Džon K. Kalhun

Džon K. Kalhun
Džon Koldvel Kalhun
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja	(1782-03-18)18. mart 1782.
Mesto rođenja	Abevil, Južna Karolina, SAD
Datum smrti	31. mart 1850.(1850-03-31) (68 god.)
Mesto smrti	Vašington, SAD
Univerzitet	Univerzitet Jejl
Politička karijera
Politička stranka	Demokratska stranka
Mandati 7. Potpredsednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država 4. mart 1825 — 28. decembar 1832. Predsednik Džon Kvinsi Adams Endru Džekson Prethodnik Danijel D. Tompkins Naslednik Martin van Bjuren
Potpis

Džon Koldvel Kalhun (engl. John Caldwell Calhoun; Abevil, 18. mart 1782 — Vašington, 31. mart 1850) je bio vodeći političar i teoretičar politike iz Južne Karoline tokom prve polovine 19. veka.

Karijera

Kalhun je elokventno govorio o svim pitanjima njegovog vremena, ali je često menjao stavove. Kalhun je započeo svoju političku karijeru kao nacionalista, modernizator i borac za jaku nacionalnu vladu i protekcionizam. Nakon 1840. je promenio stavove i zalagao se za prava saveznih država, ograničenu vladu, nulifikaciju (pravo država da ponište savezne zakone koje smatraju neustavnim) i slobodnu trgovinu. Ostao je najbolje upamćen po svojoj žučnoj i originalnoj odbrani robovlasništva kao nečeg pozitivnog, po uvođenju teorije prava manjina u demokratiji, i po usmeravanju Juga u pravcu secesije.

Kalhun je bio privržen principu slobode (mada ne za robove) i protivnik korupcije. Izgradio je sebi reputaciju kao teoretičar politike tako što je redefinisao republikanizam tako da uključuje odobravanje robovlasništva i prava manjina – u kontekstu južnjačke bele manjine. Kako bi zaštitio prava manjine od vladavine većine, zalagao se za „konkurentnu većinu“, po kojoj bi manjina ponekad mogla da blokira problematične predloge. Kalhunova odbrana robovlasništva više nije od značaja, ali njegov koncept konkurentne većine, gde manjina ima pravo da se usprotivi, ili čak da postavi veto na neprijateljske zakone koji su usmereni protiv nje je inkorporiran u američki sistem vrednosti. Kalhun je tvrdio da su južnjački belci, brojčano nadjačani u Sjedinjenim Državama glasačima naseljenijih severnjačkih država jedna takva „manjina“ koja zaslužuje posebnu zakonsku zaštitu.

Kalhun je bio na mnogim značajnim političkim pozicijama: služio je u Predstavničkom domu, Senatu, i bio je potpredsednik, kao i sekretar rata i državni sekretar. Obično je podržavao Demokratsku stranku, ali je koketirao i sa Vigovcima, i razmatrao je da se kandiduje za predsednika na izborima 1824. i 1844. Kao „ratni jastreb“ je u Kongresu agitovao za Rat 1812. protiv Britanaca. Kao ratni sekretar za vreme predsednika Džejmsa Monroa je reorganizovao i modernizovao Ministarstvo rata.

Kalhun je umro 11 godina pre početka Građanskog rata u Sjedinjenim Državama, ali je predstavljao inspiraciju secesionistima. Njegova retorička odbrana robovlasništva je delom odgovorna za eskaliranje južnjačkih pretnja secesionizmom usled jačajućeg abolicionističkog stava na Severu.

Kalhun je bio deo „Velikog trijumvirata“ ili „Besmrtnog trija“ kongresnih vođa, zajedno sa kolegama Danijelom Vebsterom i Henrijem Klejom. Godine 1957, senatski komitet je izabrao Kalhuna za jednog od pet najvećih senatora u istoriji Sjedinjenih Država, zajedno sa Henrijem Klejem, Danijelom Vebsterom, Robertom La Foletom, i Robertom Taftom.

