Муве-шкорпије
muve-škorpije, Mecoptera | |
---|---|
obična muva-škorpija, Panorpa communis | |
Naučna klasifikacija | |
Carstvo: | |
Tip: | |
Klasa: | |
Potklasa: | |
Infraklasa: | |
Nadred: | |
Red: | „Mecoptera" Hyatt & Arms, 1891
|
9 savremenih familija | |
|
Red muva-škorpija („Mecoptera") predstavlja grupu holometabolnih krilatih insekata sa veoma bogatom evolucionom istorijom. Najuočljivija karakteristika muva-škorpija je ventralno izvučena rilica sa usnim aparatom za grickanje. Ime muve-škorpije dobile su na osnovu izgleda muških polnih organa kod familije Panorpidae, koji podsećaju na žaoku škorpija. Ovaj red obihvata 9 savremenih familija sa oko 600 vrsta. Zoogeografski, red je kospomolitski rasprostranjen i prisutan na svim kontinentima, ali niže taksonomske kategorije često poseduju reliktne i endemične areale[10].
Ponekad ih zovu škorpionske muhe, prema njihovoj najvećoj porodici, Panorpidae, u kojoj mužjaci imaju proširene genitalije koje izgledaju slično žilima škorpija, sa dugim kljunom rostrumom. Bittacidae ili viseće muve su druga istaknuta porodica, poznata su po složenim ritualima parenja u kojima ženke biraju parnjake na temelju kvaliteta darovnog plena koji im nude mužjaci. Manja grupa su snežne škorpije, porodica Boreidae, od kojih odrasli ponekad budu viđeni kako hodaju po snežnim poljima. Suprotno tome, većina vrsta ovog reda naseljava vlažne sredine u tropskom pojasu.
Mekoptera je usko povezana sa Siphonaptera (buve), a malo je udaljenija od Diptera (pravih muva). Izgledaju pomalo kao prave muve, mali do srednje veliki insekti, s dugim vitkim telima i uskim membranskim krilima. Većina se razmnožava u vlažnim okruženjima kao što su slojevi lišća ili mahovine, a jaja se neće izleći dok ne dođe vlažna sezona. Larve su poput gusenica i uglavnom se hrane biljnom materijom, a lutke koje ne hrane mogu proći kroz dijapauzu sve dok vremenski uslovi nisu povoljni.
Mekoptere su možda imale važnu ulogu u oprašivanju izumrlih vrsta golosemenica pre evolucije drugih insekata – oprašivača, poput pčela. Odrasli modernih vrsta su pretežno grabljivice ili konzumenti mrtvih organizama; oni su prvi insekti koji prvi stignu lešina, što ih čini korisnim u forenzičkoj entomologiji.
Raznolikost
[uredi | uredi izvor]Mekotere i se razlikuju po dužini, od 2 do 35 mm. Poznato je oko šest stotina postojećih vrsta, podeljenih u trideset četiri rodova iz devet porodica. Većina vrsta nalazi se u porodicama Panorpidae i Bittacidae. Pored toga, postoji oko četiri stotine poznatih fosilnih vrsta u oko osamdeset i sedam rodova, koje su raznovrsnije od živih članova reda.[11] Grupa se ponekad naziva škorpiomuve, zbog zaokrenutog „repa” muških genitalija u porodici Panorpidae.
Distribucija mekopte je širom sveta; najveća raznolikost na nivou vrsta postoji u afrotropskoj palearktičkoj oblasti, ali u neotropskoj i australskoj. Nema ih n Madagaskaru i mnogim ostrvima i ostrvskim grupama. Ovo može ukazivati da je njihova sposobnost biološkog širenja niska, na primer prema Trinidadu, Tajvanu i Japanu, gde su pronađen samo oni koji su imali nedavne mostove do najbližih kontinentalnih kopnenih masa.
Životni ciklus
[uredi | uredi izvor]Ženka odlaže jajašca u bliskom kontaktu s vlagom, a jaja obično apsorbiraju vodu i povećavaju veličine nakon polaganja. U vrstama koje žive u vrućim područjima, jaja se ne mogu izlegati nekoliko meseci, a larve se pojavljuju tek kada se završi sušna sezona. Tipske se, međutim, izlegu nakon relativno kratkog vremenskog perioda. Larve su obično prilično slične gusenica, kratkih, kandžastih, pravih nogu i velikim brojem trbuških pronogu. Imaju sklerozirane glave s mandibulatnim ustima. Latve imaju složene oči, koje su jedinstvene među insektima po holometabolnom razvoju.[12] Deseti trbušni segment ima ili usisni disk, ili ređe, par kuka.
