Kopnene zveri

Kopnene zveri ; Vremenski raspon: 66.0–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani paleocen do danas
	razni predstavnici podreda Fissipedia
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	Carnivora
Podred:	Fissipedia; Blumenbach, 1791
Natporodice
	Canoidea; Felioidea; †Miacoidea;
Sinonimi
	Fissipeda (Blumenbach, 1791); Fissipedina (Pearse, 1936);

Kopnene zveri (lat. Fissipedia, [Fisipedija] — „razdvojena stopala”) je nevažeći kladus i podred zveri koji se više ne koristi u naučnoj klasifikaciji. Ovaj podred je obuhvatao sve vrste zveri koje žive na kopnu.^[3] Stručni naziv za članove ovog podreda sisara je fisipedi.

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Podred:	Poreklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Fissipedia	latinske reči fisus (lat. fissus), što znači razdojen ili rascepljen i latinske reči pedes (lat. pedes), što znači stopala	razdvojena stopala

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Istorija klasifikacije[uredi | uredi izvor]

Status ovog podreda je nevažeći, jer se istraživanjima utvrdilo da perajari nije zasebna grupa zveri,^[4] već da se radi o podgrupi psoliki zveri.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Takođe su i filogenetske veze drugi grupa zveri proučene u tim istraživanjima i kasni ispravljene.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Klasifikacija podreda Fissipedia:

Podred: Fissipedia (Blumenbach, 1791) (kopnene zveri) Natporodica: Canoidea (Waldheim, 1817) (psolike zveri) Porodica: Canidae (Waldheim, 1817) [grupa koja uključuje pse i medvedolike pse] Porodica: Mustelidae (Waldheim, 1817) [grupa koja uključuje kune i američke tvorove] Porodica: Procyonidae (Gray, 1825) [grupa koja uključuje rakune i crvenu pandu] Porodica: Ursidae (Waldheim, 1817) (medvedi) Natporodica: Feloidea (Waldheim, 1817) (mačkolike zveri) Porodica: Felidae (Waldheim, 1817) [grupa koja uključuje mačke, lažne sabljozube mačke i rod Hyainailouros] Porodica: Hyaenidae (Grey, 1821) (hijene) Porodica: Viverridae (Grey, 1821) [grupa koja uključuje cibetke, mungose, azijske linsange i afričku palminu cibetku] Natporodica: †Miacoidea (Cope, 1880) (prazveri) Porodica: †Miacidae (Cope, 1880) [grupa koja uključuje predstavnike porodica Miacidae i Viverravidae] † - oznaka za izumrli takson

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze podreda Fissipedia.

Carnivora

†Creodonta

Pinnipedia

Fissipedia

Felioidea

	Felidae

	Hyaenidae

Viverridae

†Miacoidea

†Miacidae

Canoidea

	Canidae

	Procyonidae

	Mustelidae

	Ursidae

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1791.) "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Vierte auflage." Göttingen, Johann Christian Dieterich, xii+704+[33] pp., 3 pls.
^ Arthur Sperry Pearse (1936.) Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association for the Advancement of Science
^ Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). „The principles of classification and a classification of mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 350. hdl:2246/1104.
^ Arnason, U.; Gullberg, A.; Janke, A.; Kullberg, M. (2007). „Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 863—74. PMID 17919938. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.019.
^ Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). „Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds” (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57—67.
^ Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). „Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28—52. PMID 7877495. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189.
^ Ledje, C.; Arnason, U. (1996). „Phylogenetic analyses of complete cytochromeb genes of the order Carnivora with particular emphasis on the Caniformia”. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 42 (2): 135—144. PMID 8919865. doi:10.1007/BF02198839.
^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). „Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships”. Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317—37. PMID 16012099. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.
^ Sato, J. J.; Wolsan, M.; Suzuki, H.; Hosoda, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Minami, S. (2006). „Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea”. Zoological Science. 23 (2): 125—46. PMID 16603806. doi:10.2108/zsj.23.125. hdl:2115/13508.
^ Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). „Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. PMC 2245807 . PMID 17996107. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-216.
^ Gaubert, P. and Veron, G. (2003). „Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia” (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B, 270 (1532): 2523—2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521.
^ Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora
^ Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
^ Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?
^ Salesa, M.; M. Antón; S. Peigné; J. Morales (2006). „Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379—382. PMC 1326154 . PMID 16387860. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102.
^ Yu, Li; Li, Yi-Wei; Ryder, Oliver A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007). „Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (198): 198. PMC 2151078 . PMID 17956639. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198.
^ Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008). „Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (220): 220. PMC 2518930 . PMID 18662376. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.
^ Koepfli KP; Deere KA, Slater GJ; et al. (2008). „Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. BMC Biol. 6: 4—5. PMC 2276185 . PMID 18275614. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.
^ Gaubert, P. (2009). „Family Prionodontidae (Linsangs)”. Ur.: Wilson, D.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. str. 170—173. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
^ Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K. P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). „Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49—63. PMID 20138220. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033.
^ Mehta, R. S.; Slater, G. J.; Law, C. J. (2018). „Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods”. Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127—144. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28472434. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

