Zeleni čaj — разлика између измена

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{{short description|Неоксидовани чај}}
{{Infobox beverage-lat
| name = Zeleni čaj
| image = Green tea 3 appearances.jpg
| caption = Pojava zelenog čaja u tri različite faze (s leva na desno): natopljeni listovi, suvi listovi i tečnost.
| type = [[Čaj]]
| abv =
| proof =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| origin = [[Kina]]
| introduced =
| discontinued =
| colour = Zelena
| flavour =
| ingredients = [[Camellia sinensis|Listovi čaja]]
| variants =
| related = [[Čaj]]
| website =
| region = [[East Asia|Istočni čaj]]
}}
[[Датотека:Tea leaves steeping in a zhong čaj 05.jpg|мини|250px|Listovi zelenog čaja]]
[[Датотека:Tea leaves steeping in a zhong čaj 05.jpg|мини|250px|Listovi zelenog čaja]]
[[Датотека:Plantação de Chá Gorreana, Camellia sinensis, Ribeira Grande, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG|мини|десно|250px|Polja zelenog čaja.]]
[[Датотека:Plantação de Chá Gorreana, Camellia sinensis, Ribeira Grande, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG|мини|десно|250px|Polja zelenog čaja.]]

'''Zeleni čaj''' se pravi od lišća drvenaste biljke [[Чај (биљка)|''-{Camellia sinensis}-'']] rasprostranjene na [[Daleki Istok|Dalekom Istoku]], posebno u [[Kina|Kini]]<ref name="teaguardian_greenorigin">{{citation|title=Green Teas: A (very) Brief History|url=http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/green_origin.html|publisher=teaguardian.com|accessdate=20. 12. 2010.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223105945/http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/green_origin.html|archivedate=23. 12. 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> i [[Japan]]u. Od [[19. vek]]a uzgoj ove biljke je proširen na ostale tropske i suptropske predele. Biljka izraste do 3 m visoko i obrasla je duguljastim, zimzelenim lišćem. U lišću su zastupljene bioaktivne materije: [[кофеин|tein]], [[teobromin]], [[teofilin]] i [[eterično ulje]], radi kojih se gaji ova biljka.<ref>{{citation |last=Reich|first=Eike |display-authors=etal |title=HPTLC methods for identification of green tea and green tea extract|journal=Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies|year=2006|volume=29|issue=14|doi=10.1080/15512160600760293|pages=2141–2151}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Quality Basics 1: Various Plants, Various Qualities|url=http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/nature_of_tea1.html|publisher=teaguardian.com|accessdate=20. 12. 2010.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205041154/http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/nature_of_tea1.html|archivedate=05. 02. 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Zeleni čaj''' se pravi od lišća drvenaste biljke [[Чај (биљка)|''-{Camellia sinensis}-'']] rasprostranjene na [[Daleki Istok|Dalekom Istoku]], posebno u [[Kina|Kini]]<ref name="teaguardian_greenorigin">{{citation|title=Green Teas: A (very) Brief History|url=http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/green_origin.html|publisher=teaguardian.com|accessdate=20. 12. 2010.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223105945/http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/green_origin.html|archivedate=23. 12. 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> i [[Japan]]u. Od [[19. vek]]a uzgoj ove biljke je proširen na ostale tropske i suptropske predele. Biljka izraste do 3 m visoko i obrasla je duguljastim, zimzelenim lišćem. U lišću su zastupljene bioaktivne materije: [[кофеин|tein]], [[teobromin]], [[teofilin]] i [[eterično ulje]], radi kojih se gaji ova biljka.<ref>{{citation |last=Reich|first=Eike |display-authors=etal |title=HPTLC methods for identification of green tea and green tea extract|journal=Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies|year=2006|volume=29|issue=14|doi=10.1080/15512160600760293|pages=2141–2151}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Quality Basics 1: Various Plants, Various Qualities|url=http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/nature_of_tea1.html|publisher=teaguardian.com|accessdate=20. 12. 2010.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205041154/http://teaguardian.com/nature_of_tea/nature_of_tea1.html|archivedate=05. 02. 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Ред 13: Ред 35:
== Lekovitost zelenog čaja ==
== Lekovitost zelenog čaja ==
Dejstvo čaja je utoliko jače, ukoliko čaj ima više [[кофеин|kofeina]], jer je kofein glavni sastojak čaja koji draži moždane centre. Time se objašnjava i povećanje sposobnosti učenja, pamćenja i razumevanja i. Čaj suzbija i smanjuje [[zamor]] i sanjivost, osobito ako je zamor nastao od intenzivnog umnog naprezanja. Čaj pomaže, bodri i krepi, javlja se bolji rad mišića i refleksi su brži i potpuniji. Čaj kofeinom poboljšava disanje, povećava ventilaciju [[pluća]], pa se lakše diše i prijatnije oseća. Čaj pozitivno deluje na [[krvotok]], usled čega je srčani rad pravilniji, jači i bolji. Zbog ogromne količine [[tanin]]a i drugih srodnih polifenolskih jedinjenja čaj deluje i kao tipična taninska lekovita biljka protiv [[proliv]]a, upale sluznice i kože, [[opekotina]], za jačanje organizma itd. Čaj je važan protivotrov u slučaju trovanja [[alkaloid]]ima i teškim metalima (tanin ih vezuje u nerastvorljiva jedinjenja koja se neškodljivo odstranjuju prirodnim putem iz organizma).
Dejstvo čaja je utoliko jače, ukoliko čaj ima više [[кофеин|kofeina]], jer je kofein glavni sastojak čaja koji draži moždane centre. Time se objašnjava i povećanje sposobnosti učenja, pamćenja i razumevanja i. Čaj suzbija i smanjuje [[zamor]] i sanjivost, osobito ako je zamor nastao od intenzivnog umnog naprezanja. Čaj pomaže, bodri i krepi, javlja se bolji rad mišića i refleksi su brži i potpuniji. Čaj kofeinom poboljšava disanje, povećava ventilaciju [[pluća]], pa se lakše diše i prijatnije oseća. Čaj pozitivno deluje na [[krvotok]], usled čega je srčani rad pravilniji, jači i bolji. Zbog ogromne količine [[tanin]]a i drugih srodnih polifenolskih jedinjenja čaj deluje i kao tipična taninska lekovita biljka protiv [[proliv]]a, upale sluznice i kože, [[opekotina]], za jačanje organizma itd. Čaj je važan protivotrov u slučaju trovanja [[alkaloid]]ima i teškim metalima (tanin ih vezuje u nerastvorljiva jedinjenja koja se neškodljivo odstranjuju prirodnim putem iz organizma).

