Амерички бизон
| Američki bizon Vremenski raspon:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Prerijski bizon (Bison bison bison) | |
| |
| Šumski bizon (Bison bison athabascae) | |
Naučna klasifikacija 
| |
| Domen: | Eukaryota |
| Carstvo: | Animalia |
| Tip: | Chordata |
| Klasa: | Mammalia |
| Red: | Artiodactyla |
| Porodica: | Bovidae |
| Potporodica: | Bovinae |
| Potpleme: | Bovina |
| Rod: | Bison |
| Vrsta: | B. bison
|
| Binomno ime | |
| Bison bison | |
| Podvrste | |
| |
| Sinonimi | |
| |
Američki bizon (lat. Bison bison) je krupna vrsta goveda (Bovidae) iz Severne Amerike, takođe poznat kao jednostavno bizon, američka je vrsta bizona koja je nekada lutala Severnom Amerikom u ogromnim stadima. Njegov istorijski opseg, do 9000. godine pre nove ere, opisan je kao veliki bizonski pojas, predeo bogatih travnjaka koji se protezao od Aljaske do Meksičkog zaliva, istočno do obale Atlantika (skoro do Atlantskog priobalja u nekim oblastima) sve do severa Njujorka i južno do Džordžije i, prema nekim izvorima, južnije do Floride, sa viđenjima u Severnoj Karolini u blizini Bafalo Forda na reci Katobi čak 1750. godine.[2][3][4]
Skoro je izumro kombinacijom komercijalnog lova i pokolja u 19. veku i unosom goveđih bolesti od domaćeg goveda. Sa populacijom od preko 60 miliona u kasnom 18. veku, do 1889. godine vrsta je svedena na samo 541 životinju. Napori za oporavak uzeli su maha sredinom 20. veka, sa ponovnim usponom do otprilike 31.000 divljih bizona danas,[5] uglavnom ograničenih u nekoliko nacionalnih parkova i rezervata. Zahvaljujući višestrukim ponovnim uvođenjima, ova vrsta sada slobodno luta u divljini u nekim regionima Sjedinjenih Država, Kanade i Meksika, a takođe je uvedena u Jakutiju u Rusiji.[6]
Šumski bizon je jedna od najvećih divljih vrsta postojećih bovida na svetu, koju nadmašuje samo azijski gaur.[7] Među postojećim kopnenim životinjama u Severnoj Americi, bizon je najteži i najduži, a drugi po visini nakon losa.
Tokom perioda od više milenijuma, indijanska plemena su razvila kulturne i duhovne veze sa američkim bizonima. To je nacionalni simbol Sjedinjenih Američkih Država.
Podvrste[uredi | uredi izvor]
Opisane su dve podvrste ili ekotipa: prerijski bizon (B. b. bison), manje veličine i sa zaobljenijom grbom, i šumski bizon (B. b. athabascae) - veći od dve podvrste i sa višom kvadratnom grbom.[8][9][10][11][12][13] Osim toga, predloženo je da se prerijski bizon sastoji od podvrste severnih prerija (B. b. montanae) i južnih prerija (B. b. bison), što ukupno čini tri podvrste.[11] Međutim, ovo nije opšte prihvaćeno.
Rasprostranjenje[uredi | uredi izvor]
Areal američkog bizona pokriva manji broj država – vrsta je prisutna u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i Kanadi, dok je izumrla u Meksiku.[1]
Stanište[uredi | uredi izvor]
Staništa vrste su travna vegetacija, ekosistemi niskih trava i šumski ekosistemi.
Ugroženost[uredi | uredi izvor]
Ova vrsta je na nižem stepenu opasnosti od izumiranja, i smatra se skoro ugroženim taksonom.[1]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ a b v Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. (2017). „Bison bison”. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Pristupljeno 5. 9. 2021. Baza podataka uključuje i dokaze o riziku ugroženosti. (jezik: engleski)
- ^ Project Gutenburg E Book – The Extermination of the American Bison
- ^ „American Buffalo (Bison bison) species page”. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Pristupljeno 24. februar 2013.