E. D. Cope (1889.) "Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata." The American Naturalist 23:1-29
W. H. Flower and R. Lydekker (1891.) "An Introduction to the Study of Mammals, Living and Extinct" 1-763
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
L. M. Lambe (1908.) "The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan." Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3(4):1-65
W. K. Gregory (1910.) "The orders of mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27:1-524
R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
Björn Kurtén; E. Anderson (1980). Pleistocene Mammals of North America. New York: Columbia University Press. str. 236–237. ISBN 0-231-03733-3.
O. Vidal (1991.) "Catalog of osteological collections of aquatic mammals from Mexico." NOAA Technical Reports NMFS 97:1-36
V. J. Sach and E. P. J. Heizmann (2001.) "Stratigraphy and mammal faunas of the Brackwassermolasse in the surroundings of Ulm (Southwest Germany)." Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 310:1-95

[1] Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1791.) "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Vierte auflage." Göttingen, Johann Christian Dieterich, xii+704+[33] pp., 3 pls.

[2] Arthur Sperry Pearse (1936.) Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association for the Advancement of Science

[simpson1945-3] Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). „The principles of classification and a classification of mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 350. hdl:2246/1104.

[4] Arnason, U.; Gullberg, A.; Janke, A.; Kullberg, M. (2007). „Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 863—74. PMID 17919938. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.019.

[5] Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). „Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds” (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57—67.

[6] Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). „Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28—52. PMID 7877495. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189.

[7] Ledje, C.; Arnason, U. (1996). „Phylogenetic analyses of complete cytochromeb genes of the order Carnivora with particular emphasis on the Caniformia”. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 42 (2): 135—144. PMID 8919865. doi:10.1007/BF02198839.

[8] Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). „Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships”. Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317—37. PMID 16012099. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.

[9] Sato, J. J.; Wolsan, M.; Suzuki, H.; Hosoda, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Minami, S. (2006). „Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea”. Zoological Science. 23 (2): 125—46. PMID 16603806. doi:10.2108/zsj.23.125. hdl:2115/13508.

[Higdon_2007-10] Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). „Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. PMC 2245807 . PMID 17996107. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-216.

[rspb2003-11] Gaubert, P. and Veron, G. (2003). „Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia” (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B, 270 (1532): 2523—2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521.

[Yoder_&_Flynn_2003-12] Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora

[Yoder_et_al-13] Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature

[Gaubert_et_al_2005-14] Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

[Salesa-15] Salesa, M.; M. Antón; S. Peigné; J. Morales (2006). „Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379—382. PMC 1326154 . PMID 16387860. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102.

[Yu2007-16] Yu, Li; Li, Yi-Wei; Ryder, Oliver A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007). „Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (198): 198. PMC 2151078 . PMID 17956639. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198.

[krause2008-17] Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008). „Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (220): 220. PMC 2518930 . PMID 18662376. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.

[18] Koepfli KP; Deere KA, Slater GJ; et al. (2008). „Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. BMC Biol. 6: 4—5. PMC 2276185 . PMID 18275614. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.

[HMW2009linsangs-19] Gaubert, P. (2009). „Family Prionodontidae (Linsangs)”. Ur.: Wilson, D.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. str. 170—173. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.

[MPE-20] Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K. P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). „Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49—63. PMID 20138220. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033.

[Mehta2018-21] Mehta, R. S.; Slater, G. J.; Law, C. J. (2018). „Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods”. Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127—144. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28472434. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047.

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