== Ekstrakti ==
{{rut}}
[[Polyphenol]]s found in green tea include [[epigallocatechin gallate]] (EGCG), [[epicatechin gallate]], [[epicatechin]]s and [[flavanol]]s,<ref name=Khan2013/> which are under laboratory research for their potential effects [[in vivo]].<ref name=Johnson/> Other components include three kinds of [[flavonoid]]s, known as [[kaempferol]], [[quercetin]], and [[myricetin]].<ref>Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council, Diet, nutrition, and cancer, Washington: D.C National Academies Press, 1982, p. 286.</ref> Although the mean content of [[flavonoid]]s and [[catechins]] in a cup of green tea is higher than that in the same volume of other food and drink items that are traditionally considered to promote health,<ref name="USDA_2007">USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1 (2007)</ref> flavonoids and catechins have no proven biological effect in humans.<ref name=efsa/><ref name="EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies NDA2, 3 European Food Safety Authority EFSA, Parma, Italy 2010 1489">{{cite journal|others=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy|title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061|journal= EFSA Journal|year= 2010|volume= 8|issue=2|page=1489|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Green tea leaves are initially processed by soaking in an alcohol solution, which may be further concentrated to various levels; byproducts of the process are also packaged and used. Extracts are sold over the counter in liquid, powder, capsule, and tablet forms,<ref name=Johnson>I.T. Johnson & G. Williamson, Phytochemical functional foods, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2003, pp. 135-145</ref><ref>A. Bascom, Incorporating herbal medicine into clinical practice, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2002, p. 153.</ref> and may contain up to 17.4% of their total weight in caffeine,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Seeram|first1=Navindra P.|last2=Henning|first2=Susanne M.|last3=Niu|first3=Yantao|last4=Lee|first4=Rupo|last5=Scheuller|first5=H. Samuel|last6=Heber|first6=David|date=2006-03-01|title=Catechin and Caffeine Content of Green Tea Dietary Supplements and Correlation with Antioxidant Capacity|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=54|issue=5|pages=1599–1603|doi=10.1021/jf052857r|pmid=16506807|issn=0021-8561}}</ref> though decaffeinated versions are also available.<ref>{{cite web|title=Update on the USP Green Tea Extract Monograph|url=http://www.usp.org/usp-nf/notices/retired-compendial-notices/update-usp-green-tea-extract-monograph|publisher=USP|language=en|date=April 10, 2009}}</ref>

== Uticaji na zdravlje ==
{{Main|Zdravstveni efekti čaja}}
{{Infokutija nutritivna vrednost-lat
|name = Kuvani, redovni zeleni čaj
|kJ = 4
|carbs = 0 g
|fat = 0 g
|protein = 0.2 g
|calcium_mg= 0
|magnesium_mg= 1
|manganese_mg= 0.18
|iron_mg= 0.02
|potassium_mg= 8
|sodium_mg= 1
| thiamin_mg=0.007
|riboflavin_mg= 0.06
|niacin_mg= 0.03
|vitB6_mg=0.005
| vitC_mg=0.3
|opt1n= Water
|opt1v= 99.9 g
|opt2n= Caffeine
|opt2v= 12 mg
|note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4329?fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=&sort=&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby= Link to Full USDA Nutrient Report]
}}

Regular green tea is 99.9% water, provides 1 kcal per 100 mL serving, is devoid of significant [[nutrient]] content (table), and contains [[phytochemical]]s such as [[polyphenol]]s and [[caffeine]].

