Malajali
മലയാളികൾ | |
---|---|
Ukupna populacija | |
oko 40 miliona | |
Regioni sa značajnom populacijom | |
Indija | 34.838.819[1] |
Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati | 1.014.000[2] |
Kuwait | 634,728[3] |
Saudijska Arabija | 595.000[2] |
Katar | 445.000[3] |
Malezija | 344.000[4] |
Oman | 195.300[3] |
Sjedinjene Države | 146.000[5] |
Bahrein | 101.556[3] |
Australija | 53.206[6][7][8] |
Izrael | 46.600 |
Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo | 45.264[9] |
Kanada | 30.000[10] |
Singapur | 26.000[11] |
Irska | 10.642[12] |
Novi Zeland | 6.000 |
Pakistan | 6.000[13] |
Nemačka | 5.867[14] |
Indonezija | 4.000 |
Poljska | 4.837[15] |
Austrija | 3.785 |
Japan | 500[16] |
Finska | 633[17] |
Jezici | |
malajalam jezik, engleski jezik | |
Religija | |
hinduizam - 54.73% islam - 26.56% hrišćanstvo - 18.38% budizam, judaizam, ateizam i ostale - 0.33% | |
Srodne etničke grupe | |
Tamili, Kodavci |
Malajali ili Keraliti su indijska etnička grupa dravidskog porekla koja potiče iz države Kerala u južnoj Indiji.[18] Identifikovani su kao govornici malajalam jezika, koji pripada dravidskoj porodici jezika. Kao što većinom žive u Kerali, termin Keraliti se koristi kao alternativa.
Oni su pretežno maternji govornici malajalamskog jezika, jednog od šest klasičnih jezika u Indiji.[19] Država Kerala je stvorena 1956. godine Zakonom o reorganizaciji država. Pre toga, od 1800-ih godina postojala je Kraljevina Kočin, Kraljevina Travankor, okrug Malabar i Južna Kanara u Britanskoj Indiji. Okrug Malabar su anektirali Britanci kroz Treći Majsorski rat (1790–1792) od Tipu Sultana. Pre toga, Malabarski okrug je bio pod različitim kraljevstvima uključujući Zamorine iz Kalikuta, Kraljevstvo Tanur, Arakalsko kraljevstvo, Kolatunadu, Valuvanad i Palakad Rajas.[20][21]
Prema indijskom popisu iz 2011. godine, u Kerali ima oko 33 miliona Malajala,[22] što čini 97% ukupnog stanovništva države. Malajalske manjine se takođe nalaze u susednoj državi Tamil Nadu, uglavnom u okrugu Kanjakumari i okrugu Nilgiri, i okrugima Dakšina Kanada i Kodagu u Karnataki, kao i u drugim metropolitanskim oblastima Indije. Tokom druge polovine 20. veka, značajne malajalske zajednice su se pojavile u zemljama Persijskog zaliva, uključujući Ujedinjene Arapske Emirate (UAE), Bahrein, Saudijsku Arabiju, Oman, Katar i Kuvajt i, u manjoj meri, druge razvijene zemlje sa prvenstveno imigrantskim poreklom kao što su Malezija, Singapur, Sjedinjene Države (SAD), Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo (UK), Australija, Novi Zeland i Kanada. Prema podacima iz 2013. godine, procenjeno je da je širom sveta bilo oko 1,6 miliona iseljenih etničkih malajalaca.[23] Procenjena populacija Malajalaca u Maleziji 2020. godine je približno 348.000, što čini 12,5% ukupnog broja indijanskog stanovništva u Maleziji, i što ih čini drugom najvećom indijskom etničkom grupom u Maleziji, posle Tamila. Poznato je da je većina malajalejske populacije u Maleziji uzrasta od 18 do 30 godina treća, četvrta ili peta generacija koja živi kao državljani Malezije. Prema A. R. Radža Radža Varmi, Malajalam je bio naziv mesta, pre nego što je postao naziv jezika kojim su ljudi govorili.[24]
Populacija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Prema popisu iz 2011. godine, bilo je 30.803.747 govornika malajalam jezika,[22] što čini oko 93,2% ukupnog broja govornika malajalam jezika u Indiji, i 96,7% od ukupnog broja stanovnika u Kerali. Takođe ima 701.673 Malajala u Karnataki, 557.705 u Tamil Naduu i 406.358 u Maharaštri. Broj govornika malajalam jezika u Lakšadvipu je bio 51.100, što čini 84% populacije Lakšadvipa. Ukupno, Malajali čine 3,22% populacije Indije prema popisu iz 2001. godine.
Jezik
[uredi | uredi izvor]Malajali imaju svoj malajali jezik, koji spada u dravidsku porodicu jezika. Za njega se veruje da je nastao iz starotamilskog jezika u 6. veku, a imaju svoje malajalam pismo koje je u 12. veku nastalo iz brami pisma. Njime se širom sveta služi oko 38 milion ljudi.
Religija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Malajali su većinom hinduističke veroispovesti, mada broj muslimanskih vernika raste, a ima i hrišćana, većinom katolika, kao i budista, sikista, ateista i pripadnika drugih verskih zajednica.
