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{{Short description|britanski kemičar i fizičar (1842–1923)}}
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Godine 1905. je počeo da istražuje svojstvo drvenog [[ugalj|uglja]] koji kod niskih temperatura snažno upija gasove, što je iskoristio za stvaranje jakog [[vakuum]]a, posebno za potrebe [[Atomska fizika|atomske fizike]]. Nakon kraja [[Prvi svetski rat|Prvog svetskog rata]] radio je na proučavanju [[Površinski napon|površinskog napona]] mehurića [[sapun]]ice.
Godine 1905. je počeo da istražuje svojstvo drvenog [[ugalj|uglja]] koji kod niskih temperatura snažno upija gasove, što je iskoristio za stvaranje jakog [[vakuum]]a, posebno za potrebe [[Atomska fizika|atomske fizike]]. Nakon kraja [[Prvi svetski rat|Prvog svetskog rata]] radio je na proučavanju [[Površinski napon|površinskog napona]] mehurića [[sapun]]ice.

== Familija ==
{{rut}}
He married Helen Rose Banks in 1871. They had no children. Helen was sister-in-law to both [[Charles Dickson, Lord Dickson]] and [[James Douglas Hamilton Dickson]].<ref name="royalsoced.org.uk"/>

Dewar's nephew, Dr Thomas William Dewar [[FRSE]] (1861–1931), was an amateur artist, who painted a portrait of Sir James Dewar.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kincardinehistory.com/?page_id=191 |title = Sir James Dewar (1842 – 1923) &#124; Kincardine Local History Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=151022878|title=Dr Thomas William Dewar (1861 - 1931) - Find A Grave Memorial|website=secure.findagrave.com|access-date=16 April 2018}}</ref> He is presumably also the same Thomas William Dewar who was mentioned as executor in James Dewar's will, ultimately replaced "unopposed" by Dewar's wife.<ref>Sir James Dewar 1842-1923: A Ruthless Chemist, by Sir J S Rawlinson.</ref>

==Honours and awards==
[[File: A street sign in the Kings Buildings complex in Edinburgh in memory of James Dewar.jpg|thumb|300px|In the [[Kings Buildings]] complex in Edinburgh]]
Whilst Dewar was never recognised by the [[Swedish Academy]], he was recognised by many other institutions both before and after his death, in Britain and overseas. [[The Royal Society]] elected him a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in June 1877 and bestowed their [[Rumford Medal|Rumford]] (1894), [[Davy Medal|Davy]] (1909), and [[Copley Medal]] (1916) medals upon him for his work, as well as inviting him to deliver their [[Bakerian Lecture]] in 1901.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27dewar%27%29 | title = Library and Archive Catalogue | publisher = Royal Society | access-date = 27 November 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/65lM1fN8s?url=http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=(Surname='dewar') | archive-date = 27 February 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> In 1899, he became the first recipient of the [[Hodgkins Medal|Hodgkins gold medal]] of the [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, DC, for his contributions to knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air.

In 1904, he was the first British subject to receive the [[Lavoisier Medal]] of the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1906, he was the first to be awarded the [[Matteucci Medal]] of the Italian Society of Sciences. He was knighted in 1904 and awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1900–1904 by the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]], and in 1908, he was awarded the [[Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)|Albert Medal]] of [[Royal Society of Arts|The Society of Arts]]. A [[Dewar (crater)|lunar crater]] was named in his honour.

A street within the [[Kings Buildings]] complex of the University of Edinburgh was named in memory of Dewar in the early 21st century.

==Later life==
[[File:Sir James Dewar's ashes.jpg|thumb|Sir James Dewar's ashes at Golders Green Crematorium]]
Dewar died on 27 March 1923 aged 80 and was cremated at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] in London. An urn with his ashes still resides there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir James Dewar (1842-1923) |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1262/james-dewar |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=Find a Grave|language=en}}</ref>


