd Binnig}}, [[20. јул]] [[1947]])<ref name="nobelbio">{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/binnig-bio.html|title=Gerd Binnig – Biographical|publisher=Nobel Media AB|year=1986|access-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> је [[German people|немачки]] физичар, који је 1986. године, заједно са [[Хајнрих Рорер|Хајнрихом Рорером]], добио [[Нобелова награда за физику|Нобелову награду за физику]] „за дизајн [[scanning tunneling microscope|микроскопа са тунелским скенирањем]]”.<ref name="nobelPR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1986/summary/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US|accessdate=30. 12. 2018.}}</ref>
+== Рани живот и образовање ==
+{{рут}}
+Binnig was born in [[Frankfurt am Main]] and played in the ruins of the city during his childhood. His family lived partly in [[Frankfurt]] and partly in [[Offenbach am Main]], and he attended school in both cities. At the age of 10, he decided to become a physicist, but he soon wondered whether he had made the right choice. He concentrated more on music, playing in a band. He also started playing the violin at 15 and played in his school orchestra.<ref name="nobelbio" />
+Binnig studied physics at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|J.W. Goethe University]] in Frankfurt, gaining a bachelor's degree in 1973 and remaining there to do a PhD with in Werner Martienssen's group, supervised by Eckhardt Hoenig.<ref name="DefiniensBiog">{{cite web|url=http://www.definiens.com/about-definiens/our-company/management-team.html|title=Definiens Management Team – Gerd Binnig, PhD|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102195823/http://www.definiens.com/about-definiens/our-company/management-team.html|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+== Каријера ==
+In 1978, Binnig accepted an offer from [[IBM]] to join their [[Zürich]] research group, where he worked with [[Heinrich Rohrer]], [[Christoph Gerber]] and [[Edmund Weibel]]. There they developed the [[scanning tunneling microscope]] (STM),<ref name="Binnig">{{cite journal | vauthors = Binnig G, Rohrer H | doi = 10.1016/0039-6028(83)90716-1 |title=Scanning tunneling microscopy|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development|volume=30|issue=4|year=1986|pages=355–69}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Binnig G, Rohrer H |date=1987-07-01|title=Scanning tunneling microscopy---from birth to adolescence |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=59|issue=3|pages=615–625 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.59.615 |bibcode=1987RvMP...59..615B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Bai">{{cite book| vauthors = Bai C |title=Scanning tunneling microscopy and its applications|publisher=Springer Verlag|place=New York|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q08jRmmtrkC&pg=PA345|isbn=978-3-540-65715-6}}</ref><ref name="Chen">{{cite book| vauthors = Chen CJ |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~jcc2161/documents/STM_book.pdf|title=Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-19-507150-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specs.de/cms/upload/PDFs/ApplNotes/STM/ANote_HSTC-STM.pdf|title=STM 150 Aarhus - High Stability Temperature Control|last=SPECS|website=specs.de|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.<ref name="Binnig1982">{{cite journal|last1=Binnig|first1= G. |title=Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|volume=49 |issue=1 |page=57|year=1982|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57|last2=Rohrer|first2=H.|last3=Gerbe |first3=Ch |last4=Weibe |first4=E. |bibcode = 1982PhRvL..49...57B |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Nobel committee described the effect that the invention of the STM had on science, saying that "entirely new fields are opening up for the study of the structure of matter."<ref name="nobelPR" />  The physical principles on which the STM was based were already known before the IBM team developed the STM, but Binnig and his colleagues were the first to solve the significant experimental challenges involved in putting it into effect.<ref name="nobelPR" />
+The IBM Zürich team were soon recognized with a number of prizes: the German Physics Prize, the Otto Klung Prize, the Hewlett Packard Prize and the King Faisal Prize.<ref name="nobelbio" />
+In 1986, Binnig and Rohrer shared half of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]], the other half of the Prize was awarded to [[Ernst Ruska]].
