Пређи на садржај

Малајали — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Интерактиван преглед историје
← Старија изменаНовија измена →
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
ВизуелноВикитекст
.
Ред 2: Ред 2:
{{Инфокутија етничка група
{{Инфокутија етничка група
|име = Малајали
|име = Малајали
|лично_име = '''മലയാളികൾ'''
|укупно = {{circa}} '''38 милиона'''
|лично_име_јез = ml
|регион1 = {{Застава|Индија}}
|застава = {{flagicon|India}}
|поп1 = 34.838.819
|опис_заставе =
|регион2 = {{Застава|Уједињени Арапски Емирати}}
|слика = ThrissurPooram-Kuda.jpg
|поп2 = 914.000
|опис_слике = [[Thrissur Pooram|Трисур Пурам]]
|регион3 = {{Застава|Саудијска Арабија}}
|image_size = 300px
|поп3 = 595.000
|укупно = {{circa}} '''40 милиона'''
|регион4 = {{Застава|Оман}}
|укупно_година =
|поп4 = 195.300
|укупно_извор =
|регион5 = {{Застава|Малезија}}
|укупно_реф =
|поп5 = 172.000
|генеалогија =
|регион6 = {{Застава|Катар}}
|региони =
|поп6 = 148.427

|регион7 = {{Застава|Кувајт}}
| регион1 = {{Застава|Индија}}
|поп7 = 127.782
| поп1 = 34.838.819<ref name="Census 2001">{{cite web|title=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |access-date=2008-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513190952/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/censusdataonline.html |archive-date=13 May 2010 }}</ref>
|регион8 = {{Застава|Бахреин}}
| регион2 = {{Flag|Уједињени Арапски Емирати}}
|поп8 = 101.556
| поп2 = 1.014.000
|регион9 = {{Застава|САД}}
| реф2 = <ref name="Zachariah"/>
|поп9 = 78.357
| регион3 = {{Flag|Kuwait}}
|регион10 = {{Застава|Израел}}
| поп3 = 634,728
|поп10 = 46.600
| реф3 = <ref name="NoRKA2"/>
|регион11 = {{Застава|Уједињено Краљевство}}
| регион4 = {{Flag|Саудијска Арабија}}
|поп11 = 45.264
| поп4 = 595.000
| реф4 = <ref name="Zachariah">{{cite news|title=Kerala Migration Survey - 2014|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-migration-survey-2014-states-youth-still-fly-abroad-for-livelhood/99/|access-date=21 October 2014|work=The Indian Express.( This is the number of approximate emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to, but different from the actual number of Malayalis.)|issue=17 September 2014}}</ref>
| регион5 = {{Flag|Катар}}
| поп5 = 445.000
| реф5 = <ref name="NoRKA2"/>
| регион6 = {{Flag|Малезија}}
| поп6 = 344.000
| реф6 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17433/MY |title = Malayali, Malayalam in Malaysia}}</ref>
| регион7 = {{Flag|Оман}}
| поп7 = 195.300
| реф7 = <ref name="NoRKA2"/>
| регион8 = {{Flag|Сједињене Државе}}
| поп8 = 146.000
| реф8 = <ref name="KeraliUSA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html|title=Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013}}</ref>
| регион9 = {{Flag|Бахреин}}
| поп9 = 101.556
| реф9 = <ref name="NoRKA2">Zachariah, K. C. & Rajan, S. Irudaya (2011), ''[http://www.cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/WP450.pdf Kerala Migration Survey 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110145155/http://www.cds.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/WP450.pdf |date=10 January 2020 }}'' (PDF), Department of Non-resident Keralite Affairs, Government of Kerala, p. 29. This is the number of emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to but different from the actual number of Malayalis.</ref>
| регион10 = {{Flag|Аустралија}}
| поп10 = 53.206