Uglavnom jedu biljnu hranu ili uklanjaju mrtve insekte, mada su poznate i neke larve grabljivice. One puze po tlu ili prodiru u drvo do stvaranja lutke, ne probijaju kokone. Lutke su eksksaratne, što znači da su udovi slobodni od tela i sposobne su da pokreću mandibule, ali su u protivnom potpuno nepokretni. U sušijim sredinama, mogu provesti nekoliko meseci u diapauzi, pre nego što se pojave kao odrasli čim su uslovi prikladniji.
Fosili
[uredi | uredi izvor]Među najranije Mecoptera spadaju Nannochoristidae iz gornjeg permskog doba. Fosilne mekoptere postaju učestale i raznolike tokom krede, na primer u Kini,[13] gde su pronađeni panorpidi poput Jurassipanorpa, viseće muve (Bittacidae i Cimbrophlebiidae), Orthophlebiidae i Cimbrophlebiidae.[14][15]
Izumrle vrste Mecoptera mogle su biti važni oprašivači ranih golosemenica (Gymnospermae) tokom kasnog dela srednje jure do sredine – ranog krednog perioda pre nego što su se razvile druge oprašivačke grupe, poput pčela. To su bile uglavnom biljke koje se oprašuju vetrom, ali fosilne mekoptere su imala usni aparat za sifonsku išranu, koji je mogao oploditi ove rane gimnosperme prilikom uzimnja nektara i polena. Nedostatak obogaćivanja gvožđem u njihovom fosiliziranom proboscisu, isključuje upotrebu za ispijanje krvi.
Najstariji fosilni nalazi potiču s kraja Paleozoika (iz Perma), a do danas je opisano preko 400 fosilnih vrsta ovog reda. Novija istraživanja molekularne sistematike u okvire reda „Mecoptera" svrstavaju i red buva (Siphonaptera)[16], što bi red muva-škorpija činilo parafiletskom i veoma brojnom grupom (preko 3000 vrsta). Vrlo je verovatan scenario po kome su fosilne „Mecoptera" bazalne za celu grupu Panorpida, što bi značilo da su se iz reda muva-škorpija izdvojile grane koje su se diferencirale u redove poput dvokrilaca ili leptira. Revizija sistematike reda „Mecoptera" je neophodna radi ustanovljavanja monofiletskih grupa.
Fosilne muve-škorpije se svrstavaju u 16-25 familija, a savremene u 9. Od savremenih, najprimitivniji su predstavnici familije Nannochoristidae, kod kojih i larve i adulti imaju karakteristike i reda muva-škorpija i reda dvokrilaca[1]. Najbrojnije savremene familije su Panorpidae, koja obuhvata oko 380 vrsta, i Bittacidae sa oko 180 vrsta.
Filogenija i sistematika reda
[uredi | uredi izvor]Unutar kladusa Aneuretopsychina, identifikovano je jedanaest vrsta iz tri porodice, Mesopsychidae, Aneuretopsychidae i Pseudopolycentropodidae. Dužina im se kreće od oko 3 mm u Parapolycentropus burmiticus do 28 mm u Lichnomesopsyche gloriae. Proboscis bi mogao biti dugačak oko 10 mm. Pretpostavlja se da su ove mekoptere prenosile polen na delovima usnog aparata i površine glave, kao što to rade danas pčelinje muve i druge, ali tako vezan polen nije pronađeno, čak ni kada su insekti dobo sačuvani u eocenskom baltičkom ćilibaru. Verovatno su oprašivale biljke poput onih iz porodica Caytoniaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae i reda Gnetales, koje imaju ovulacijske organe koji su neprikladni za oprašivanje vetrom ili imaju strukture koje bi mogle poduprijeti dugotrajno proboscidno unošenje hranjive tečnosti.[17][17][18]
Najraznovrsnija grupa mekoptera bila je Aneuretopsijahina najnovijem deli perma, zauzevši mesto Permochoristidae, do srednjg trijasa. Tokom kasnog trijasa i srednje jure, vrste Aneuretopsychina postupno su zamenjene vrstama iz porodica Parachoristidae i Orthophlebiidae. Moderne porodice mekoptera potiču od taksona Orthophlebiidae.[19]