+From 1985–1988, he worked in California. He was at IBM in [[Almaden Valley, San Jose, California|Almaden Valley]], and was visiting professor at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Gerd Binnig|url=http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/laureates/gerd-binnig|website=kavliprize.org|access-date=30 May 2017|date=2 June 2016}}</ref>
+In 1985, Binnig invented the [[Atomic force microscopy|atomic force microscope]] (AFM)<ref>G. Binnig, "Atomic force microscope and method for imaging surfaces with atomic resolution", US Patent US4724318 (priority date 25 November 1985)</ref> and Binnig, [[Christoph Gerber]] and [[Calvin Quate]] went on to develop a working version of this new microscope for insulating surfaces.<ref name="BinnigQuate1986">{{cite journal|last1=Binnig|first1=G.|last2=Quate|first2=C. F.|title=Atomic Force Microscope|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]]|volume=56|issue=9|year=1986|pages=930–933|issn=0031-9007|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930|pmid=10033323|bibcode = 1986PhRvL..56..930B |doi-access=free}}</ref>
+In 1987 Binnig was appointed [[IBM Fellow]]. In the same year, he started the IBM Physics group Munich, working on creativity.<ref>G. Binnig, "Aus dem Nichts. Über die Kreativität von Natur und Mensch", Piper (1990).</ref> and atomic force microscopy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Giessibl | first1=F. J. |author-link=Franz Josef Giessibl|author-link2=Christoph Gerber|first2=Christoph |last2=Gerber |first3= G. |last3=Binnig|title=A low-temperature atomic force/scanning tunneling microscope for ultrahigh vacuum | journal=Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures | publisher=American Vacuum Society | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1991 | issn=0734-211X | doi=10.1116/1.585441 | bibcode=1991JVSTB...9..984G | page=984–988| url=https://epub.uni-regensburg.de/33834/1/A%20low%E2%80%90temperature%20atomic%20force%20.pdf }}</ref>
+In 1994 Professor Gerd Binnig founded [[Cognition Network Technology#Definiens|Definiens]] which turned in the year 2000 into a commercial enterprise. The company developed [[Cognition Network Technology]] to analyze images just like the human eye and brain are capable of doing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.definiens.com/company/team|title=Team {{!}} Definiens|last=Health|first=Audacity|website=www.definiens.com|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605013558/http://www.definiens.com/company/team|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+in 2016, Binnig won the [[Kavli Prize|Kavli Prize in Nanoscience]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/prizes/2016-kavli-prize-nanoscience|title=2016 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience {{!}} www.kavliprize.org|website=www.kavliprize.org|access-date=6 June 2016|date=2 June 2016}}</ref> He became a fellow of the [[Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]].<ref name="The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">{{cite web | title=Artikkel: Group 2: Astronomy, Physics and Geophysics | website=The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters | url=http://english.dnva.no/c40134/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40149 | language=no | access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref>
+The [[Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center]], an IBM-owned research facility in [[Rüschlikon]], Zürich is named after Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.<ref>{{cite web|title=IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center|url=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html|work=Press Release|access-date=17 May 2011}}</ref>
+== Лични живот ==
+In 1969, Binnig married Lore Wagler, a psychologist, and they have a daughter born in [[Switzerland]] and a son born in [[California]].<ref name="nobelbio" /> His hobbies include reading, swimming, and golf.
 == Референце ==
 {{reflist|30em}}
+== Литература ==
+{{refbegin|30em}}
+* {{Citation|last=Voigtländer|first=Bert|title=Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS)|date=2015|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0_21|work=Scanning Probe Microscopy: Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy|pages=309–334|editor-last=Voigtländer|editor-first=Bert|series=NanoScience and Technology|place=Berlin, Heidelberg|publisher=Springer|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0_21|isbn=978-3-662-45240-0|access-date=2020-10-15}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Pan SH, Hudson EW, Lang KM, Eisaki H, Uchida S, Davis JC | title = Imaging the effects of individual zinc impurity atoms on superconductivity in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta | journal = Nature | volume = 403 | issue = 6771 | pages = 746–50 | date = February 2000 | pmid = 10693798 | doi = 10.1038/35001534 | arxiv = cond-mat/9909365 | bibcode = 2000Natur.403..746P | s2cid = 4428971 }}