| реф10 = <ref name="IMMI">{{cite web|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf |title=The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2011 Census |access-date=2014-07-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131850/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Languages spoken at home in Australia">{{cite web|title=In the Australia, 18% of people spoke a language other than English at home in 2011.|url=http://profile.id.com.au/australia/language|website=abs.gov.au/|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India-born Malayalam-speaking community in Australia: Some interesting trends|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/contributors/contributions/anubhav-tewari/India-born-Malayalam-speaking-community-in-Australia-Some-interesting-trends/articleshow/38471723.cms|access-date=21 October 2014|work=The Times of India|issue=16 July 2014|ref=India-born Malayalam-speaking community in Australia: Some interesting trends}}</ref>
| регион11 = {{Flag|Израел}}
| поп11 = 46.600
| реф11 =
| регион12 = {{Flag|Уједињено Краљевство}}
| поп12 = 45.264
| реф12 = <ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/survey-finds-only-1625-lakh-norks/article5299108.ece |title = Survey finds only 16.25 lakh NoRKs|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 31 October 2013}}</ref>
| регион13 = {{Flag|Канада}}
| поп13 = 30.000
| реф13 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1 |title = Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada &#91;Country&#93; and Canada &#91;Country&#93;|date = 8 February 2017}}</ref>
| регион14 = {{Flag|Сингапур}}
| поп14 = 26.000
| реф14 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/pm-lee-hsien-loong-singapore-malayalee-association-100th-anniversary-dinner |title = Singapore Malayalee Association 100th Anniversary|date = 27 December 2018}}</ref>
| регион15 = {{Flag|Ирска}}
| поп15 = 10.642
| реф15 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://statbank.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=E7010&PLanguage=0 |title = Irish Census 2016}}</ref>
| регион16 = {{Flag|Нови Зеланд}}
| поп16 = 6.000
| реф16 =
| регион17 = {{Flag|Пакистан}}
| поп17 = 6.000
| реф17 = <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-where-malayalees-once-held-sway-4610|title=Where Malayalees once held sway|work=DNA India|date=5 October 2005|access-date=11 August 2015}}</ref>
| регион18 = {{Flag|Немачка}}
| поп18 = 5.867
| реф18 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-where-malayalees-once-held-sway-4610|title=Where Malayalees once held sway|first=M. R. Narayan|last=Swamy|date=5 October 2005|website=DNA India}}</ref>
| регион19 = {{Flag|Индонезија}}
| поп19 = 4.000
| реф19 =
| регион20 = {{Flag|Пољска}}
| поп20 = 4.837
| регион21 = {{Flag|Аустрија}}
| поп21 = 3.785
| реф20 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.viennamalayaleeassociation.com |title = Vienna Malayalee Association}}</ref>
| регион22 = {{Flag|Јапан}}
| поп22 = 500
| реф22 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nihonkairali.com/display.aspx?v=s&id=130&hs=1|title=Welcome to Nionkairali.com - Indian Malayalees in Japan- Japan malayalees, Malayali, Keralite, Tokyo|website=nihonkairali.com}}</ref>
| регион23 = {{Flag|Финска}}
| поп23 = 633
| реф23 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4 |title = Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot}}</ref>