Numerous claims have been made for the health benefits of green tea, but human [[clinical research]] has not found good evidence of benefit.<ref name=nccih16/><ref name="efsa">{{cite web|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2055|publisher=European Food Safety Authority|title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (tea), including catechins in green tea, and improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (ID 1106, 1310), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 1310, 2657), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 1108), maintenance of normal blood LDL cholesterol concentrations (ID 2640), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1110, 1119), protection of DNA from oxidative damage (ID 1120, 1121), protection of lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1275), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 1117, 2812), "cardiovascular system" (ID 2814), "invigoration of the body" (ID 1274, 3280), decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms (ID 1118), "immune health" (ID 1273) and "mouth" (ID 2813) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006|date=8 April 2011|access-date=9 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="Filippini2020">{{cite journal |last1=Filippini |first1=T |last2=Malavolti |first2=M |last3=Borrelli |first3=F |last4=Izzo |first4=AA |last5=Fairweather-Tait |first5=SJ |last6=Horneber |first6=M |last7=Vinceti |first7=M |title=Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=March 2020 |volume=3 |issue=11 |page=CD005004 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3 |pmid=32118296 }}</ref> In 2011, a panel of scientists published a report on the claims for health effects at the request of the [[European Commission]]: in general they found that the claims made for green tea were not supported by sufficient scientific evidence.<ref name="efsa"/> Although green tea may enhance [[alertness|mental alertness]] due to its [[caffeine]] content, there is only weak, inconclusive evidence that regular consumption of green tea affects the risk of [[cancer]] or [[cardiovascular diseases]], and there is no evidence that it benefits [[weight loss]].<ref name=nccih16/>

===Cancer===
Research has shown there is no good evidence that green tea helps to prevent or treat cancer in people.<ref name="Filippini2020"/>

The link between green tea consumption and the risk of certain cancers such as [[stomach cancer]] and non-[[melanoma]] [[skin cancer]]s is unclear due to inconsistent or inadequate evidence.<ref name="Hou2013">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hou IC, Amarnani S, Chong MT, Bishayee A |title=Green tea and the risk of gastric cancer: epidemiological evidence|journal=World J Gastroenterol|volume=19|issue=24|pages=3713–22|date=June 2013|pmid=23840110|pmc=3699047|doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i24.3713|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="Caini2017">{{cite journal |last1=Caini |first1=S |last2=Cattaruzza |first2=MS |last3=Bendinelli |first3=B |last4=Tosti |first4=G |last5=Masala |first5=G |last6=Gnagnarella |first6=P |last7=Assedi |first7=M |last8=Stanganelli |first8=I |last9=Palli |first9=D |last10=Gandini |first10=S |title=Coffee, tea and caffeine intake and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a review of the literature and meta-analysis |journal=European Journal of Nutrition |date=February 2017 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1007/s00394-016-1253-6 |pmid=27388462|s2cid=24758243 |type=Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis}}</ref>

Green tea interferes with the [[chemotherapy]] drug [[bortezomib]] (Velcade) and other [[boronic acid]]-based [[proteasome inhibitor]]s, and should be avoided by people taking these medications.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jia L, Liu FT |title=Why bortezomib cannot go with 'green'?|journal=Cancer Biol Med|volume=10|issue=4|pages=206–13|date=December 2013|pmid=24349830|pmc=3860349|doi=10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.004|type=Review}}</ref>

===Cardiovascular disease===
A meta-analysis of observational studies reported an increase in one cup of green tea per day was correlated with slightly lower risk of death from cardiovascular causes.<ref name="Tang2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tang J, Zheng JS, Fang L, Jin Y, Cai W, Li D |title=Tea consumption and mortality of all cancers, CVD and all causes: a meta-analysis of eighteen prospective cohort studies|journal=Br J Nutr|volume=114|issue=5|pages=673–83|date=July 2015|pmid=26202661|doi=10.1017/S0007114515002329|type=Meta-analysis|doi-access=free}}</ref> Green tea consumption may be correlated with a reduced risk of [[stroke]].<ref name="Zhang2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhang C, Qin YY, Wei X, Yu FF, Zhou YH, He J |title=Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies|journal=Eur J Epidemiology|volume=30|issue=2|pages=103–13|date=February 2015|pmid=25354990|doi=10.1007/s10654-014-9960-x|s2cid=22529707|type=Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}}</ref><ref name="Kromhout2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kromhout |first1=D |last2=Spaaij |first2=CJ |last3=de Goede |first3=J |last4=Weggemans |first4=RM |title=The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines |journal=European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=August 2016 |volume=70 |issue=8 |pages=869–78 |doi=10.1038/ejcn.2016.52 |pmid=27049034|pmc=5399142|type=Review}}</ref> Meta-analyses of [[randomized controlled trials]] found that green tea consumption for 3–6 months may produce small reductions (about 2–3&nbsp;mm Hg each) in [[Blood pressure|systolic and diastolic blood pressures]].<ref name="Kromhout2016"/><ref name="Liu2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Liu G, Mi XN, Zheng XX, Xu YL, Lu J, Huang XH |title=Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials|journal=Br J Nutr|volume=112|issue=7|pages=1043–54|date=October 2014|pmid=25137341|doi=10.1017/S0007114514001731|type=Meta-Analysis|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Khalesi2014">{{cite journal|vauthors=Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H |title=Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials|journal=Eur J Nutr|volume=53|issue=6|pages=1299–1311|date=September 2014|pmid=24861099|doi=10.1007/s00394-014-0720-1|s2cid=206969226|type=Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}}</ref><ref name="Mozaffarian2016">{{cite journal |last1=Mozaffarian |first1=D |title=Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review |journal=Circulation |date=January 2016 |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=187–225 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585 |pmid=26746178|pmc=4814348|type=Review}}</ref> A separate systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that consumption of 5-6 cups of green tea per day was associated with a small reduction in systolic blood pressure (2 mmHg), but did not lead to a significant difference in diastolic blood pressure.<ref name="Onakpoya2014">{{cite journal |last1=Onakpoya |first1=I |last2=Spencer |first2=E |last3=Heneghan |first3=C |last4=Thompson |first4=M |title=The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials |journal=Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases |date=August 2014 |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=823–36 |doi=10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.016 |pmid=24675010|type=Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis}}</ref>

