Religijski progoni

Religijski progon (engl. Religious persecution) je sistematsko zlostavljanje pojedinaca ili grupa zbog njihovog verskog opredeljenja ili pripadnosti, ili odsustva istih. Težnja ljudskih društava i grupa da odstranjuju ili potiskuju pripadnike različitih kultura česta je u ljudskoj istoriji. Još više, pošto verska ubeđenja često određuju lični moral, mišljenje i ponašanje prema drugima, verske razlike predstavljaju značajan kulturni i društveni faktor.

Verski progoni mogu započeti zbog verske isključivosti (kada pripadnici dominantne grupe preziru sve druge vere) ili ih organizuje i podstiče država (ako pojedine verske grupe smatra opasnim po svoje interese). Ekstremni primeri državnih verskih progona jesu progoni hrišćana u Rimskom carstvu, pogromi Jevreja u carskoj Rusiji i holokaust u nacističkoj Nemačkoj. Kroz istoriju, neke grupe bile su skoro svuda izložene verskom proganjanju sve do 18. veka: ateisti,^[1] Jevreji^[2] i Zoroastrijanci^[3]

Definicija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Verski progon se definiše kao nasilje ili diskriminacija protiv verskih manjina, koja lišava pripadnike manjina političkih prava i prisiljava ih da se asimiluju, odsele ili žive kao građani drugog reda.^[4] U državnoj politici, može se definisati kao narušavanje prava na slobodu mišljenja, savesti i uverenja, koje se vrši sistematskom i aktivnom politikom uznemiravanja, zastrašivanja i kažnjavanja, koja narušava pravo građana na život, nepovredivost i slobodu. Razlika između verskog progona i verske netrpeljivosti je u tome što je ova druga većinom zasnovana na raspoloženju stanovništva, koje može biti tolerisano ili podsticano od države.^[5] Uskraćivanje građanskih prava na osnovu vere najčešće se opisuje kao verska diskriminacija, a ne verski progon. Verski progon je direktna suprotnost slobodi vere.

Postoje razni nivoi verskog proganjanja: "Ono mora skupo koštati pojedinca...Mora biti nepravedno i nezasluženo...Mora biti direktna posledica nečije vere."^[1]

Primeri[uredi | uredi izvor]

Ateizam je kažnjavan smrću u antičkoj Grčkoj i kraljevini Izrael,^[6] dok je u hrišćanskim zemljama sve do 18. veka kažnjavan kao jeres. U islamskim državama kažnjavan je smrću (kao svetogrđe) sve do 20. veka, a i danas je kažnjiv smrću u 13 država (Avganistan, Iran, Maldivi, Malezija, Mauritanija, Nigerija, Pakistan, Katar, Sudan, Somalija, Jemen, Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati i Saudijska Arabija).^[7]^[8]
Antisemitizam ima veoma dugu tradiciju: progone Jevreja vršili su Seleukidi, Rimljani i hrišćani: pokolji Jevreja u Prvom krstaškom ratu (1096-99), progon Jevreja iz Španije (1492), pogromi u Rusiji (1772-1918), holokaust (1933-45).^[2]
Progoni hrišćana u Rimskom carstvu, od cara Nerona (64-68) do Milanskog edikta (313). Danas, progon hrišćana postoji samo u Iranu.^[9]^[10]^[11]
Progoni katara u Francuskoj (1209-29) i bogumila u Srbiji i Bosni.
Progoni katolika u Engleskoj (1535-1681).^[12]^[13]
Progoni hugenota (protestanata) u Francuskoj (1562-1789).
Državni (obavezni) ateizam u revolucionarnoj Francuskoj, SSSR i zemljama Istočnog bloka (1945-89).^[14]^[15]^[16]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ ^a ^b Bateman, J. Keith. 2013. Don't call it persecution when it's not. Evangelical Missions Quarterly 49.1: 54-56, also p. 57-62.
^ ^a ^b Flannery, Edward H. The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press, first published in 1985; this edition 2004. ISBN 978-0-8091-2702-3. str. 11–2.. Edward Flannery
^ Hinnells, John R. (1996). Zoroastrians in Britain: the Ratanbai Katrak lectures, University of Oxford 1985 (Illustrated izd.). Oxford University Press. str. 303. ISBN 9780198261933.
^ David T. Smith (12. 11. 2015). Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States. Cambridge University Press. str. 26—. ISBN 978-1-107-11731-0. „"Persecution" in this study refers to violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation. Persecution involves the most damaging expressions of prejudice against an out-group, going beyond verbal abuse and social avoidance.29 It refers to actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their political rights and force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as second-class citizens. When these actions happen persistently over a period of time, and include large numbers of both perpetrators and victims, we may refer to a "campaign" of persecution that usually has the goal of excluding the targeted minority from the polity.”
^ Nazila Ghanea-Hercock (11. 11. 2013). The Challenge of Religious Discrimination at the Dawn of the New Millennium. Springer. str. 91—92. ISBN 978-94-017-5968-7.
^ Laursen, John Christian; Nederman, Cary J. (1997). Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. University of Pennsylvania Press. str. 142. ISBN 978-0-8122-1567-0.
^ „Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study”. reuters.com.
^ „'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man”. Pristupljeno 20. 01. 2012.
^ „Vatican to UN: 100 thousand Christians killed for the faith each year”. Arhivirano iz originala 08. 06. 2013. g.
^ The United Nations, Iran must ensure rights of Christian minority and fair trial for the accused– UN experts (2018) [1]
^ The Telegraph, Iran arrests more than 100 Christians in growing crackdown on minority by Josie Ensor (10 DECEMBER 2018) [2]
^ John Coffey (2000), p. 26
^ John Coffey (2000), p. 33
^ Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences, David Kowalewski, Russian Review, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 426–441, Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Anticlericalism (2007 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)
^ David Kilgour, David Matas (6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China (free in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Hinnells, John R. (1996). Zoroastrians in Britain: the Ratanbai Katrak lectures, University of Oxford 1985 (Illustrated izd.). Oxford University Press. str. 303. ISBN 9780198261933.