|језик = [[малајалам језик]], [[енглески језик]]
|језик = [[малајалам језик]], [[енглески језик]]
|религија = [[Датотека:Om.svg|15px]] [[хиндуизам]] - 54.73% <br /> [[Датотека:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[ислам]] - 26.56% <br /> [[Датотека:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[хришћанство]] - 18.38% <br /> [[Датотека:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[будизам]], [[јудаизам]], [[атеизам]] и остале - 0.33%
|религија = [[Датотека:Om.svg|15px]] [[хиндуизам]] - 54.73% <br /> [[Датотека:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[ислам]] - 26.56% <br /> [[Датотека:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[хришћанство]] - 18.38% <br /> [[Датотека:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[будизам]], [[јудаизам]], [[атеизам]] и остале - 0.33%
|група = [[Тамили]], [[Кодавци]]
|група = [[Тамили]], [[Кодавци]]
}}
}}

'''Малајали''' или '''Кералити''' су [[Индија|индијска]] [[етничка група]] [[дравиди|дравидског]] порекла која потиче из државе [[Керала]] у [[Јужна Индија|јужној Индији]].<ref>The Act of Parliament, linguistically-dividing states and princely states of India came into effect in 1956 http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm {{Wayback|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |date=20170501011646 }} |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-11-19 and it restructured the constitutional framework for India's existing states</ref> Идентификовани су као говорници [[малајалам језик]]а, који припада [[дравидски језици|дравидској породици језика]]. Као што већином живе у Керали, термин Кералити се користи као алтернатива.
'''Малајали''' или '''Кералити''' су [[Индија|индијска]] [[етничка група]] [[дравиди|дравидског]] порекла која потиче из државе [[Керала]] у [[Јужна Индија|јужној Индији]].<ref>The Act of Parliament, linguistically-dividing states and princely states of India came into effect in 1956 http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm {{Wayback|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |date=20170501011646 }} |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-11-19 and it restructured the constitutional framework for India's existing states</ref> Идентификовани су као говорници [[малајалам језик]]а, који припада [[дравидски језици|дравидској породици језика]]. Као што већином живе у Керали, термин Кералити се користи као алтернатива.
{{rut}}
They are predominantly native speakers of the [[Malayalam]] language, one of the six [[Languages of India|Classical languages in India]].<ref name="'Classical' status for Malayalam">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |title='Classical' status for Malayalam |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=25 May 2013 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927134256/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/classical-status-for-malayalam/article4744630.ece |archive-date=27 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The state of Kerala was created in 1956 through the [[States Reorganisation Act]]. Prior to that, since the 1800s existed the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[Malabar District]], and [[South Canara]] of the [[British India]]. The Malabar District was annexed by the British through the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Third Mysore War]] (1790–92) from [[Tipu Sultan]]. Before that, the Malabar District was under various kingdoms including the [[Zamorin of Calicut|Zamorins of Calicut]], [[Kingdom of Tanur]], [[Arakkal kingdom]], [[Kolathunadu]], [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]], and [[Palakkad]] Rajas.<ref name="Travancore 2011">"Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 November 2011.</ref><ref>Chandra Mallampalli, Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937: Contending with Marginality, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004, p. 30</ref>

According to the Indian census of 2011, there are approximately 33 million Malayalis in Kerala,<ref name = "Censusedia"/> making up 97% of the total population of the state. Malayali minorities are also found in the neighboring state of [[Tamil Nadu]], mainly in Kanyakumari district and Nilgiri district and Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu districts of [[Karnataka]] and also in other [[List of metropolitan areas in India|metropolitan areas]] of India. Over the course of the later half of the 20th century, significant Malayali communities have emerged in [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Persian Gulf]] countries, including the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE), [[Bahrain]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]] and [[Kuwait]] and to a lesser extent, other developed nations with a primarily immigrant background such as [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], the [[United States]] (US), the [[United Kingdom]] (UK), [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Canada]]. As of 2013, there were an estimated 1.6 million ethnic Malayali [[expatriates]] worldwide.<ref name="MOFAT">{{Cite book|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|location=South Korea|year=2015|access-date=2014-03-30|url=http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682|title=재외동포현황 총계(2015)/Total number of overseas Koreans (2015)|ref=CITEREFMOFAT2013}}</ref> The estimated population of [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalees in Malaysia]] in year 2020 is approximately 348,000, which makes up 12.5% of the total number of Indian population in [[Malaysia]] that makes them the second biggest Indian ethnic group in Malaysia, after the [[Tamils]]. Most of the [[Malaysian Malayali|Malayalee population in Malaysia]] aged 18 to 30 are known to be either the third, fourth, or fifth generation living as a Malaysian citizen. According to [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]], Malayalam was the name of the place, before it became the name of the language spoken by the people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Varma|first=A.R. Rajaraja|title=Keralapanineeyam|publisher=D C Books|year=2005|location=Kottayam|isbn=81-7130-672-1}}</ref>