===Glycemic control===
Green tea consumption lowers [[fasting glucose|fasting blood sugar]] but in clinical studies the beverage's effect on [[hemoglobin A1c]] and [[fasting]] [[insulin]] levels was inconsistent.<ref name="Larsson2014">{{cite journal|author=Larsson SC|title=Coffee, tea, and cocoa and risk of stroke|journal=Stroke|volume=45|issue=1|pages=309–14|date=January 2014|pmid=24326448|doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003131|type=Review|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Glycemic2013">{{cite journal|vauthors=Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, Chen K, Shi LY, Zhu JD, Mi MT |title=Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials|journal=Am J Clin Nutr|volume=98|issue=2|pages=340–8|date=August 2013|pmid=23803878|doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.052746|type=Meta-Analysis|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ZhengGlycemic2013">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Hui R, Wu YJ, Huang XH |title=Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on glycemic control in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Am J Clin Nutr|volume=97|issue=4|pages=750–62|date=April 2013|pmid=23426037|doi=10.3945/ajcn.111.032573|type=Meta-Analysis|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Hyperlipidemia===
Drinking green tea or taking green tea supplements decreases the blood concentration of [[Cholesterol|total cholesterol]] (about 3–7&nbsp;mg/dL), [[low density lipoprotein|LDL cholesterol]] (about 2&nbsp;mg/dL), and does not affect the concentration of [[high density lipoprotein|HDL cholesterol]] or [[triglyceride]]s.<ref name="Onakpoya2014"/><ref name="Larsson2014"/><ref name="ZhengCholesterol2011">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Liu XX, Hui R, Huang XH |title=Green tea intake lowers fasting serum total and LDL cholesterol in adults: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials|journal=Am J Clin Nutr|volume=94|issue=2|pages=601–10|date=August 2011|pmid=21715508|doi=10.3945/ajcn.110.010926|type=Meta-Analysis|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2013 [[Cochrane (organisation)|Cochrane]] meta-analysis of longer-term randomized controlled trials (>3 months duration) concluded that green tea consumption lowers total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the blood.<ref name="Larsson2014"/>

===Inflammation===
A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials found that green tea consumption was not significantly associated with lower [[Blood plasma|plasma levels]] of [[C-reactive protein]] levels (a marker of [[inflammation]]).<ref name="Serban2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Serban C, Sahebkar A, Antal D, Ursoniu S, Banach M |title=Effects of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|journal=Nutrition|volume=31|issue=9|pages=1061–71|date=September 2015|pmid=26233863|doi=10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.004|type=Systematic review & meta-analysis}}</ref>

===Weight loss===
There is no good evidence that green tea aids in weight loss or weight maintenance.<ref name=nccih16/><ref name=weight>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jurgens TM, Whelan AM, Killian L, Doucette S, Kirk S, Foy E |title=Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2012 |pages=CD008650 |year=2012 |issue=12 |pmid=23235664 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008650.pub2 |type=Systematic review |pmc= }}</ref>

===Potential for liver toxicity===
Excessive consumption of green tea extract has been associated with [[hepatotoxicity]] and liver failure.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://livertox.nih.gov/GreenTea.htm | title = Green Tea | work = LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury | year = 2012 | publisher = National Institutes of Health | quote = Green tea extract and, more rarely, ingestion of large amounts of green tea have been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury, including instances of acute liver failure and either need for urgent liver transplantation or death.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00204-015-1521-x| pmid = 25975988| title = Hepatotoxicity of green tea: An update| journal = Archives of Toxicology| volume = 89| issue = 8| pages = 1175–1191| year = 2015| last1 = Mazzanti| first1 = Gabriela| last2 = Di Sotto| first2 = Antonella| last3 = Vitalone| first3 = Annabella| s2cid = 14744653}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Javaid A, Bonkovsky HL| title = Hepatotoxicity due to extracts of Chinese green tea (''Camellia sinensis''): a growing concern | journal = J Hepatol | date = 2006 | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 334–336| doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.005 | pmid = 16793166 }}</ref> In 2018, a scientific panel for the [[European Food Safety Authority]] reviewed the safety of green tea consumption over a low-moderate range of daily EGCG intake from 90 to 300&nbsp;mg per day, and with exposure from high green tea consumption estimated to supply up to 866&nbsp;mg EGCG per day.<ref name="efsa18 ">{{cite journal |author=EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food | title=Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins | journal=EFSA Journal | volume=16 | issue=4 | year=2018 | pages=e05239 | issn=1831-4732 | doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239 | pmid=32625874 | pmc= | doi-access=free }}</ref> Dietary supplements containing EGCG may supply up to 1000&nbsp;mg EGCG and other catechins per day.<ref name=efsa18/> The panel concluded that EGCG and other catechins from green tea in low-moderate daily amounts are generally regarded as safe, but in some cases of excessive consumption of green tea or use of high-EGCG supplements, [[Hepatotoxicity|liver toxicity]] may occur.<ref name=efsa18/>