- ^ William T. Hornaday, Superintendent of the National Zoological Park (10. februar 2006) [1889]. The Extermination of the American Bison. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on February 24, 2013.
- ^ „Bison bison: Aune, K., Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C”. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en.
- ^ „Tras un siglo de ausencia el bisonte americano regresó a territorio mexicano”. infobae (na jeziku: španski). 8. januar 2021. Pristupljeno 8. januar 2021.
- ^ Garrick, Dorian; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (28. novembar 2014). The Genetics of Cattle, 2nd Edition. ISBN 9781780642215.
- ^ Geist, V. (1991). „Phantom subspecies: the wood bison, Bison bison "athabascae" Rhoads 1897, is not a valid taxon, but an ecotype”. Arctic. 44 (4): 283—300. doi:10.14430/arctic1552.
- ^ Kay, Charles E.; White, Clifford A. (2001). „Reintroduction of bison into the Rocky Mountain parks of Canada: historical and archaeological evidence” (PDF). Crossing Boundaries in Park Management: Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands. Hancock, Michigan: George Wright Soc. str. 143—51. Pristupljeno 2. decembar 2009.
- ^ Bork, A. M.; C. M. Strobeck; F. C. Yeh; R. J. Hudson; R. K. Salmon (1991). „Genetic relationship of wood and plains bison based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms” (PDF). Can J Zool. 69 (1): 43—48. doi:10.1139/z91-007. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 10. maj 2017. g. Pristupljeno 2. decembar 2009.
- ^ a b Halbert, Natalie D.; Raudsepp, Terje; Chowdhary, Bhanu P.; Derr, James N. (2004). „Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd”. Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (5): 924—931. doi:10.1644/BER-029
.
- ^ Wilson, G. A.; C. Strobeck (1999). „Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations”. Genome. 42 (3): 483—96. PMID 10382295. doi:10.1139/gen-42-3-483.
- ^ Boyd, Delaney P. (april 2003). Conservation of North American Bison: Status and Recommendations (PDF). University of Calgary. OCLC 232117310. Arhivirano iz originala (MS thesis) 28. septembar 2007. g. Pristupljeno 23. februar 2010.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- IUCN crvena lista ugroženih vrsta, detaljniji podaci o vrsti (jezik: engleski)
- Douglas Branch, E. (januar 1997). The Hunting of the Buffalo. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803261373.
- Dary David A (1974). The Buffalo Book. Chicago: Swallow Press.
- Flores Dan Louie (1991). „Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850”. Journal of American History. 78 (2): 465—85. JSTOR 2079530. doi:10.2307/2079530.
- Gard, Wayne. The Great Buffalo Hunt (University of Nebraska Press, 1954)
- Isenberg, Andrew C. (2000). The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750-1920. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521003483.
- Lott, Dale F (2002). American Bison: A Natural History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24062-9.
- McHugh, Tom (januar 1979). The Time of the Buffalo. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803281056.
- Meagher, Margaret Mary (1973). The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 06. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 05. 09. 2021.
- Rister Carl Coke (1929). „The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest”. Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 33: 34—49.
- Glass, Bryan P. (1971). „Reviewed work: The North American Buffalo. A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State, Frank Gilbert Roe”. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 46 (2): 190—191. JSTOR 2822108. doi:10.1086/406865.
- Shaw, James H. (1995). „How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?”. Rangelands. 17 (5): 148—150. JSTOR 4001099.
- Smits, David D. (1995). „The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883 [https://web.archive.org/web/20200706150320/http://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/07/smits-on-bison.pdf Arhivirano] na sajtu [[Wayback Machine]] (6. jul 2020)” (PDF). Western Historical Quarterly. 25 (1994): 313—38. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 06. 07. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 05. 09. 2021. Spoljašnja veza u
|title=(pomoć); Sukob URL—vikiveza (pomoć) and 26 203-8. - Zontek Ken (1995). „Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison”. Great Plains Quarterly. 15: 133—49.