== Популација ==
== Популација ==
Ред 52: Ред 116:
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== Литература ==
{{клица}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|edition=Malayalam}}
* {{cite book |last=Arun |first=Shoba |date=2017 |title=Development and Gender Capital in India: Change, Continuity and Conflict in Kerala |location=London, UK |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-13822-196-3}}
* {{cite journal |title=Hindu Kingship and the Origin of Community: Religion, State and Society in Kerala, 1750–1850 |first=Susan |last=Bayly |author-link=Susan Bayly |date=April 1984 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |volume=18 |number=2 |pages=177–213 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00014402|s2cid=143482009 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Radicalised civil society and protracted political actions in Kerala (India): a socio-political narrative |first=V. |last=Bijukumar |date=2019 |journal=[[Asian Ethnicity]] |volume=20 |number=4 |pages=503–521 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1601005|s2cid=164249821 }}
* {{cite book |url=http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=0&isbn=978-81-2505-722-2 |editor1-last=Bose |editor1-first=Satheese Chandra |editor2-last=Varughese |editor2-first=Shiju Sam |date= 2015 |title=Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition |location=Hyderabad |publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]] |isbn=978-9-38639-265-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102071757/http://www.orientblackswan.com/display.asp?categoryID=0&isbn=978-8-1-250-5722-2 |archive-date=2015-01-02}}
* {{cite journal |title=Trade, Conversion and the Growth of the Islamic Community of Kerala, South India |first=Stephen F. |last=Dale |author-link=Stephen Dale |date=1990 |journal=Studia Islamica |number=71 |pages=155–175 |doi=10.2307/1595642|jstor=1595642 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Communal Relations in Pre-Modern India: 16th Century Kerala |first=Stephen F. |last=Dale |date=December 1973 |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |volume=16 |number=2/3 |pages=319–327 |doi=10.1163/156852073X00184}}
* {{cite journal |title=The 'Kudumbashree woman' and the Kerala model woman: Women and politics in contemporary Kerala |first=J. |last=Devika |author-link=J. Devika |date=2016 |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |volume=23 |number=3 |pages=393–414 |doi=10.1177/0971521516656077|s2cid=151752480 }}
* {{cite book |first1=T. M. Thomas |last1=Isaac |first2=Richard W. |last2=Franke |first3=Pyralal |last3=Raghavan |date=1998 |title=Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative: The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=[[ILR Press]] |isbn=978-0-80148-415-5}}
* {{cite journal |title=Back from Shingly: Revisiting the pre-modern history of Jews in Kerala |first=Ophira |last=Gamliel |date=2018 |journal=Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=55 |number=1 |pages=53–76 |doi=10.1177/0019464617745926|s2cid=149268133 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/157659/1/157659.pdf }}
* {{cite book |last=Heller |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Heller |date=1999 |title=The Labor of Development: Workers and the Transformation of Capitalism in Kerala, India |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-80148-624-1}}
* {{cite journal |title=Indian communism and the Kerala experience of coalition government, 1967–69 |first=Thelma |last=Hunter |date=1972 |journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=10 |number=1 |pages=45–70 |doi=10.1080/14662047208447157}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054238 |title=Matriliny, Marxism, and the birth of the communist party in Kerala, 1930–1940 |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |author-link=Robin Jeffrey |date=November 1978 |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=38 |number=1 |pages=77–98 |doi=10.2307/2054238|jstor=2054238 |s2cid=154557831 }}
* {{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2758883 |title=Governments and Culture: How Women Made Kerala Literate |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |date=1987 |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |volume=60 |number=3 |pages=447–472 |doi=10.2307/2758883|jstor=2758883 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Jawaharlal Nehru and the Smoking Gun: Who pulled the trigger on Kerala's Communist government in 1959? |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |date=1991 |journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |volume=29 |number=1 |pages=72–85 |doi=10.1080/14662049108447602}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/19062/2/01_Jeffrey_Legacies_of_Matriliny%3A__the_2005.pdf |title=Legacies of matriliny: The place of women and the 'Kerala model' |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |date=December 2004 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=77 |number=4 |pages=647–664 |jstor=40023536 }}
* {{cite journal |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb69/0ec821cbf616d266feb7bf9146808c7d6246.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201105811/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb69/0ec821cbf616d266feb7bf9146808c7d6246.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-02-01 |title=Testing concepts about print, newspapers, and politics: Kerala, India, 1800–2009 |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |date=2009 |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=68 |number=2 |pages=465–489 |doi=10.1017/S0021911809000679|s2cid=146795894 }}
* {{cite book |first=Robin |last=Jeffrey |date=2016 |title=Politics, Women and Well-being: How Kerala became 'a model' |edition=10th |location=London, UK |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-34912-252-3}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/19ems.htm |title=EMS Namboodiripad dead |last=Jose |first=D. |date=1998 |website=[[Rediff]] |access-date=12 January 2006}}