== Reference ==
== Reference ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Khan2013>{{cite journal|vauthors=Khan N, Mukhtar H |title=Tea and health: studies in humans|journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design|volume=19|issue=34|pages=6141–7|date=2013|pmid= 23448443|pmc=4055352|type=Literature Review|doi=10.2174/1381612811319340008}}</ref>
<ref name="nccih16">{{cite web |title=Green tea |url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/greentea |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=12 August 2018 |date=September 2016 |quote=Green tea extracts haven't been shown to produce a meaningful weight loss in overweight or obese adults. They also haven't been shown to help people maintain a weight loss.}}</ref>

}}


== Literatura ==
== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Evans|first=John C.|title=Tea in China: The History of China's National Drink.|url=|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=|year=1992|isbn=978-0-313-28049-8|pages=}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv|last=Evans|first=John C.|title=Tea in China: The History of China's National Drink.|url=|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=|year=1992|isbn=978-0-313-28049-8|pages=}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv|author=Lam, K.C. |title=The Way of Tea: The Sublime Art of Oriental Tea Drinking.|url=|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|location=|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7641-1968-2|pages=}}
* {{Cite book| ref=harv|author=Lam, K.C. |title=The Way of Tea: The Sublime Art of Oriental Tea Drinking.|url=|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|location=|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7641-1968-2|pages=}}
* {{cite book
|last = Battle
|first = Will
|title = The World Tea Encyclopaedia: The World of Tea Explored and Explained from Bush to Brew
|year = 2017
|publisher = Troubador Publishing Ltd.
|isbn = 978-1-78589-313-1
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SHvYDQAAQBAJ
}}
* {{cite book
|last = Benn
|first = James A.
|title = Tea in China: A Religious and Cultural History
|year = 2015
|publisher = [[Hong Kong University Press]]
|isbn = 978-988-8208-73-9
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XF17CAAAQBAJ
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Chow
|first1 = Kit Boey
|last2 = Kramer
|first2 = Ione
|title = All the Tea in China
|year = 1990
|publisher = [[China Books]]
|isbn = 978-0-8351-2194-1
|url = https://archive.org/details/allteainchina00chow
|url-access = registration
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Heiss
|first1 = Mary Lou
|last2 = Heiss
|first2 = Robert J.
|title = The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide
|year = 2007
|publisher = [[Ten Speed Press]]
|isbn = 978-1-58008-745-2
|url = https://archive.org/details/storyofteacultur0000heis
|url-access = registration
}}
* {{cite book
|last1 = Mair |first1 = Victor H.
|author1-link = Victor H. Mair
|last2 = Hoh |first2 = Erling
|title = The True History of Tea
|year = 2009
|publisher = [[Thames & Hudson]]
|isbn = 978-0-500-25146-1
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_TR_PQAACAAJ
}}
{{refend}}


== Spoljašnje veze ==
== Spoljašnje veze ==
Ред 26: Ред 167:
* [http://coffeetea.about.com/cs/typesoftea/a/greentea.htm -{Introduction to Green Tea}-]
* [http://coffeetea.about.com/cs/typesoftea/a/greentea.htm -{Introduction to Green Tea}-]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009155829/http://www.jin.ne.jp/ogasawara/english/intro.htm -{An Introduction to Tea Ceremony}-]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061009155829/http://www.jin.ne.jp/ogasawara/english/intro.htm -{An Introduction to Tea Ceremony}-]
* [https://nccih.nih.gov/health/greentea NCCIH - Green Tea Side Effects and Cautions] (From the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health)


{{нормативна контрола-лат}}
{{нормативна контрола-лат}}

Верзија на датум 18. септембар 2022. у 01:30

Zeleni čaj
Pojava zelenog čaja u tri različite faze (s leva na desno): natopljeni listovi, suvi listovi i tečnost.
TipČaj
Zemlja poreklaKina
Region poreklaIstočni čaj
bojaZelena
SastojciListovi čaja
Srodni produktiČaj
Listovi zelenog čaja
Polja zelenog čaja.

Zeleni čaj se pravi od lišća drvenaste biljke Camellia sinensis rasprostranjene na Dalekom Istoku, posebno u Kini[1] i Japanu. Od 19. veka uzgoj ove biljke je proširen na ostale tropske i suptropske predele. Biljka izraste do 3 m visoko i obrasla je duguljastim, zimzelenim lišćem. U lišću su zastupljene bioaktivne materije: tein, teobromin, teofilin i eterično ulje, radi kojih se gaji ova biljka.[2][3]

Prerada lista zelenog čaja

Zeleni čaj se proizvodi tako što se proces oksidacije zaustavlja zagrevanjem odmah nakon branja listova (pečenjem ili parenjem). Listovi se zatim hlade, uvijaju i razdvajaju. To se ponavlja nekoliko puta, sve dok iz lista ne prestane da izlazi zelenkast sok.