== Izabrane publikacije ==
== Izabrane publikacije ==
Ред 88: Ред 107:
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|title=Liquid Air, and the Liquefaction of Gases |author=Sloane, Thomas O'Conor|year=1900 |publisher=Henley |id=|url=https://archive.org/details/liquidairliquefa00sloauoft
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|title=Liquid Air, and the Liquefaction of Gases |author=Sloane, Thomas O'Conor|year=1900 |publisher=Henley |id=|url=https://archive.org/details/liquidairliquefa00sloauoft
}}, ''Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases'', Norman W. Henley and Co., New York, 1900, second edition (extensive description of Dewar's work on the liqufaction of gases)
}}, ''Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases'', Norman W. Henley and Co., New York, 1900, second edition (extensive description of Dewar's work on the liqufaction of gases)
* {{cite journal|title=The terminology of low-temperature technology (discussion)| doi=10.1007/BF01146769|volume=12|issue=5|journal=Chemical and Petroleum Engineering|pages=470–472|year=1976|last1=Martynov|first1=A. V.| s2cid=110774259}}
* {{cite book|last=Arora|first=Ramesh Chandra|title=Refrigeration and Air Conditioning|publisher=PHI Learning|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-203-3915-6|page=3|chapter=Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration|date=30 March 2012}}
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103390| issn=0011-2275 | title = Development of Dilution refrigerators – A review | journal = Cryogenics| volume = 121| year = 2022| last1 = Zu | first1 = H.| last2 = Dai | first2 = W.| last3 = de Waele | first3 = A.T.A.M.| bibcode = 2022Cryo..121....1Z| s2cid=244005391 }}
* {{cite web|url = http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/LTL/World_record_in_low_temperatures|title = World record in low temperatures|access-date =2009-05-05| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090618075820/http://ltl.tkk.fi/wiki/LTL/World_record_in_low_temperatures| archive-date=2009-06-18| url-status= live}}
* {{cite book|last=Knuuttila|first=Tauno|url=http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Kirjasto/Diss/2000/isbn9512252147|title=Nuclear Magnetism and Superconductivity in Rhodium|location=Espoo, Finland|publisher=Helsinki University of Technology|year=2000|isbn=978-951-22-5208-4|access-date=2008-02-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428173229/http://www.hut.fi/Yksikot/Kirjasto/Diss/2000/isbn9512252147/|archive-date=2001-04-28}}
* {{cite press release|title=Low Temperature World Record|url=http://ltl.hut.fi/Low-Temp-Record.html|publisher=Low Temperature Laboratory, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu|date=8 December 2000|access-date=2008-02-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080218053521/http://ltl.hut.fi/Low-Temp-Record.html| archive-date=2008-02-18| url-status= live}}
* {{cite web|title=MIT team creates ultracold molecules|url=https://newsoffice.mit.edu/2015/ultracold-molecules-0610|work=Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kovachy |first1=Tim |last2=Hogan |first2=Jason M. |last3=Sugarbaker |first3=Alex |last4=Dickerson |first4=Susannah M. |last5=Donnelly |first5=Christine A. |last6=Overstreet |first6=Chris |last7=Kasevich |first7=Mark A. |date=2015 |title=Matter Wave Lensing to Picokelvin Temperatures |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=114 |issue=14 |pages=143004 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.143004|pmid=25910118 |arxiv=1407.6995 |bibcode=2015PhRvL.114n3004K |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |url=http://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329092843/http://coldatomlab.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-03-29 |title=Cold Atom Laboratory Mission |work=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |publisher=NASA |date=2017 |access-date=2016-12-22 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/cold_atom_lab/ |title=Cold Atom Laboratory Creates Atomic Dance |work=NASA News |date=26 September 2014 |access-date=2015-05-21 }}

{{refend}}
{{refend}}


Верзија на датум 5. фебруар 2023. у 08:00

Džejms Djuar
Sir James Dewar
Ser Džejms Djuar
Ime po rođenjuJames Dewar
Datum rođenja(1842-09-20)20. septembar 1842.
Mesto rođenjaKinkardin , Škotska
 Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo
Datum smrti27. mart 1923.(1923-03-27) (80 god.)
Mesto smrtiLondon, Engleska
 Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo
ObrazovanjeFizika i hemija
UniverzitetUniverzitet u Edinburgu
DelovanjeTečni kiseoniki
tečni vodonik

Džejms Djuar (engl. James Dewar, Kinkardin na Fortu, Škotska, 20. septembar 1842. – London, 27. mart 1923.) bio je škotski hemičar i fizičar, a najpoznatiji je po otkriću Djuarove posude, koja je kasnije iskorištena za vrlo praktičnu primenu termos-boce.[1] Ona je namenjena je čuvanju toplotno izolovane materije, na primer jako hladnih tečnosti i utečnjenih gasova.[2] Oko 25 godina je radio na području atomske i molekularne spektroskopije.[3] On je bio univerzitetski profesor u Kembridžu (od 1875.) i profesor Kraljevskog instituta u Londonu (od 1877.). Istraživao je fiziološko delovanje svetlosti na vid, i bavio se spektroskopijom. Najpoznatiji je njegov rad u fizici niskih temperatura. Prvi je proizveo tečni (1898) i čvrsti (1899) vodonik. Po njemu je nazvan krater na Mesecu (Djuarov krater).

Životopis

Djuarova posuda sa dvostrukim zidovima između kojih je vakuum (danas termos-boca).

Rodio se u škotskoj porodicia kao najmlađi od šestoro dečaka.[4] Roditelji su mu umrli kad je imao 15 godina. Školovao se u Edinburgu i kasnije u Gentu (Belgija).

Od 1867. radi na proučavanju benzena i otkrio je nekoliko njegovih formula.[5] Interesantno je da za jednu od formula benzena, koja se ponekad naziva Djuarov benzen, on nije bio zaslužan.[6] Godine 1877. postaje profesor hemije na Univerziteta u Kembridžu.[7] U početku je radio najviše u području organske hemije, da bi kasnije nastavio s proučavanjem električnog luka. Proučavao je i delovanje svetlosti na mrežnjaču oka. Od 1878. počinje da radi na spektroskopiji i svojstvima hemijskih elemenata na niskim temperaturama.