+* {{cite book| vauthors = Lapshin RV |year=2011|contribution=Feature-oriented scanning probe microscopy|title=Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology| veditors = Nalwa HS |volume=14|pages=105–115|publisher=American Scientific Publishers|location=USA|isbn=978-1-58883-163-7|url=http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#fospm2011|format=PDF}}
+* {{cite journal| vauthors = Schitter G, Rost MJ |year=2008|title=Scanning probe microscopy at video-rate|journal=Materials Today|volume=11|issue=special issue|pages=40–48|doi=10.1016/S1369-7021(09)70006-9|issn=1369-7021|doi-access=free}}
+* {{cite journal| vauthors = Lapshin RV, Obyedkov OV |year=1993|title=Fast-acting piezoactuator and digital feedback loop for scanning tunneling microscopes|url=http://www.lapshin.fast-page.org/publications.htm#fast1993|format=PDF|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|volume=64|issue=10|pages=2883–2887|bibcode=1993RScI...64.2883L|doi=10.1063/1.1144377}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Swartzentruber BS | title = Direct measurement of surface diffusion using atom-tracking scanning tunneling microscopy | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 76 | issue = 3 | pages = 459–462 | date = January 1996 | pmid = 10061462 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.459 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1233907 | bibcode = 1996PhRvL..76..459S }}
+* {{cite journal| vauthors = Rost MJ |display-authors=etal|year=2005|title=Scanning probe microscopes go video rate and beyond|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/61253/Review_of_Scientific_Instruments_78oe2005oe053710.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|volume=76|issue=5|pages=053710–053710–9|bibcode=2005RScI...76e3710R|doi=10.1063/1.1915288|issn=1369-7021|hdl=1887/61253|hdl-access=free}}
+* {{cite journal| vauthors = Tersoff J, Hamann DR |date=1983-06-20|title=Theory and Application for the Scanning Tunneling Microscope|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=50|issue=25|pages=1998–2001|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1998|bibcode=1983PhRvL..50.1998T|doi-access=free}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tersoff J, Hamann DR | title = Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope | journal = Physical Review B | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 805–813 | date = January 1985 | pmid = 9935822 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.31.805 | bibcode = 1985PhRvB..31..805T | url = https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.31.805 }}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Hansma|first1=Paul K.|last2=Tersoff|first2=Jerry |date=1987-01-15|title=Scanning tunneling microscopy|url=https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.338189|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=61|issue=2|pages=R1–R24|doi=10.1063/1.338189|bibcode=1987JAP....61R...1H|issn=0021-8979}}
+* {{cite book| vauthors = Chen CJ |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~jcc2161/documents/STM_book.pdf|title=Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-19-507150-4}}
+* {{cite book|vauthors = Wiesendanger R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXae0pjS2vwC|title=Scanning probe microscopy and spectroscopy: methods and applications |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-521-42847-7}}
+* {{cite book |title=Scanning Tunneling Microscopy III – Theory of STM and Related Scanning Probe Methods|publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg|year=1996|isbn=978-3-540-60824-0| veditors = Wiesendanger R, Güntherodt HJ |series=Springer Series in Surface Sciences|volume=29|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-80118-1}}
+* {{cite book| vauthors = Bai C |title=Scanning tunneling microscopy and its applications|publisher=Springer Verlag|place=New York|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q08jRmmtrkC&pg=PA345|isbn=978-3-540-65715-6}}
+* {{cite book| vauthors = Voigtländer B |date=2015|title=Scanning Probe Microscopy|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0|journal=NanoScience and Technology|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-45240-0|bibcode=2015spma.book.....V|isbn=978-3-662-45239-4|s2cid=94208893|issn=1434-4904}}
+* {{cite arXiv| vauthors = Lounis S |date=2014-04-03|title=Theory of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy|class=cond-mat.mes-hall|eprint=1404.0961}}
+* {{cite journal| vauthors = Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E |date=1983-01-10|title=7 × 7 Reconstruction on Si(111) Resolved in Real Space|journal=Physical Review Letters|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=120–123|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.120|bibcode=1983PhRvL..50..120B|issn=0031-9007|doi-access=free}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E|date=1982-07-05|title=Surface Studies by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy|journal=Physical Review Letters|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=57–61|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.57|bibcode=1982PhRvL..49...57B|issn=0031-9007|doi-access=free}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Binnig G, Rohrer H, Gerber C, Weibel E|date=1982-01-15|title=Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap|url=http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.92999|journal=Applied Physics Letters|language=en|volume=40|issue=2|pages=178–180|doi=10.1063/1.92999|bibcode=1982ApPhL..40..178B|issn=0003-6951}}