* {{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Suresh |date=1994 |title=Political Evolution in Kerala: Travancore 1859–1938 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Phoenix Publishing House |isbn=978-8-17484-003-5}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44929/1/Competitive%20religious%20entrepreneurs%20(lsero).pdf |title=Competitive religious entrepreneurs: Christian missionaries and female education in colonial and post-colonial India |first1=Tomila |last1=Lankina |first2=Lullit |last2=Getachew |date=January 2013 |journal=British Journal of Political Science |volume=43 |number=1 |pages=103–131 |doi=10.1017/S0007123412000178|s2cid=145185494 }}
* {{cite journal |url= |title=A prehistory of violence? Revolution and martyrs in the making of a political tradition in Kerala |first=Dilip M. |last=Menon |date=2016 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=39 |number=3 |pages=662–677 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2016.1195452|s2cid=148397844 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=A Survey of Kerala History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C |date=2007 |location=Kottayam |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-8-12641-578-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Newitt |first=Malyn |date=2005 |title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668 |location=London, UK |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-20332-404-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Nossiter |first=Thomas J. |author-link=Thomas Nossiter |date=1982 |title=Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation |location=London, UK |publisher=C. Hurst |isbn=978-0-19561-469-5}}
* {{cite book |first1=Filippo |last1=Osella |first2=Caroline |last2=Osella |date=2000 |title= Social mobility in Kerala: modernity and identity in conflict |location=London, UK |publisher=[[Pluto Press]] |isbn=978-0-74531-694-9}}
* {{cite book |editor-first1=Antony |editor-last1=Palackal |editor-first2=Wesley |editor-last2=Shrum |date=2007 |title=Information Society and Development: The Kerala Experience |location=Jaipur |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-8-13160-152-5}}
* {{cite book |first1=Sundar |last1=Ramanathaiyer |first2=Stewart |last2=MacPherson |date=2018 |title=Social Development in Kerala: Illusion or Reality? |edition=2nd |location=London, UK |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-35176-986-0}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC |last=Singh |first=Anjana |title=Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750–1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9-00416-816-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Raghubir |author-link=Raghubir Singh (photographer) |date=1986 |title=Kerala: The Spice Coast of India |location=London, UK |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-24125-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |author-link=Kesavan Veluthat |date=2013 |title=Brahman Settlements in Kerala: Historical Studies |edition=Revised & enlarged |location=Thrissur |publisher=Cosmo Books |isbn=978-8-18876-510-2}}
* {{cite thesis |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/84828/1/62abraham2020phdfinal.pdf |title=History Writing and Global Encounters in Sixteenth-Century Kerala |first=Renu Elizabeth |last=Abraham |type=PhD |date=2020 |publisher=University of Kent/University of Porto}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Kerala model in the time of COVID19: Rethinking state, society and democracy |first1=Jos |last1=Chathukulam |author-link1=Jos Chathukulam |first2=Joseph |last2=Tharamangalam |date=January 2020 |journal=World Development |volume=137 |number=105207 |page=105207 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105207|pmid=32989341 |pmc= }}
* {{cite journal |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2348448918759852 |title=History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |author-link=Kesavan Veluthat |date=2018 |journal=Studies in People's History |volume=5 |number=1 |pages=13–31 |doi=10.1177/2348448918759852|s2cid=166060066 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage |title=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language |last=Nainar |first=S. Muhammad Hussain |date=1942 |publisher=University of Madras}} (The English translation of ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'')
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379 |title=Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806 |last=Iyer |first=K. V. Krishna |author-link=K. V. Krishna Iyer |date=1938 |location=Kozhikode |publisher=Norman Printing Bureau}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up |title=Malabar Manual (Volume I) |last=Logan |first=William |date=1887 |publisher=Madras Government Press}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/mode/2up |title=Malabar Manual (Volume II) |last=Logan |first=William |date=1887 |publisher=Madras Government Press}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up |title=Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume I) |last=Innes |first=Charles Alexander |date=1908 |publisher=Madras Government Press}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30521 |title=Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume II) |last=Innes |first=Charles Alexander |date=1915 |publisher=Madras Government Press}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22142/page/n9/mode/2up |title=The Cochin State Manual |last=Menon |first=C. Achutha |date=1911 |publisher=Cochin Government Press}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/travancorestate00aiyagoog/page/n10/mode/2up |title=The Travancore State Manual |last=Nagam Aiya |first=V. |author-link=V. Nagam Aiya |date=1906 |publisher=Travancore Government Press}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume I) |last=Sturrock |first=J. |date=1894 |publisher=Madras Government Press}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up |title=Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume II) |last=Stuart |first=Harold A. |date=1895 |publisher=Madras Government Press}}

