Satavahana carstvo
| Satavahana Carstvo (Andras) Satavahana Empire | |
|---|---|
 Približan opseg Satavahanskog carstva, ovde „Andra” u oker boji.[1] | |
| Glavni grad | Pratištana, Amaravati |
| Službeni jezik | Prakrit, sanskrit, dravidski[2][3] |
| Vladavina | |
| Istorija | |
| Istorijsko doba | Klasična Indija |
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| Geografija | |
| Površina | |
| — ukupno | |
| Stanovništvo | |
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| Ostale informacije | |
| Vremenska zona | UTC |
danas Indija[4] | |
Satavahana Carstvo (Telugu jezik:శాతవాహన సామ్రాజ్యం, engleski jezik: Sātavāhana Empire, je naziv za drevnu državu čiji su vladari pripadali dinastiji govornog područjatelugu jezika, te iz Daranikote ili Amaravatija na obali današnje indijske države Andra Pradeš, a kasnije iz Džunara (Pune), Pratistan (Pajtan) u Maharastri i Kotilingale (Karimnagar) u vladali južnom i centralnom Indijom od 230-ih godina p. n. e.[5][6] Iako postoje određene nedoumice kada je tačno dinastija prestala postojati, najšire procene sugerišu da je postojala oko 450 godina, odnosno da je prestala postojati oko godine 220. n.e. Satavahani se pripisuje održavanje mira na najvećem delu podkontinenta, odnosno odbrana od stranih osvajača koji su nagrnuli nakon pada Maurijskog Carstva.
Poreklo[uredi | uredi izvor]
Datum i mesto nastanka Satavahanasa, kao i značenje imena dinastije, predmet su rasprave među istoričarima. Neke od ovih rasprava odvijale su se u kontekstu regionalizma, pri čemu su današnji Andra Pradeš, Maharaštra, Karnataka i Telangana iznose različite tvrdnje u pogledu izvorna domovine Satavahanasa.[7]
Etimologija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Prema jednoj teoriji, reč „Satavahana” (brahmijsko pismo: 𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦 Sādavāhana ili 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦 Sātavāhana,[5] IAST: Sātavāhana) je prakritski oblik sanskrtskog Sapta-Vahana („vođen sedmoricom”; u hinduističkoj mitologiji karuce Boga sunca vuče sedam konja). Ovo bi ukazivalo na tvrdnju da su Satavahani prvobitno tvrdili da su povezani sa legendarnom solarnom dinastijom, kao što je to bilo uobičajeno u drevnoj Indiji.[9] Prema Inguva Kartikeja Sarmi, ime dinastije potiče od reči sata („naoštreno”, „okretno” ili „brzo”) i vahana („vozilo”); izraz tako znači „onaj koji jaše okretnog konja“.[10]
Druga teorija povezuje njihovo ime sa ranijom dinastijom Satijaputa. Još jedna teorija izvodi njihovo ime iz mundskih reči sadam („konj”) i harpan („sin”), što implicira „sin izvršioca žrtvovanja konja”.[11] Nekoliko vladara iz dinastije nosi ime ili titulu „satakarni”. Postoje indikacije da su Satavahana, Satakarni, Satakani i Šalivahana varijacije iste reči. Damodar Džarmanand Kosambi je teoretisao da je reč „satakarni” izvedena iz mundske reči sada („konj”) i kon („sin”).[12]
Purani koriste naziv „Andžra” za Satavahane. Izraz „Andžra” može se odnositi na etničku pripadnost ili teritoriju dinastije (pogledajte izvornu domovinu ispod). To se ne pojavljuje u samim dinastijskim zapisima.[13]
Tamilski ep Silapatikaram pominje „Nuruvara Kanara”, koji je pomagao čerskom kralju Sengutuvanu tokom njegove kampanje na Himalaje. Direktan prevod izraza Nuruvar Kanar je „sto Karnasa“ ili „Satakarni“, te se stoga Nuruvar Kanar poistovećuje sa dinastijom Satavahana.[14][15][16]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. str. 145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ Andrew Ollett 2017, str. 43.
- ^ Sircar, D. C. (2008). Studies in Indian Coins (na jeziku: engleski). Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. str. 113. ISBN 9788120829732.
- ^ K.M., Dayashankar (26. 9. 2014). „Koti Lingala, a major pilgrim destination”. The Hindu. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2020.
- ^ a b Burgess. Epigraphia Indica Vol 8. str. 93.
- ^ Alcock, Susan E.; Alcock, John H. D'Arms Collegiate Professor of Classical Archaeology and Classics and Arthur F. Thurnau Professor Susan E.; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History (na jeziku: engleski). Cambridge University Press. str. 166. ISBN 9780521770200.
- ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001, str. 168.
- ^ „CNG: eAuction 417. INDIA, Post-Mauryan (Deccan). Satavahanas (Andhras). Śri Satakarṇi. Circa 70-60 BC. BI Karshapana (19mm, 3.44 g).”. www.cngcoins.com. Pristupljeno 11. 12. 2019.
- ^ Ajay Mitra Shastri 1998, str. 20–21.
- ^ I. K. Sarma 1980, str. 3.