+* {{cite journal| vauthors = Bardeen J |date=1961-01-15|title=Tunnelling from a Many-Particle Point of View|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.57|journal=Physical Review Letters|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=57–59|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.6.57|bibcode=1961PhRvL...6...57B|issn=0031-9007}}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Tersoff J, Hamann DR | title = Theory of the scanning tunneling microscope | journal = Physical Review B | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 805–813 | date = January 1985 | pmid = 9935822 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevB.31.805 | bibcode = 1985PhRvB..31..805T | url = https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.31.805 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Chen CJ | title = Origin of atomic resolution on metal surfaces in scanning tunneling microscopy | journal = Physical Review Letters | volume = 65 | issue = 4 | pages = 448–451 | date = July 1990 | pmid = 10042923 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.448 | bibcode = 1990PhRvL..65..448C | url = https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.448 }}
+* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fujita D, Sagisaka K | title = Active nanocharacterization of nanofunctional materials by scanning tunneling microscopy | journal = Science and Technology of Advanced Materials | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 013003 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 27877921 | pmc = 5099790 | doi = 10.1088/1468-6996/9/1/013003 | bibcode = 2008STAdM...9a3003F | url = }}
+{{refend}}
 == Спољашње везе ==
 {{Commonscat|Gerd Binnig}}
+* [https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnet-academy/history-of-electricity-magnetism/pioneers/gerd-binnig Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism – Gerd Binnig] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
+* {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1986 ''Scanning Tunneling Microscopy – From Birth to Adolescence''
-{{клица-физичар}}
+* [http://www.astrazeneca.com/Media/Press-releases/Article/20141126--medimmune-completes-acquisition-of-definiens Astra Zeneca acquires Definiens]
+* {{cite web|url=http://www.e-basteln.de/index_r.htm|access-date=July 13, 2012|title=STM References - Annotated Links for Scanning Tunneling Microscope Amateurs}}
 {{Нобелова награда за физику}}

п р у Добитници Нобелове награде за физику
1901—1925.	1901 Рендген 1902 Лоренц / Земан 1903 Бекерел / П. Кири / М. Кири 1904 Рејли 1905 Ленард 1906 Џ. Џ. Томсон 1907 Мајкелсон 1908 Липман 1909 Маркони / Браун 1910 Ван дер Валс 1911 Вин 1912 Дален 1913 Камерлинг Онес 1914 Лауе 1915 В. Л. Браг / В. Х. Браг 1916 1917 Баркла 1918 Планк 1919 Штарк 1920 Гијом 1921 Ајнштајн 1922 Н. Бор 1923 Миликен 1924 Сигбан 1925 Франк / Херц
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1976—2000.	1976 Рихтер / Тинг 1977 Ф. В. Андерсон / Мот / Ван Влек 1978 Капица / Пензијас / Р. Вилсон 1979 Глашоу / Салам / Вајнберг 1980 Кронин / Фич 1981 Блумберген / Шаулоу / К. Сигбан 1982 К. Вилсон 1983 Чандрасекар / Фаулер 1984 Рубија / Ван дер Мер 1985 Фон Клицинг 1986 Руска / Биниг / Рорер 1987 Беднорц / Милер 1988 Ледерман / Шварц / Стајнбергер 1989 Ремзи / Демелт / Паул 1990 Фридман / Кендал / Р. Тејлор 1991 Де Жен 1992 Шарпак 1993 Халс / Џ. Тејлор 1994 Брокхаус / Шул 1995 Перл / Рајнес 1996 Д. Ли / Ошероф / Р. Ричардсон 1997 Чу / Коен-Тануђи / Филипс 1998 Лафлин / Штермер / Цуи 1999 ’Т Хофт / Велтман 2000 Алферов / Кремер / Килби
2001—данас	2001 Корнел / Кетерле / Виман 2002 Дејвис / Кошиба / Ђакони 2003 Абрикосов / Гинзбург / Легет 2004 Грос / Полицер / Вилчек 2005 Глаубер / Хол / Хенш 2006 Мадер / Смут 2007 Ферт / Гринберг 2008 Намбу / Кобајаши / Масукава 2009 Као / Бојл / Смит 2010 Гејм / Новоселов 2011 Перлмутер / Рис / Шмит 2012 Вајнланд / Арош 2013 Англер / Хигс 2014 Акасаки / Амано / Накамура 2015 Каџита / Макдоналд 2016 Таулес / Холдејн / Костерлиц 2017 Вајс / Бариш / Торн 2018 Ешкин / Муру / Стрикленд 2019 Пиблс / Мајор / Кело 2020 Пенроуз / Генцел / Гез 2021 Паризи / Хаселман / Манабе 2022 Аспе / Клаузер / Цајлингер 2023 Агостини / Краус / Л’Уије

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Астрофизика	Мартен Шмит, Доналд Линден-Бел (2008) Џери Е. Нелсон, Рејмонд Н. Вилсон, Роџер Ејнџел (2010) Дејвид С. Џуит, Џејн Лу, Мајкл Е. Браун (2012) Алан Гут, Андреј Линде, Алексеј Старобински (2014) Роналд Древер, Кип Торн, Рајнер Вајс (2016)
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