[аутоматски_генерисано1-1] Bateman, J. Keith. 2013. Don't call it persecution when it's not. Evangelical Missions Quarterly 49.1: 54-56, also p. 57-62.

[Flannery-2] Flannery, Edward H. The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism. Paulist Press, first published in 1985; this edition 2004. ISBN 978-0-8091-2702-3. str. 11–2.. Edward Flannery

[hj303-3] Hinnells, John R. (1996). Zoroastrians in Britain: the Ratanbai Katrak lectures, University of Oxford 1985 (Illustrated izd.). Oxford University Press. str. 303. ISBN 9780198261933.

[4] David T. Smith (12. 11. 2015). Religious Persecution and Political Order in the United States. Cambridge University Press. str. 26—. ISBN 978-1-107-11731-0. „"Persecution" in this study refers to violence or discrimination against members of a religious minority because of their religious affiliation. Persecution involves the most damaging expressions of prejudice against an out-group, going beyond verbal abuse and social avoidance.29 It refers to actions that are intended to deprive individuals of their political rights and force minorities to assimilate, leave, or live as second-class citizens. When these actions happen persistently over a period of time, and include large numbers of both perpetrators and victims, we may refer to a "campaign" of persecution that usually has the goal of excluding the targeted minority from the polity.”

[Ghanea-Hercock2013-5] Nazila Ghanea-Hercock (11. 11. 2013). The Challenge of Religious Discrimination at the Dawn of the New Millennium. Springer. str. 91—92. ISBN 978-94-017-5968-7.

[laursen-6] Laursen, John Christian; Nederman, Cary J. (1997). Beyond the Persecuting Society: Religious Toleration Before the Enlightenment. University of Pennsylvania Press. str. 142. ISBN 978-0-8122-1567-0.

[7] „Atheists face death in 13 countries, global discrimination: study”. reuters.com.

[Jakarta_Globe-8] „'God Does Not Exist' Comment Ends Badly for Indonesia Man”. Pristupljeno 20. 01. 2012.

[9] „Vatican to UN: 100 thousand Christians killed for the faith each year”. Arhivirano iz originala 08. 06. 2013. g.

[10] The United Nations, Iran must ensure rights of Christian minority and fair trial for the accused– UN experts (2018) [1]

[11] The Telegraph, Iran arrests more than 100 Christians in growing crackdown on minority by Josie Ensor (10 DECEMBER 2018) [2]

[John_Coffey_2000,_p._26-12] John Coffey (2000), p. 26

[13] John Coffey (2000), p. 33

[Kowalewski1980-14] Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences, David Kowalewski, Russian Review, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1980), pp. 426–441, Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review

[15] Encyclopædia Britannica, Anticlericalism (2007 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.)

[16] David Kilgour, David Matas (6 July 2006, revised 31 January 2007) An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China (free in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net

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