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ „Census of India”. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 5. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 2008-01-07.
- ^ a b „Kerala Migration Survey - 2014”. The Indian Express.( This is the number of approximate emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to, but different from the actual number of Malayalis.) (17 September 2014). Pristupljeno 21. 10. 2014.
- ^ a b v g Zachariah, K. C. & Rajan, S. Irudaya (2011), Kerala Migration Survey 2011 Arhivirano 10 januar 2020 na sajtu Wayback Machine (PDF), Department of Non-resident Keralite Affairs, Government of Kerala, p. 29. This is the number of emigrants from Kerala, which is closely related to but different from the actual number of Malayalis.
- ^ „Malayali, Malayalam in Malaysia”.
- ^ „Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013”.
- ^ „The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2011 Census” (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 14. 7. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 2014-07-14.
- ^ „In the Australia, 18% of people spoke a language other than English at home in 2011.”. abs.gov.au/. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Arhivirano iz originala 26. 12. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 21. 10. 2014.
- ^ „India-born Malayalam-speaking community in Australia: Some interesting trends”. The Times of India (16 July 2014). Pristupljeno 21. 10. 2014.
- ^ „Survey finds only 16.25 lakh NoRKs”. The Hindu. 31. 10. 2013.
- ^ „Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]”. 8. 2. 2017.
- ^ „Singapore Malayalee Association 100th Anniversary”. 27. 12. 2018.
- ^ „Irish Census 2016”.
- ^ „Where Malayalees once held sway”. DNA India. 5. 10. 2005. Pristupljeno 11. 8. 2015.
- ^ Swamy, M. R. Narayan (5. 10. 2005). „Where Malayalees once held sway”. DNA India.
- ^ „Vienna Malayalee Association”. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 06. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 25. 03. 2023.
- ^ „Welcome to Nionkairali.com - Indian Malayalees in Japan- Japan malayalees, Malayali, Keralite, Tokyo”. nihonkairali.com.
- ^ „Väestö 31.12. Muuttujina Maakunta, Kieli, Ikä, Sukupuoli, Vuosi ja Tiedot”. Arhivirano iz originala 07. 04. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 25. 03. 2023.
- ^ The Act of Parliament, linguistically-dividing states and princely states of India came into effect in 1956 http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (1. maj 2017) |title=Seventh Amendment |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2011-11-19 and it restructured the constitutional framework for India's existing states
- ^ „'Classical' status for Malayalam”. The Hindu. Thiruvananthapuram, India. 24. 5. 2013. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 9. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 25. 5. 2013.
- ^ "Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 November 2011.
- ^ Chandra Mallampalli, Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937: Contending with Marginality, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004, p. 30
- ^ a b [1], censusindia.net
- ^ 재외동포현황 총계(2015)/Total number of overseas Koreans (2015). South Korea: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2015. Pristupljeno 2014-03-30.
- ^ Varma, A.R. Rajaraja (2005). Keralapanineeyam. Kottayam: D C Books. ISBN 81-7130-672-1.
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker (2006). A Short History of Malayalam Literature. Thiruvananthapuram: Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala.
- Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam izd.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode. 2018.
- Arun, Shoba (2017). Development and Gender Capital in India: Change, Continuity and Conflict in Kerala. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13822-196-3.
- Bayly, Susan (april 1984). „Hindu Kingship and the Origin of Community: Religion, State and Society in Kerala, 1750–1850”. Modern Asian Studies. 18 (2): 177—213. S2CID 143482009. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00014402.
- Bijukumar, V. (2019). „Radicalised civil society and protracted political actions in Kerala (India): a socio-political narrative”. Asian Ethnicity. 20 (4): 503—521. S2CID 164249821. doi:10.1080/14631369.2019.1601005.
- Bose, Satheese Chandra; Varughese, Shiju Sam, ur. (2015). Kerala Modernity: Ideas, Spaces and Practices in Transition. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-9-38639-265-7. Arhivirano iz originala 2015-01-02. g.
- Dale, Stephen F. (1990). „Trade, Conversion and the Growth of the Islamic Community of Kerala, South India”. Studia Islamica (71): 155—175. JSTOR 1595642. doi:10.2307/1595642.
- Dale, Stephen F. (decembar 1973). „Communal Relations in Pre-Modern India: 16th Century Kerala”. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 16 (2/3): 319—327. doi:10.1163/156852073X00184.
- Devika, J. (2016). „The 'Kudumbashree woman' and the Kerala model woman: Women and politics in contemporary Kerala”. Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 23 (3): 393—414. S2CID 151752480. doi:10.1177/0971521516656077.
- Isaac, T. M. Thomas; Franke, Richard W.; Raghavan, Pyralal (1998). Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative: The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi. Ithaca, New York: ILR Press. ISBN 978-0-80148-415-5.
- Gamliel, Ophira (2018). „Back from Shingly: Revisiting the pre-modern history of Jews in Kerala” (PDF). Indian Economic & Social History Review. 55 (1): 53—76. S2CID 149268133. doi:10.1177/0019464617745926.