- ^ Sailendra Nath Sen 1999, str. 172–176.
- ^ Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi 1975, str. 243.
- ^ Carla M. Sinopoli 2001, str. 166.
- ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. str. 118.
- ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1975). Tamil literature. str. 42.
- ^ „The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India”. Numismatic Society of India. 53. 1991.
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976). A History of South India. Madras: Oxford University Press.
- Rapson, E. J. (1990). A Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. Coins of Andhra Dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas etc. Patna.
- Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (2003). Ancient India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- Ajay Mitra Shastri (1999). The Age of the Sātavāhanas. Aryan. ISBN 978-81-7305-158-6.
- Ajay Mitra Shastri (1998). The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework. Dattsons. ISBN 978-81-7192-031-0.
- Akira Shimada (9. 11. 2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-23283-9.
- B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao (1976). The Age of Satavahanas. Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi.
- Carla M. Sinopoli (2001). „On the edge of empire: form and substance in the Satavahana dynasty”. Ur.: Susan E. Alcock. Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770200.
- Charles Higham (2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Infobase. ISBN 9781438109961.
- Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi (1975). An Introduction to the Study of Indian History. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-038-9.
- Harry Falk (2009). „Two Dated Sātavāhana Epigraphs”. Indo-Iranian Journal. 52 (2): 197—206. ISSN 0019-7246. doi:10.1163/001972409X445924.
- Hemchandra Raychaudhuri (2006). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-307-0291-9.
- Himanshu Prabha Ray (1986). Monastery and guild: commerce under the Sātavāhanas. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195619416.
- I. K. Sarma (1980). Coinage of the Satavahana Empire. Agam.
- Mala Dutta (1990). A Study of the Sātavāhana Coinage. Harman. ISBN 978-81-85151-39-7.
- M. K. Dhavalikar (2004). Satavahana Art. Delhi: B.L Bansal, Sharada. ISBN 978-81-88934-04-1.
- M. K. Dhavalikar (1996). „Sātavāhana Chronology: A Re-examination”. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 77 (1/4): 133—140. JSTOR 41702166.
- P. Raghunadha Rao (1993). Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh
. Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-81-207-1495-3. - R.C.C. Fynes (1995). „The Religious Patronage of the Satavahana Dynasty”. South Asian Studies. 11 (1): 43—50. doi:10.1080/02666030.1995.9628494.
- Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 9788122411980.
- Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1974). Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120829411.
- Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0.
- Rao (1994), History and Culture of Andhra pradesh: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Sterling Publishers, ISBN 978-81-207-1719-0
- Joglekar, S. A. "SĀTAVĀHANA AND SĀTAKARṆI." Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 27, no. 3/4, 1946, pp. 237–287. SĀTAVĀHANA AND SĀTAKARṆI.
- Pradhan, Shruti S. "FROM THE SĀTAVĀHANAS TO THE ANDHRAS AND THE ANDHRA-BHRTYAS." Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 75, no. 1/4, 1994, pp. 121–142. FROM THE SĀTAVĀHANAS TO THE ANDHRAS AND THE ANDHRA-BHRTYAS.
- Thapar, Romila (2013), The Past Before Us, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72651-2
- John Rosenfield, "The dynastic art of the Kushans", 1976
- Claudius Ptolemy, "The geography", Translated and edited by Edward Luther Stevenson, Dover Publications Inc., New York, ISBN 0-486-26896-9
- Salomon, Richard (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509984-3.
- K. Krishna Murthy (1977). Nāgārjunakoṇḍā: A Cultural Study. Concept. OCLC 4541213.
- Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. str. 145, map XIV.1 (h). ISBN 0226742210.
- Burgess, Jas (1883). Archaeological Survey Of Western India. str. 103.
- Marshall, John (1936). A guide to Sanchi. Patna: Eastern book House. str. 16. ISBN 978-81-85204-32-1.
- Harmatta, Janos 1999, Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka kingdoms in Harmatta, J, BNPuri and GF Etemadi (eds), History of civilizations of Central Asia,volume II, The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 BC to AD 250, Motilal Banarsidas, Delhi
- Diringer, David (1948). Alphabet A Key To The History Of Mankind. str. 350.
- Alpers, Edward A.; Goswami, Chhaya (2019). Transregional Trade and Traders: Situating Gujarat in the Indian Ocean from Early Times to 1900 (na jeziku: engleski). Oxford University Press. str. 99. ISBN 9780199096138.
- Cribb, Joe (2013). Indian Ocean In Antiquity (na jeziku: engleski). Routledge. str. 310. ISBN 9781136155314.
- Alpers, Edward A.; Goswami, Chhaya (2019). Transregional Trade and Traders: Situating Gujarat in the Indian Ocean from Early Times to 1900 (na jeziku: engleski). Oxford University Press. str. 99. ISBN 9780199096138.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- History of the Andhras, by Durga Prasad
- Indian dynasties
- Simon Winchester, "In the Holy Caves of India", The New York Times (November 5, 2006). History of Ajanta Caves.
- Short history of the Satavahanas.
- The Satavahanas
- "A gap in Puranic history bridged" (Satavahanas) - Boloji.com
- "Telmun language Telugu - by Samyuktha Kooniah
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