Čaj se može veštački namirisati. To se radi tako što se tanak sloj raznog mirisnog cveća (jasmin, gardenija i sl.) ostavi izvesno vreme, pa se ukloni, a na njegovo mesto raširi se sloj sušenog čaja. Postupak se ponavlja nekoliko dana dok čaj ne primi miris cveća.

Teizam - hronično trovanje čajem

Preteranim i dužim uživanjem čaj izaziva nesanicu, opstipaciju (zatvor i lenjost creva), otežano varenje, gubitak apetita i sistematsko slabljenje organizma. Ove posledice su zapažene u Kini, Engleskoj i severnoj Africi. Ipak, smatra se da je čaj manje toksičan u odnosu na kafu i da je zeleni čaj (nefermentisan) manje škodljiv.

Lekovitost zelenog čaja

Dejstvo čaja je utoliko jače, ukoliko čaj ima više kofeina, jer je kofein glavni sastojak čaja koji draži moždane centre. Time se objašnjava i povećanje sposobnosti učenja, pamćenja i razumevanja i. Čaj suzbija i smanjuje zamor i sanjivost, osobito ako je zamor nastao od intenzivnog umnog naprezanja. Čaj pomaže, bodri i krepi, javlja se bolji rad mišića i refleksi su brži i potpuniji. Čaj kofeinom poboljšava disanje, povećava ventilaciju pluća, pa se lakše diše i prijatnije oseća. Čaj pozitivno deluje na krvotok, usled čega je srčani rad pravilniji, jači i bolji. Zbog ogromne količine tanina i drugih srodnih polifenolskih jedinjenja čaj deluje i kao tipična taninska lekovita biljka protiv proliva, upale sluznice i kože, opekotina, za jačanje organizma itd. Čaj je važan protivotrov u slučaju trovanja alkaloidima i teškim metalima (tanin ih vezuje u nerastvorljiva jedinjenja koja se neškodljivo odstranjuju prirodnim putem iz organizma).

Ekstrakti

Polyphenols found in green tea include epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epicatechin gallate, epicatechins and flavanols,[4] which are under laboratory research for their potential effects in vivo.[5] Other components include three kinds of flavonoids, known as kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin.[6] Although the mean content of flavonoids and catechins in a cup of green tea is higher than that in the same volume of other food and drink items that are traditionally considered to promote health,[7] flavonoids and catechins have no proven biological effect in humans.[8][9]

Green tea leaves are initially processed by soaking in an alcohol solution, which may be further concentrated to various levels; byproducts of the process are also packaged and used. Extracts are sold over the counter in liquid, powder, capsule, and tablet forms,[5][10] and may contain up to 17.4% of their total weight in caffeine,[11] though decaffeinated versions are also available.[12]

Uticaji na zdravlje

Главни чланак: Zdravstveni efekti čaja
Kuvani, redovni zeleni čaj
Nutritivna vrednost na 100 g (3,5 oz)
Energija4 kJ (0,96 kcal)
0 g
0 g
0,2 g
Vitamini
Tiamin (B1)
(1%)
0,007 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
(5%)
0,06 mg
Niacin (B3)
(0%)
0,03 mg
Vitamin B6
(0%)
0,005 mg
Vitamin C
(0%)
0,3 mg
Minerali
Kalcijum
(0%)
0 mg
Gvožđe
(0%)
0,02 mg
Magnezijum
(0%)
1 mg
Mangan
(9%)
0,18 mg
Kalijum
(0%)
8 mg
Natrijum
(0%)
1 mg
Ostali konstituenti
Water99.9 g
Caffeine12 mg
Link to Full USDA Nutrient Report
Procenti su grube procene zasnovane na američkim preporukama za odrasle.

Regular green tea is 99.9% water, provides 1 kcal per 100 mL serving, is devoid of significant nutrient content (table), and contains phytochemicals such as polyphenols and caffeine.

Numerous claims have been made for the health benefits of green tea, but human clinical research has not found good evidence of benefit.[13][8][14] In 2011, a panel of scientists published a report on the claims for health effects at the request of the European Commission: in general they found that the claims made for green tea were not supported by sufficient scientific evidence.[8] Although green tea may enhance mental alertness due to its caffeine content, there is only weak, inconclusive evidence that regular consumption of green tea affects the risk of cancer or cardiovascular diseases, and there is no evidence that it benefits weight loss.[13]

Cancer

Research has shown there is no good evidence that green tea helps to prevent or treat cancer in people.[14]

The link between green tea consumption and the risk of certain cancers such as stomach cancer and non-melanoma skin cancers is unclear due to inconsistent or inadequate evidence.[15][16]

Green tea interferes with the chemotherapy drug bortezomib (Velcade) and other boronic acid-based proteasome inhibitors, and should be avoided by people taking these medications.[17]

Cardiovascular disease

A meta-analysis of observational studies reported an increase in one cup of green tea per day was correlated with slightly lower risk of death from cardiovascular causes.[18] Green tea consumption may be correlated with a reduced risk of stroke.[19][20] Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials found that green tea consumption for 3–6 months may produce small reductions (about 2–3 mm Hg each) in systolic and diastolic blood pressures.[20][21][22][23] A separate systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that consumption of 5-6 cups of green tea per day was associated with a small reduction in systolic blood pressure (2 mmHg), but did not lead to a significant difference in diastolic blood pressure.[24]