- Heller, Patrick (1999). The Labor of Development: Workers and the Transformation of Capitalism in Kerala, India. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-80148-624-1.
- Hunter, Thelma (1972). „Indian communism and the Kerala experience of coalition government, 1967–69”. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 10 (1): 45—70. doi:10.1080/14662047208447157.
- Jeffrey, Robin (novembar 1978). „Matriliny, Marxism, and the birth of the communist party in Kerala, 1930–1940”. Journal of Asian Studies. 38 (1): 77—98. JSTOR 2054238. S2CID 154557831. doi:10.2307/2054238.
- Jeffrey, Robin (1987). „Governments and Culture: How Women Made Kerala Literate”. Pacific Affairs. 60 (3): 447—472. JSTOR 2758883. doi:10.2307/2758883.
- Jeffrey, Robin (1991). „Jawaharlal Nehru and the Smoking Gun: Who pulled the trigger on Kerala's Communist government in 1959?”. Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics. 29 (1): 72—85. doi:10.1080/14662049108447602.
- Jeffrey, Robin (decembar 2004). „Legacies of matriliny: The place of women and the 'Kerala model'” (PDF). Pacific Affairs. 77 (4): 647—664. JSTOR 40023536.
- Jeffrey, Robin (2009). „Testing concepts about print, newspapers, and politics: Kerala, India, 1800–2009” (PDF). Journal of Asian Studies. 68 (2): 465—489. S2CID 146795894. doi:10.1017/S0021911809000679. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2021-02-01. g.
- Jeffrey, Robin (2016). Politics, Women and Well-being: How Kerala became 'a model' (10th izd.). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-34912-252-3.
- Jose, D. (1998). „EMS Namboodiripad dead”. Rediff. Pristupljeno 12. 1. 2006.
- Kumar, Suresh (1994). Political Evolution in Kerala: Travancore 1859–1938. New Delhi: Phoenix Publishing House. ISBN 978-8-17484-003-5.
- Lankina, Tomila; Getachew, Lullit (januar 2013). „Competitive religious entrepreneurs: Christian missionaries and female education in colonial and post-colonial India” (PDF). British Journal of Political Science. 43 (1): 103—131. S2CID 145185494. doi:10.1017/S0007123412000178.
- Menon, Dilip M. (2016). „A prehistory of violence? Revolution and martyrs in the making of a political tradition in Kerala”. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 39 (3): 662—677. S2CID 148397844. doi:10.1080/00856401.2016.1195452.
- Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 978-8-12641-578-6.
- Newitt, Malyn (2005). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668. London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-20332-404-2.
- Nossiter, Thomas J. (1982). Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation. London, UK: C. Hurst. ISBN 978-0-19561-469-5.
- Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2000). Social mobility in Kerala: modernity and identity in conflict. London, UK: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-74531-694-9.
- Palackal, Antony; Shrum, Wesley, ur. (2007). Information Society and Development: The Kerala Experience. Jaipur: Rawat Publications. ISBN 978-8-13160-152-5.
- Ramanathaiyer, Sundar; MacPherson, Stewart (2018). Social Development in Kerala: Illusion or Reality? (2nd izd.). London, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-35176-986-0.
- Singh, Anjana (2010). Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750–1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu. Brill. ISBN 978-9-00416-816-9.
- Singh, Raghubir (1986). Kerala: The Spice Coast of India. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-24125-2.
- Veluthat, Kesavan (2013). Brahman Settlements in Kerala: Historical Studies (Revised & enlarged izd.). Thrissur: Cosmo Books. ISBN 978-8-18876-510-2.
- Abraham, Renu Elizabeth (2020). History Writing and Global Encounters in Sixteenth-Century Kerala (PDF) (PhD). University of Kent/University of Porto.
- Chathukulam, Jos; Tharamangalam, Joseph (januar 2020). „The Kerala model in the time of COVID19: Rethinking state, society and democracy”. World Development. 137 (105207): 105207. PMID 32989341. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105207.
- Veluthat, Kesavan (2018). „History and Historiography in Constituting a Region: The Case of Kerala”. Studies in People's History. 5 (1): 13—31. S2CID 166060066. doi:10.1177/2348448918759852.
- Nainar, S. Muhammad Hussain (1942). Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language. University of Madras. (The English translation of Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen)
- Iyer, K. V. Krishna (1938). Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. Kozhikode: Norman Printing Bureau.
- Logan, William (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume I). Madras Government Press.
- Logan, William (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume II). Madras Government Press.
- Innes, Charles Alexander (1908). Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume I). Madras Government Press.
- Innes, Charles Alexander (1915). Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume II). Madras Government Press.
- Menon, C. Achutha (1911). The Cochin State Manual. Cochin Government Press.
- Nagam Aiya, V. (1906). The Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press.
- Sturrock, J. (1894). Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume I). Madras Government Press.
- Stuart, Harold A. (1895). Madras District Manuals – South Canara (Volume II). Madras Government Press.
Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Official site of Kerala Government
- Malayalam Resource Centre Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. mart 2023)