Literatura

• Bartlett, Irving (1994). John C. Calhoun: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-33286-5. 
• Coit, Margaret L. (1950). John C. Calhoun: American Portrait. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. ISBN 0-87797-185-4. ; popular biography
• von Holst, Hermann E. (1883). John C. Calhoun. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company. ; outdated
• Meigs, William Montgomery (1917). The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun. Washington, D.C.: Neale Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-7950-0918-1. 
• Niven, John (1988). John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1858-0. 
• Wiltse, Charles M. (1944). John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, 1782–1828. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company. ISBN 0-8462-1041-X. 
• "John Caldwell Calhoun." Dictionary of American Biography (1936) online
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• Ford, Lacy K. Jr (1994). „Inventing the Concurrent Majority: Madison, Calhoun, and the Problem of Majoritarianism in American Political Thought”. Journal of Southern History. 60 (1): 19—58. JSTOR 2210719. doi:10.2307/2210719. 
• Freehling, William W. (1965). „Spoilsmen and Interests in the Thought and Career of John C. Calhoun”. Journal of American History. 52 (1): 25—42. JSTOR 1901122. doi:10.2307/1901122. 
• Hofstadter, Richard (2011). „John C. Calhoun: The Marx of the Master Class”. The American Political Tradition: And the Men Who Made it. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-80966-7. 
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• Kateb, George (1969). „The Majority Principle: Calhoun and His Antecedents”. Political Science Quarterly. 84 (4): 583—605. JSTOR 2147126. doi:10.2307/2147126. 
• Kirk, Russell (2001). The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-171-7. 
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• Merk, Frederick (1978). History of the Westward Movement. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7432-9743-1. 
• Merry, Robert W. (2009). A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9743-1. 
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• Parton, James (1860). Life of Andrew Jackson, Volume 3. New York: Mason Brothers. OCLC 3897681. 
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• Perman, Michael (2012). The Southern Political Tradition. LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-4468-8. 
• Peterson, Merrill D. (1988). Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505686-8. 
• Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1929). „Calhoun, John Caldwell, 1782–1850”. Dictionary of American Biography. 3. Scribner. str. 411—419. 
• Prucha, Francis Paul (1997). American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91916-7. 
• Remini, Robert V. (1977). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8018-5912-3. 
• Remini, Robert V. (1981). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8018-5913-7. 
• Remini, Robert V. (1984). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8018-5913-7. 
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• Russell, Robert R. (1966). „Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories”. Journal of Southern History. 32 (4): 466—486. JSTOR 2204926. doi:10.2307/2204926. 
• Rutland, Robert Allen (1997). James Madison: The Founding Father. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-1141-5. 
• Satz, Ronald N. (1974). American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3432-1. 
• Stagg, J.C.A. (2012). The War of 1812: Conflict for a Continent. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89820-1. 
• Varon, Elizabeth R. (2008). Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-8718-9. 
• Wilentz, Sean (2006). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05820-4. 
• Calhoun, John Caldwell (1837). Speeches of Mr. Calhoun of S. Carolina, on the Bill for the Admission of Michigan: Delivered in the Senate of the United States, January, 1837. 
• Calhoun, John C. (1870). Crallé, Richard K., ur. The Works of John C. Calhoun: Reports and public letters. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 
• Calhoun, John C. (1992). Lence, Ross M., ur. Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-102-1. 
• Calhoun, John C. (2017). Beck, Juergen, ur. The Works of John C. Calhoun Volume 1. Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-84967-688-9. 
• Calhoun, John C. (2017). Beck, Juergen, ur. The Works of John C. Calhoun Volume 2. Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-84967-689-6. 
• Calhoun, John Caldwell; Post, Charles Gordon (1995). A Disquisition on Government and Selections from the Discourse. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-293-3. 
• Calhoun, John C. (1999). Wilson, Clyde N., ur. The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 25. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-306-3. 
• Calhoun, John C. (2003). Wilson, Clyde N., ur. The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 27. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 
• Calhoun, John C. (2003). Cheek, Lee H., ur. John C. Calhoun: Selected Writings and Speeches. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-179-0. 
• Boucher, Chauncey S.; Brooks, Robert P., ur. (1931). „Correspondence Addressed to John C. Calhoun, 1837–1849”. Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1929. 
• Brown, Guy Story (2000). Calhoun's Philosophy of Politics: A Study of A Disquisition on Government. Mercer, GA: Mercer University Press. 
