Afektivno računarstvo — разлика између измена
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Afektivno računarstvo is the study and development of systems and devices that can recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer science, psychology, and cognitive science.[1] While some core ideas in the field may be traced as far back as to early philosophical inquiries into emotion,[2] the more modern branch of computer science originated with Rosalind Picard's 1995 paper[3] on affective computing and her book Affective Computing[4] published by MIT Press.[5][6] One of the motivations for the research is the ability to give machines emotional intelligence, including to simulate empathy. The machine should interpret the emotional state of humans and adapt its behavior to them, giving an appropriate response to those emotions.
Areas
Detecting and recognizing emotional information
Detecting emotional information usually begins with passive sensors that capture data about the user's physical state or behavior without interpreting the input. The data gathered is analogous to the cues humans use to perceive emotions in others. For example, a video camera might capture facial expressions, body posture, and gestures, while a microphone might capture speech. Other sensors detect emotional cues by directly measuring physiological data, such as skin temperature and galvanic resistance.[7]
Recognizing emotional information requires the extraction of meaningful patterns from the gathered data. This is done using machine learning techniques that process different modalities, such as speech recognition, natural language processing, or facial expression detection. The goal of most of these techniques is to produce labels that would match the labels a human perceiver would give in the same situation: For example, if a person makes a facial expression furrowing their brow, then the computer vision system might be taught to label their face as appearing "confused" or as "concentrating" or "slightly negative" (as opposed to positive, which it might say if they were smiling in a happy-appearing way). These labels may or may not correspond to what the person is actually feeling.
Emotion in machines
Another area within affective computing is the design of computational devices proposed to exhibit either innate emotional capabilities or that are capable of convincingly simulating emotions. A more practical approach, based on current technological capabilities, is the simulation of emotions in conversational agents in order to enrich and facilitate interactivity between human and machine.[8]
Marvin Minsky, one of the pioneering computer scientists in artificial intelligence, relates emotions to the broader issues of machine intelligence stating in The Emotion Machine that emotion is "not especially different from the processes that we call 'thinking.'"[9] The innovative approach "digital humans" or virtual humans includes an attempt to give these programs, which simulate humans, the emotional dimension as well, including reactions in accordance with the reaction that a real person would react in a certain emotionally stimulating situation as well as facial expressions and gestures.[10]
Reference
- ^ Tao, Jianhua; Tieniu Tan (2005). „Affective Computing: A Review”. Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction. LNCS 3784. Springer. стр. 981—995. doi:10.1007/11573548.
- ^ James, William (1884). „What Is Emotion”. Mind. 9 (34): 188—205. doi:10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188. Cited by Tao and Tan.
- ^ "Affective Computing" MIT Technical Report #321 (Abstract), 1995
- ^ Picard, Rosalind (1997). Affective Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. стр. 1.
- ^ Kleine-Cosack, Christian (октобар 2006). „Recognition and Simulation of Emotions” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 28. 5. 2008. г. Приступљено 13. 5. 2008. „The introduction of emotion to computer science was done by Pickard (sic) who created the field of affective computing.”
- ^ Diamond, David (децембар 2003). „The Love Machine; Building computers that care”. Wired. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 5. 2008. г. Приступљено 13. 5. 2008. „Rosalind Picard, a genial MIT professor, is the field's godmother; her 1997 book, Affective Computing, triggered an explosion of interest in the emotional side of computers and their users.”
- ^ Garay, Nestor; Idoia Cearreta; Juan Miguel López; Inmaculada Fajardo (април 2006). „Assistive Technology and Affective Mediation” (PDF). Human Technology. 2 (1): 55—83. doi:10.17011/ht/urn.2006159
. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 28. 5. 2008. г. Приступљено 2008-05-12.
- ^ Heise, David (2004). „Enculturating agents with expressive role behavior”. Ур.: Sabine Payr; Trappl, Robert. Agent Culture: Human-Agent Interaction in a Mutlicultural World. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. стр. 127—142.
- ^ Restak, Richard (2006-12-17). „Mind Over Matter”. The Washington Post. Приступљено 2008-05-13.
- ^ Loveys, Kate; Sagar, Mark; Broadbent, Elizabeth (2020-07-22). „The Effect of Multimodal Emotional Expression on Responses to a Digital Human during a Self-Disclosure Conversation: a Computational Analysis of User Language”. Journal of Medical Systems. 44 (9): 143. ISSN 0148-5598. PMID 32700060. S2CID 220717084. doi:10.1007/s10916-020-01624-4.
Literatura
- Hudlicka, Eva (2003). „To feel or not to feel: The role of affect in human–computer interaction”. International Journal of Human–Computer Studies. 59 (1–2): 1—32. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.180.6429 . doi:10.1016/s1071-5819(03)00047-8.
- Scherer, Klaus R; Bänziger, Tanja; Roesch, Etienne B (2010). A Blueprint for Affective Computing: A Sourcebook and Manual. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956670-9.