Glycemic control

Green tea consumption lowers fasting blood sugar but in clinical studies the beverage's effect on hemoglobin A1c and fasting insulin levels was inconsistent.[25][26][27]

Hyperlipidemia

Drinking green tea or taking green tea supplements decreases the blood concentration of total cholesterol (about 3–7 mg/dL), LDL cholesterol (about 2 mg/dL), and does not affect the concentration of HDL cholesterol or triglycerides.[24][25][28] A 2013 Cochrane meta-analysis of longer-term randomized controlled trials (>3 months duration) concluded that green tea consumption lowers total and LDL cholesterol concentrations in the blood.[25]

Inflammation

A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials found that green tea consumption was not significantly associated with lower plasma levels of C-reactive protein levels (a marker of inflammation).[29]

Weight loss

There is no good evidence that green tea aids in weight loss or weight maintenance.[13][30]

Potential for liver toxicity

Excessive consumption of green tea extract has been associated with hepatotoxicity and liver failure.[31][32][33] In 2018, a scientific panel for the European Food Safety Authority reviewed the safety of green tea consumption over a low-moderate range of daily EGCG intake from 90 to 300 mg per day, and with exposure from high green tea consumption estimated to supply up to 866 mg EGCG per day.[34] Dietary supplements containing EGCG may supply up to 1000 mg EGCG and other catechins per day.[34] The panel concluded that EGCG and other catechins from green tea in low-moderate daily amounts are generally regarded as safe, but in some cases of excessive consumption of green tea or use of high-EGCG supplements, liver toxicity may occur.[34]