• Calhoun, John C. (6. 2. 1837). Slavery a Positive Good (Govor). United States Senate. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Capers, Gerald M. (1948). „A Reconsideration of Calhoun's Transition from Nationalism to Nullification”. Journal of Southern History. 14 (1): 34—48. JSTOR 2197709. doi:10.2307/2197709. 
• Coit, Margaret L., ur. (1970). John C. Calhoun: Great Lives Observed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-112409-7.  Excerpts from scholars.
• Current, Richard N. (1966). John C. Calhoun. New York: Simon & Schuster. 
• Fitzgerald, Michael S. (1996). „Rejecting Calhoun's Expansible Army Plan: the Army Reduction Act of 1821”. War in History. 3 (2): 161—185. S2CID 111159741. doi:10.1177/096834459600300202. 
• Ford, Lacy K. (1988). „Recovering the republic: Calhoun, South Carolina, and the concurrent majority”. South Carolina Historical Magazine. 89 (3): 146—159. JSTOR 27568041. 
• Grove, John G. (2014). „Binding the Republic Together: The Early Political Thought of John C. Calhoun”. South Carolina Historical Magazine. 115 (2): 100—121. 
• Gutzman, Kevin (2002). „Paul to Jeremiah: Calhoun's Abandonment of Nationalism”. The Journal of Libertarian Studies. 16 (3): 33. 
• Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018). Denmark Vesey's Garden: Slavery and Memory in the Cradle of the Confederacy. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-62097-365-3. 
• Jarvis, Douglas Edward (2013). „The Southern Conservative Thought of John C. Calhoun and the Cultural Foundations of the Canadian Identity”. American Review of Canadian Studies. 43 (3): 297—314. S2CID 144819256. doi:10.1080/02722011.2013.819584. 
• Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). Vindicating Lincoln: Defending the Politics of Our Greatest President. Lanham, MS: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7425-5972-1. 
• Kuic, V (1983). „John C. Calhoun's Theory of the Concurrent Majority”. American Bar Association Journal. 69: 482. 
• Lerner, Ralph. (1963). „Calhoun's New Science of Politics”. American Political Science Review. 57 (4): 918—932. JSTOR 1952609. S2CID 145581750. doi:10.2307/1952609. 
• McBride, Fred. (1997). „Strange Bedfellows: The Political Thought of John C. Calhoun and Lani Guinier”. Journal of Black Political Research. 
• Merriam, Charles E. (1902). „The Political Theory of Calhoun”. American Journal of Sociology. 7 (5): 577—594. JSTOR 2762212. S2CID 143813301. doi:10.1086/211084. 
• Polin, Constance; Polin, Raymond (2006). Foundations of American Political Thought. Switzerland: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-7929-3. 
• Preyer, Norris W. (1959). „Southern Support of the Tariff of 1816 – a Reappraisal”. Journal of Southern History. 25 (3): 306—322. JSTOR 2954765. doi:10.2307/2954765. 
• Rayback, Joseph G. (1948). „The Presidential Ambitions of John C. Calhoun, 1844–1848”. Journal of Southern History. XIV (3): 331—356. JSTOR 2197879. doi:10.2307/2197879. 
• Read, James H. (2009). Majority rule versus consensus: the political thought of John C. Calhoun. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 
• Smith, Henry Augustus Middleton (1911). „Calhoun, John Caldwell”. Ur.: Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski). 5 (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 1—3. 
• Vajda, Zoltán (2001). „John C. Calhoun's Republicanism Revisited”. Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 4 (3): 433—457. S2CID 143563365. doi:10.1353/rap.2001.0056. 
• Vajda, Zoltán (2013). „Complicated Sympathies: John C. Calhoun's Sentimental Union and the South”. South Carolina Historical Magazine. 114 (3): 210—230. JSTOR 23645453. 
• Walters, Raymond Jr. (1945). „The Origins of the Second Bank of the United States”. Journal of Political Economy. 53 (2): 115—131. JSTOR 1825049. S2CID 153635866. doi:10.1086/256246. 
• Wilentz, Sean (2008). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 
• Wiltse, Charles M. (1941). „Calhoun's Democracy”. Journal of Politics. 3 (2): 210—223. JSTOR 2125432. S2CID 154416098. doi:10.2307/2125432. 
• Wiltse, Charles M. (1948). John C. Calhoun, Nullifier, 1829–1839. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. 
• Wiltse, Charles M. (1951). John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 1840–1850. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. 
• Wood, W. Kirk (2009). „History and Recovery of the Past: John C. Calhoun and the Origins of Nullification in South Carolina, 1819–1828”. Southern Studies. 16: 46—68. 

Spoljašnje veze

• John C. Calhoun na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
• Džon K. Kalhun: Vodič kroz izvore, Kongresna biblioteka
• Univerzitet u Virdžiniji: Džon K. Kalhun Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (23. avgust 2016) – hronologija, citati i savremenici
• Slike na sajtu Koledža u Nju Džerziju: [1], [2], [3]
• Odgovor na Kalhunovu raspravu
• Kolekcija pisama Džona Kalhuna
• Rasprava o vladi i drugi radovi Džona Kalhuna.
• Džon K. Kalhun na sajtu Biografskog direktorijuma Kongresa Sjedinjenih Država
• Booknotes: intervju sa Irvingom Bartletom o delu John C. Calhoun: A Biography, 18. septembar 1994.
• Birthplace of Calhoun Historical Marker Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (17. oktobar 2011)
• The Law Offices of John C. Calhoun Monument Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (17. oktobar 2011)
• John C. Calhoun Papers at Clemson University's Special Collections Library
• 2015 petition to Charleston City Council to change the name of Calhoun Street