{{Refend}}

== Спољашње везе ==
{{Sister project links
|b=no|commons=Malayali people |d=no|m=no|mw=no|n=no|s=no
|species=no|species_author=no|v=no|voy=no
}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Official site of Kerala Government]
* [http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org Malayalam Resource Centre]


{{нормативна контрола}}
{{нормативна контрола}}

Верзија на датум 25. март 2023. у 23:59

Не поистовећивати са Малајци.
Малајали
മലയാളികൾ
Индија
Трисур Пурам
Укупна популација
око 40 милиона
Региони са значајном популацијом
 Индија34.838.819[1]
 Уједињени Арапски Емирати1.014.000[2]
 Kuwait634,728[3]
 Саудијска Арабија595.000[2]
 Катар445.000[3]
 Малезија344.000[4]
 Оман195.300[3]
 Сједињене Државе146.000[5]
 Бахреин101.556[3]
 Аустралија53.206[6][7][8]
 Израел46.600
 Уједињено Краљевство45.264[9]
 Канада30.000[10]
 Сингапур26.000[11]
 Ирска10.642[12]
 Нови Зеланд6.000
 Пакистан6.000[13]
 Немачка5.867[14]
 Индонезија4.000
 Пољска4.837[15]
 Аустрија3.785
 Јапан500[16]
 Финска633[17]
Језици
малајалам језик, енглески језик
Религија
хиндуизам - 54.73%
ислам - 26.56%
хришћанство - 18.38%
будизам, јудаизам, атеизам и остале - 0.33%
Сродне етничке групе
Тамили, Кодавци

Малајали или Кералити су индијска етничка група дравидског порекла која потиче из државе Керала у јужној Индији.[18] Идентификовани су као говорници малајалам језика, који припада дравидској породици језика. Као што већином живе у Керали, термин Кералити се користи као алтернатива.

They are predominantly native speakers of the Malayalam language, one of the six Classical languages in India.[19] The state of Kerala was created in 1956 through the States Reorganisation Act. Prior to that, since the 1800s existed the Kingdom of Cochin, the Kingdom of Travancore, Malabar District, and South Canara of the British India. The Malabar District was annexed by the British through the Third Mysore War (1790–92) from Tipu Sultan. Before that, the Malabar District was under various kingdoms including the Zamorins of Calicut, Kingdom of Tanur, Arakkal kingdom, Kolathunadu, Valluvanad, and Palakkad Rajas.[20][21]

According to the Indian census of 2011, there are approximately 33 million Malayalis in Kerala,[22] making up 97% of the total population of the state. Malayali minorities are also found in the neighboring state of Tamil Nadu, mainly in Kanyakumari district and Nilgiri district and Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu districts of Karnataka and also in other metropolitan areas of India. Over the course of the later half of the 20th century, significant Malayali communities have emerged in Persian Gulf countries, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait and to a lesser extent, other developed nations with a primarily immigrant background such as Malaysia, Singapore, the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Australia, New Zealand and Canada. As of 2013, there were an estimated 1.6 million ethnic Malayali expatriates worldwide.[23] The estimated population of Malayalees in Malaysia in year 2020 is approximately 348,000, which makes up 12.5% of the total number of Indian population in Malaysia that makes them the second biggest Indian ethnic group in Malaysia, after the Tamils. Most of the Malayalee population in Malaysia aged 18 to 30 are known to be either the third, fourth, or fifth generation living as a Malaysian citizen. According to A. R. Raja Raja Varma, Malayalam was the name of the place, before it became the name of the language spoken by the people.[24]