- Danz, Harold P. (1997). Of Bison and Man. Niwot: University Press of Colorado. ISBN 9780870814549.
- Egan, Timothy. The Worst Hard Time: The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dustbowl. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006.
- Fagan, Brian. 2005. Ancient North America. Thames & Hudson, Ltd.: London
- Isenberg, Andrew C. The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750-1920. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Knapp, Alan K., John M. Blair, John M. Briggs, Scott L. Collins, David C. Hartnett, Loretta C. Johnson, and E. Gene Towne. (januar 1999). „The Keystone Role of Bison in North American Tallgrass Prairie.”. BioScience. 49 (1): 39—50. JSTOR 1313492. doi:10.2307/1313492.
- Larson, Floyd. (april 1940). „The Role of the Bison in Maintaining the Short Grass Plains.”. Ecology. 21 (2): 113—121. JSTOR 1930479. doi:10.2307/1930479.
- Smith, Douglas W.; Mech, L. David; Meagher, Mary; Clark, Wendy E.; Jaffe, Rosemary; Phillips, Michael K.; Mack, John A. (novembar 2000). „Wolf–Bison Interactions in Yellowstone National Park”. Journal of Mammalogy. 81 (4): 1128—1135. S2CID 85819728. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<1128:WBIIYN>2.0.CO;2.
- West, Eliot (2009). The Last Indian War: The Nez Perce Story. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513675-3.
- Barsness, Larry. Heads, Hides and Horns: The Compleat Buffalo Book. (Texas Christian University Press, 1974)
- Dary David A (1974). The Buffalo Book. Chicago: Swallow Press.
- Dobak, William A. (1996). „Killing the Canadian Buffalo, 1821–1881”. Western Historical Quarterly. 27 (1): 33—52. JSTOR 969920. doi:10.2307/969920.
- Dobak, William A. (1995). „The Army and the Buffalo: A Demur”. Western Historical Quarterly. 26 (2): 197—203. JSTOR 970189. doi:10.2307/970189.
- Flores, Dan (1991). „Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850”. Journal of American History. 78 (2): 465—85. JSTOR 2079530. doi:10.2307/2079530.
- Gard, Wayne. The Great Buffalo Hunt (University of Nebraska Press, 1954)
- Isenberg, Andrew C. (1992). „Toward a Policy of Destruction: Buffaloes, Law, and the Market, 1803–1883”. Great Plains Quarterly. 12: 227—41.
- Isenberg, Andrew C. The Destruction of the Buffalo: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 (Cambridge University press, 2000) online edition
- Koucky, Rudolph W. (1983). „The Buffalo Disaster of 1882”. North Dakota History. 50 (1): 23—30. PMID 11620389.
- McHugh, Tom. The Time of the Buffalo (University of Nebraska Press, 1972).
- Meagher, Margaret Mary (1973). The Bison of Yellowstone National Park. Washington DC: Government Printing Office.
- Punke, Michael. Last Stand: George Bird Grinnell, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009. xvi, 286 pp. ISBN 978-0-8032-2680-7.
- Rister, Carl Coke (1929). „The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest”. Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 33 (1): 34—49. JSTOR 30237207.
- Roe, Frank Gilbert. The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State (University of Toronto Press, 1951).
- Shaw, James H. (1995). „How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?”. Rangelands. 17 (5): 148—150. JSTOR 4001099.
- Smits, David D. (1994). „The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883” (PDF). Western Historical Quarterly. 25 (3): 313—38. JSTOR 971110. doi:10.2307/971110. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 25. 7. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 2. 5. 2011. and 26 (1995) 203-8.
- Zontek, Ken (1995). „Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison”. Great Plains Quarterly. 15: 133—49.
- Laduke, Winona. "All of Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life" (South End Press, 1999)
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
