Novi vijek
Ljudska istorija | |||
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Novi vijek je, po istoriografskoj kategorizaciji, period od pada Carigrada (1453) do kraja Prvog svetskog rata (1918). Za početak novog vijeka uzima se 1453. godina (tj. pad Vizantije), a za kraj novog vijeka uzima se Prvi svjetski rat (1914—1918).
Pisanoj istoriji čovečanstva prethodila je njegova praistorija, počev od paleolitskog doba („staro kameno doba“), a zatim neolitskog doba („novo kameno doba“). U neolitu je započela poljoprivredna revolucija, između 10.000 i 5.000 p. n. e, u Plodnom polumesecu Bliskog istoka. Tokom ovog perioda, ljudi su započeli sistematsko uzgajanje biljaka i životinja.[1] Kako je poljoprivreda napredovala, većina ljudi je prešla iz nomadskog u ustaljeni način života kao poljoprivrednici u stalnim naseljima. Relativna sigurnost i povećana produktivnost koju pruža poljoprivreda omogućili su zajednicama da se prošire u sve veće jedinice, podstaknute napretkom u transportu.
Bilo u praistorijsko ili istorijsko doba, ljudi su uvek obitavali u blizini pouzdanih izvora pitke vode. Naselja su se razvila već 4.000. p. n. e. u Iranu,[2][3][4][5][6] u Mesopotamiji,[7] u dolini reke Ind na Indijskom potkontinentu,[8] na obalama egipatske reke Nil,[9][10] i duž kineskih reka.[11][12] Kako se poljoprivreda razvijala, poljoprivreda žitarica postajala je sofistikovanija i podstakla je podelu rada radi skladištenja hrane između uzgojnih sezona. Radne podele su dovele do porasta dokone više klase i razvoja gradova, što je predstavljalo temelj za civilizaciju. Sve veća složenost ljudskih društava zahtevala je sisteme računovodstva i pisanja. Hinduizam se razvio u kasno bronzano doba na Indijskom potkontinentu. Aksijalno doba bilo je svedok uvođenja religija kao što su budizam, taoizam, konfučijanstvo i džainizam.
Osnovne odlike[uredi | uredi izvor]
Novi vijek počinje otkrićima u oblasti nauke, tehnike, privrede i upoznavanja sopstvene planete. Nova tehnička otkrića kao što su pronalazak kompasa i durbina ili izgradnja karavela, nove vrste brodova, omogućila su i ubrzala geografska otkrića.
Značajni naučnici[uredi | uredi izvor]
Nauka u Novom vijeku nije više pod direktnim uticajem crkve. Ističu se matematičari i astronomi Nikola Kopernik, Johan Kepler, Galileo Galilej i Đordano Bruno. Najpoznatiji filozofi su Rene Dekart i Fransis Bejkon.
Kultura[uredi | uredi izvor]
Razvija se kapitalizam čiji je nosilac građanska klasa. Broj pismenih ljudi povećava se zahvaljujući Johanu Gutenbergu, izumitelju štamparske mašine.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Tudge 1998, str. 30–31.
- ^ Muscarella, Oscar White (2013-01-01). „Jiroft and 'Jiroft-Aratta': A Review Article of Yousef Madjidzadeh, Jiroft: The Earliest Oriental Civilization”. Archaeology, Artifacts and Antiquities of the Ancient Near East. BRILL. str. 485–522. ISBN 978-90-04-23669-1. doi:10.1163/9789004236691_016.
- ^ Muscarella, Oscar White. (2013). Archaeology, artifacts and antiquities of the ancient Near East : sites, cultures, and proveniences. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23669-1. OCLC 848917597.
- ^ Maǧīdzāda, Y. (2003). Jiroft: The earliest oriental civilization. Tehran: Organization of the Ministry of Culture ans Islamic Guidance.
- ^ People, "New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran", 10 Aug 2007 Arhivirano 24 februar 2021 na sajtu Wayback Machine, retrieved 1 October 2007
- ^ Xinhua, "New evidence: modern civilization began in Iran" Arhivirano 23 novembar 2016 na sajtu Wayback Machine, xinhuanet.com, 10 August 2007
- ^ McNeill 1999, str. 13–15.
- ^ Chakrabarti 2004, str. 11.
- ^ Baines & Malek 2000, str. 8.
- ^ Bard 2000, str. 64–65.
- ^ Lee 2002, str. 15–42.
- ^ Teeple 2006, str. 14–20.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
Radovi vezani za članak Istorija Novoga veka na Vikizvorniku
- „Homo sapiens”. The Smithsonian Institutions's Human Origins Program. Smithsonian Institution. 8. 2. 2016. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 1. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 21. 5. 2017.