Популација

Према попису из 2011. године, било је 30.803.747 говорника малајалам језика,[22] што чини око 93,2% укупног броја говорника малајалам језика у Индији, и 96,7% од укупног броја становника у Керали. Такође има 701.673 Малајала у Карнатаки, 557.705 у Тамил Надуу и 406.358 у Махараштри. Број говорника малајалам језика у Лакшадвипу је био 51.100, што чини 84% популације Лакшадвипа. Укупно, Малајали чине 3,22% популације Индије према попису из 2001. године.

Језик

Малајали имају свој малајали језик, који спада у дравидску породицу језика. За њега се верује да је настао из старотамилског језика у 6. веку, а имају своје малајалам писмо које је у 12. веку настало из брами писма. Њиме се широм света служи око 38 милион људи.

Религија

Малајали су већином хиндуистичке вероисповести, мада број муслиманских верника расте, а има и хришћана, већином католика, као и будиста, сикиста, атеиста и припадника других верских заједница.

Види још

Референце

  1. ^ „Census of India”. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 13. 5. 2010. г. Приступљено 2008-01-07. 
  2. ^ а б „Kerala Migration Survey - 2014”. The Indian Express.( This is the number of approximate emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to, but different from the actual number of Malayalis.) (17 September 2014). Приступљено 21. 10. 2014. 
  3. ^ а б в г Zachariah, K. C. & Rajan, S. Irudaya (2011), Kerala Migration Survey 2011 Архивирано 10 јануар 2020 на сајту Wayback Machine (PDF), Department of Non-resident Keralite Affairs, Government of Kerala, p. 29. This is the number of emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to but different from the actual number of Malayalis.
  4. ^ „Malayali, Malayalam in Malaysia”. 
  5. ^ „Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013”. 
  6. ^ „The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2011 Census” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 14. 7. 2014. г. Приступљено 2014-07-14. 
  7. ^ „In the Australia, 18% of people spoke a language other than English at home in 2011.”. abs.gov.au/. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Приступљено 21. 10. 2014. 
  8. ^ „India-born Malayalam-speaking community in Australia: Some interesting trends”. The Times of India (16 July 2014). Приступљено 21. 10. 2014. 
  9. ^ „Survey finds only 16.25 lakh NoRKs”. The Hindu. 31. 10. 2013. 
  10. ^ „Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]”. 8. 2. 2017. 
  11. ^ „Singapore Malayalee Association 100th Anniversary”. 27. 12. 2018. 
  12. ^ „Irish Census 2016”. 
  13. ^ „Where Malayalees once held sway”. DNA India. 5. 10. 2005. Приступљено 11. 8. 2015. 
  14. ^ Swamy, M. R. Narayan (5. 10. 2005). „Where Malayalees once held sway”. DNA India. 
  15. ^ „Vienna Malayalee Association”. 
  16. ^ „Welcome to Nionkairali.com - Indian Malayalees in Japan- Japan malayalees, Malayali, Keralite, Tokyo”. nihonkairali.com. 
  17. ^ „Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot”. 
  18. ^ The Act of Parliament, linguistically-dividing states and princely states of India came into effect in 1956 http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (1. мај 2017) |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-11-19 and it restructured the constitutional framework for India's existing states
  19. ^ „'Classical' status for Malayalam”. The Hindu. Thiruvananthapuram, India. 24. 5. 2013. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 9. 2013. г. Приступљено 25. 5. 2013. 
  20. ^ "Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 November 2011.
  21. ^ Chandra Mallampalli, Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937: Contending with Marginality, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004, p. 30
  22. ^ а б [1], censusindia.net
  23. ^ 재외동포현황 총계(2015)/Total number of overseas Koreans (2015). South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2015. Приступљено 2014-03-30. 
  24. ^ Varma, A.R. Rajaraja (2005). Keralapanineeyam. Kottayam: D C Books. ISBN 81-7130-672-1. 

Литература

Спољашње везе

Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Малајали&oldid=25651343”