Reference

  1. ^ Green Teas: A (very) Brief History, teaguardian.com, Архивирано из оригинала 23. 12. 2010. г., Приступљено 20. 12. 2010 
  2. ^ Reich, Eike; et al. (2006), „HPTLC methods for identification of green tea and green tea extract”, Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 29 (14): 2141—2151, doi:10.1080/15512160600760293 
  3. ^ Quality Basics 1: Various Plants, Various Qualities, teaguardian.com, Архивирано из оригинала 05. 02. 2011. г., Приступљено 20. 12. 2010 
  4. ^ Khan N, Mukhtar H (2013). „Tea and health: studies in humans”. Current Pharmaceutical Design (Literature Review). 19 (34): 6141—7. PMC 4055352 Слободан приступ. PMID 23448443. doi:10.2174/1381612811319340008. 
  5. ^ а б I.T. Johnson & G. Williamson, Phytochemical functional foods, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2003, pp. 135-145
  6. ^ Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council, Diet, nutrition, and cancer, Washington: D.C National Academies Press, 1982, p. 286.
  7. ^ USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1 (2007)
  8. ^ а б в „Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (tea), including catechins in green tea, and improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (ID 1106, 1310), maintenance of normal blood pressure (ID 1310, 2657), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentrations (ID 1108), maintenance of normal blood LDL cholesterol concentrations (ID 2640), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1110, 1119), protection of DNA from oxidative damage (ID 1120, 1121), protection of lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1275), contribution to normal cognitive function (ID 1117, 2812), "cardiovascular system" (ID 2814), "invigoration of the body" (ID 1274, 3280), decreasing potentially pathogenic gastro-intestinal microorganisms (ID 1118), "immune health" (ID 1273) and "mouth" (ID 2813) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006”. European Food Safety Authority. 8. 4. 2011. Приступљено 9. 11. 2014. 
  9. ^ . EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy. „Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061”. EFSA Journal. 8 (2): 1489. 2010. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489 Слободан приступ. 
  10. ^ A. Bascom, Incorporating herbal medicine into clinical practice, Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 2002, p. 153.
  11. ^ Seeram, Navindra P.; Henning, Susanne M.; Niu, Yantao; Lee, Rupo; Scheuller, H. Samuel; Heber, David (2006-03-01). „Catechin and Caffeine Content of Green Tea Dietary Supplements and Correlation with Antioxidant Capacity”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (5): 1599—1603. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 16506807. doi:10.1021/jf052857r. 
  12. ^ „Update on the USP Green Tea Extract Monograph” (на језику: енглески). USP. 10. 4. 2009. 
  13. ^ а б в „Green tea”. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. септембар 2016. Приступљено 12. 8. 2018. „Green tea extracts haven't been shown to produce a meaningful weight loss in overweight or obese adults. They also haven't been shown to help people maintain a weight loss.” 
  14. ^ а б Filippini, T; Malavolti, M; Borrelli, F; Izzo, AA; Fairweather-Tait, SJ; Horneber, M; Vinceti, M (март 2020). „Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer.”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (11): CD005004. PMID 32118296. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005004.pub3. 
  15. ^ Hou IC, Amarnani S, Chong MT, Bishayee A (јун 2013). „Green tea and the risk of gastric cancer: epidemiological evidence”. World J Gastroenterol (Review). 19 (24): 3713—22. PMC 3699047 Слободан приступ. PMID 23840110. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i24.3713. 
  16. ^ Caini, S; Cattaruzza, MS; Bendinelli, B; Tosti, G; Masala, G; Gnagnarella, P; Assedi, M; Stanganelli, I; Palli, D; Gandini, S (фебруар 2017). „Coffee, tea and caffeine intake and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: a review of the literature and meta-analysis”. European Journal of Nutrition (Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis). 56 (1): 1—12. PMID 27388462. S2CID 24758243. doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1253-6. 
  17. ^ Jia L, Liu FT (децембар 2013). „Why bortezomib cannot go with 'green'?”. Cancer Biol Med (Review). 10 (4): 206—13. PMC 3860349 Слободан приступ. PMID 24349830. doi:10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.004. 
  18. ^ Tang J, Zheng JS, Fang L, Jin Y, Cai W, Li D (јул 2015). „Tea consumption and mortality of all cancers, CVD and all causes: a meta-analysis of eighteen prospective cohort studies”. Br J Nutr (Meta-analysis). 114 (5): 673—83. PMID 26202661. doi:10.1017/S0007114515002329 Слободан приступ. 
  19. ^ Zhang C, Qin YY, Wei X, Yu FF, Zhou YH, He J (фебруар 2015). „Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies”. Eur J Epidemiology (Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). 30 (2): 103—13. PMID 25354990. S2CID 22529707. doi:10.1007/s10654-014-9960-x. 
  20. ^ а б Kromhout, D; Spaaij, CJ; de Goede, J; Weggemans, RM (август 2016). „The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Review). 70 (8): 869—78. PMC 5399142 Слободан приступ. PMID 27049034. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.52. 
  21. ^ Liu G, Mi XN, Zheng XX, Xu YL, Lu J, Huang XH (октобар 2014). „Effects of tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials”. Br J Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 112 (7): 1043—54. PMID 25137341. doi:10.1017/S0007114514001731 Слободан приступ. 
  22. ^ Khalesi S, Sun J, Buys N, Jamshidi A, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi E, Khosravi-Boroujeni H (септембар 2014). „Green tea catechins and blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials”. Eur J Nutr (Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis). 53 (6): 1299—1311. PMID 24861099. S2CID 206969226. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0720-1. 
  23. ^ Mozaffarian, D (јануар 2016). „Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review”. Circulation (Review). 133 (2): 187—225. PMC 4814348 Слободан приступ. PMID 26746178. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585. 
  24. ^ а б Onakpoya, I; Spencer, E; Heneghan, C; Thompson, M (август 2014). „The effect of green tea on blood pressure and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials”. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases (Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis). 24 (8): 823—36. PMID 24675010. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.016. 
  25. ^ а б в Larsson SC (јануар 2014). „Coffee, tea, and cocoa and risk of stroke”. Stroke (Review). 45 (1): 309—14. PMID 24326448. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003131 Слободан приступ. 
  26. ^ Liu K, Zhou R, Wang B, Chen K, Shi LY, Zhu JD, Mi MT (август 2013). „Effect of green tea on glucose control and insulin sensitivity: a meta-analysis of 17 randomized controlled trials”. Am J Clin Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 98 (2): 340—8. PMID 23803878. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.052746 Слободан приступ. 
  27. ^ Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Hui R, Wu YJ, Huang XH (април 2013). „Effects of green tea catechins with or without caffeine on glycemic control in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. Am J Clin Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 97 (4): 750—62. PMID 23426037. doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.032573 Слободан приступ. 
  28. ^ Zheng XX, Xu YL, Li SH, Liu XX, Hui R, Huang XH (август 2011). „Green tea intake lowers fasting serum total and LDL cholesterol in adults: a meta-analysis of 14 randomized controlled trials”. Am J Clin Nutr (Meta-Analysis). 94 (2): 601—10. PMID 21715508. doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.010926 Слободан приступ. 
  29. ^ Serban C, Sahebkar A, Antal D, Ursoniu S, Banach M (септембар 2015). „Effects of supplementation with green tea catechins on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials”. Nutrition (Systematic review & meta-analysis). 31 (9): 1061—71. PMID 26233863. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2015.02.004. 
  30. ^ Jurgens TM, Whelan AM, Killian L, Doucette S, Kirk S, Foy E (2012). „Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review). 2012 (12): CD008650. PMID 23235664. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008650.pub2. 
  31. ^ Green Tea. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. National Institutes of Health. 2012. „Green tea extract and, more rarely, ingestion of large amounts of green tea have been implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury, including instances of acute liver failure and either need for urgent liver transplantation or death.” 
  32. ^ Mazzanti, Gabriela; Di Sotto, Antonella; Vitalone, Annabella (2015). „Hepatotoxicity of green tea: An update”. Archives of Toxicology. 89 (8): 1175—1191. PMID 25975988. S2CID 14744653. doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1521-x. 
  33. ^ Javaid A, Bonkovsky HL (2006). „Hepatotoxicity due to extracts of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis): a growing concern”. J Hepatol. 45 (2): 334—336. PMID 16793166. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.005. 
  34. ^ а б в EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2018). „Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins”. EFSA Journal. 16 (4): e05239. ISSN 1831-4732. PMID 32625874. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239 Слободан приступ. 

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

Zeleni čaj na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zeleni_čaj&oldid=25222428”