Poznat je u nauci i kao istraživač koji je radio na utečnjavanju plinova i proučavanjima temperatura koje se bliske apsolutnoj nuli.[8] Sagradio je mašinu koja je mogla da stvori utečnjeni kiseonik, a kasnije je uspeo da dobije kiseonik i u čvrstom stanju. Dokazao je da tečni kiseonik i ozon jako privlače magnetno polje magneta. Da bi mogao da sačuva tečne gasove duže vreme, osmislio je Djuarovu posudu, po čemu je i najviše poznat. To otkriće mu nije donelo veliku materijalnu korist, jer je poduzeće Thermos L.L.C. dobilo patent za otkriće termosa.[9]

Veliki je trud uložio u dobijanju tečnog helijuma, koji prelazi u gečno stanje na temperaturi −268,9 °C, ali nije uspeo da to prvi ostari, jer je u to vreme bilo vrlo teško nabaviti čist helijum. Malu količinu koju je imao njegov je pomoćnik greškom ispustio u vazduh. Pre njega tečni helijum je uspeo da dobije Hejke Kamerling Ones, koji je za to ostvarenje dobio i Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku 1913. godine.

Godine 1905. je počeo da istražuje svojstvo drvenog uglja koji kod niskih temperatura snažno upija gasove, što je iskoristio za stvaranje jakog vakuuma, posebno za potrebe atomske fizike. Nakon kraja Prvog svetskog rata radio je na proučavanju površinskog napona mehurića sapunice.

Familija

He married Helen Rose Banks in 1871. They had no children. Helen was sister-in-law to both Charles Dickson, Lord Dickson and James Douglas Hamilton Dickson.[4]

Dewar's nephew, Dr Thomas William Dewar FRSE (1861–1931), was an amateur artist, who painted a portrait of Sir James Dewar.[10][11] He is presumably also the same Thomas William Dewar who was mentioned as executor in James Dewar's will, ultimately replaced "unopposed" by Dewar's wife.[12]

Honours and awards

In the Kings Buildings complex in Edinburgh

Whilst Dewar was never recognised by the Swedish Academy, he was recognised by many other institutions both before and after his death, in Britain and overseas. The Royal Society elected him a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1877 and bestowed their Rumford (1894), Davy (1909), and Copley Medal (1916) medals upon him for his work, as well as inviting him to deliver their Bakerian Lecture in 1901.[13] In 1899, he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, for his contributions to knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air.

In 1904, he was the first British subject to receive the Lavoisier Medal of the French Academy of Sciences, and in 1906, he was the first to be awarded the Matteucci Medal of the Italian Society of Sciences. He was knighted in 1904 and awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1900–1904 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in 1908, he was awarded the Albert Medal of The Society of Arts. A lunar crater was named in his honour.

A street within the Kings Buildings complex of the University of Edinburgh was named in memory of Dewar in the early 21st century.

Later life

Sir James Dewar's ashes at Golders Green Crematorium

Dewar died on 27 March 1923 aged 80 and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium in London. An urn with his ashes still resides there.[14]

Izabrane publikacije

  • Liveing, George Downing; Dewar, James (1915). Collected Papers on Spectroscopy. University press. , G. D. Living and J. Dewar, Cambridge University Press, 1915
  • Pippard, Brian. 1993. “Siegfried Ruhemann (1859—1943), F.R.S. 1914-1923.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 (2): 271–76.
  • Rowlinson, Sir J. S. 2012. Sir James Dewar, 1842–1923: A Ruthless Chemist. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.

Vidi još

Reference

  1. ^ James, Frank. „Dewar, James”. Chemistry Explained. Advameg Inc. Приступљено 22. 5. 2008. 
  2. ^ Dewar, James, [1] "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.
  3. ^ [2] Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. децембар 2011) "Povijest fizike", Ivan Supek, 2011.
  4. ^ а б Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (24. јануар 2013). ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5., published July 2006, The Royal Society of Edinburgh
  5. ^ Dewar, James (1867) "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6: 82–86.
  6. ^ Baker and Rouvray, Journal of Chemical Education, 1978, vol. 55, p. 645.
  7. ^ „Dewar, James (DWR875J)”. Кембриџ база података алумниста. Универзитет у Кембриџу. 
  8. ^ „ABSOLUTE ZERO - PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY (full length)”. YouTube. Приступљено 23. 11. 2016. 
  9. ^ [3] "Dewar, James, 2008., James Frank, work=Chemistry Explained, publisher=Advameg Inc.
  10. ^ „Sir James Dewar (1842 – 1923) | Kincardine Local History Group”. 
  11. ^ „Dr Thomas William Dewar (1861 - 1931) - Find A Grave Memorial”. secure.findagrave.com. Приступљено 16. 4. 2018. 
  12. ^ Sir James Dewar 1842-1923: A Ruthless Chemist, by Sir J S Rawlinson.
  13. ^ „Library and Archive Catalogue”. Royal Society. Архивирано из оригинала 27. 2. 2012. г. Приступљено 27. 11. 2010. 
  14. ^ „Sir James Dewar (1842-1923)”. Find a Grave (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 6. 4. 2022. 

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

Džejms Djuar na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Džejms_Djuar&oldid=25568863”