-
Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia (Bittacidae) rekonstrukcija, jura; Kina
-
Jurassipanorpa sticta (Panorpidae), jura; Kina
Vrste
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Afrobittacus melanostigma Londt, 1994
- Anabittacus iridipennis Kimmins, 1929
- Anomalobittacus gracilipes Kimmins, 1928
- Apterobittacus apterus (MacLachlan, 1871)
- Apteropanorpa evansi Byers and Yeates, 1999
- Apteropanorpa tasmanica Carpenter, 1941
- Austrobittacus anomalus Riek, 1954
- Austromerope brasiliensis Machado, Kawada and Rafael, 2013
- Austromerope poultoni Killington, 1933
- Bicaubittacus appendiculatus (Esben-Petersen, 1927)
- Bicaubittacus burmanus (Tjeder, 1974)
- Bicaubittacus longiprocessus (Huang and Hua, 2005)
- Bicaubittacus mengyangicus Tan and Hua, 2009
- Bicaubittacus yangi Tan and Hua, 2009
- Bittacus acutus Zhang, Du and Hua, 2020
- Bittacus aequalis Navás, 1914
- Bittacus africanus Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Bittacus alexanderi Byers, 1999
- Bittacus alluaudi Navás, 1914
- Bittacus andinus Londt and Byers, 1974
- Bittacus angrensis Souza Lopes and Mangabeira, 1942
- Bittacus annae Londt, 1972
- Bittacus aripuanaensis (Penny, 1977)
- Bittacus armatus Tjeder, 1956
- Bittacus banksi Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Bittacus bartolozzii Bicha, 2015
- Bittacus berlandi Capra, 1939
- Bittacus bicornis Londt, 1993
- Bittacus bifurcatus Hua and Tan in Hua, Tan and Huang, 2008
- Bittacus blancheti Pictet, 1836
- Bittacus boraceiensis Morgante, 1967
- Bittacus boranicus Capra, 1939
- Bittacus brasiliensis Klug, 1838
- Bittacus brunipennis (Collucci and Amorim, 2000)
- Bittacus brunneus Esben-Petersen, 1927
- Bittacus bullatus Londt, 1972
- Bittacus burgeoni Navás, 1930
- Bittacus byersi Londt, 1972
- Bittacus capensis (Thunberg, 1784)
- Bittacus caprai Londt, 1972
- Bittacus carpenteri Cheng, 1957
- Bittacus chevalieri (Navás, 1908)
- Bittacus chilensis Klug, 1838
- Bittacus chlorostigma MacLachlan, 1881
- Bittacus choui Hua and Tan, 2007
- Bittacus chujoi Issiki and Cheng, 1947
- Bittacus cirratus Tjeder, 1956
- Bittacus coheri Bicha, 2011
- Bittacus contumax Tjeder, 1956
- Bittacus coreanus Issiki, 1929
- Bittacus cottrelli Londt, 1972
- Bittacus cruzi Machado in Machado et al., 2018
- Bittacus dashahensis Zhou and Zhou, 2005
- Bittacus diaoluoshanus Chen and Hua, 2011
- Bittacus dilobus He and Hua, 2022
- Bittacus discors Navás, 1914
- Bittacus disternum Byers, 1996
- Bittacus diversinervis Souza Lopes and Mangabeira, 1942
- Bittacus elisabethae Navás, 1930
- Bittacus eremus Lambkin, 1988
- Bittacus erythrostigma Byers, 1975
- Bittacus falcatus Zhou and Zhou, 2007
- Bittacus femoralis Klug, 1838
- Bittacus ferreirai Machado in Machado et al., 2018
- Bittacus flavescens Klug, 1838
- Bittacus flavidus Huang and Hua, 2005
- Bittacus formosanus Issiki, 1927
- Bittacus fritzi Williner, 1990
- Bittacus froehlichi (Collucci and Amorim, 2000)
- Bittacus fumosus Esben-Petersen, 1913
- Bittacus geniculatus Erichson, 1848
- Bittacus golbachi Williner, 1990
- Bittacus gressitti Cheng, 1957
- Bittacus hageni Brauer, 1860
- Bittacus hainanicus Tan and Hua, 2009
- Bittacus hansoni Byers, 2004
- Bittacus henryi Kimmins, 1928
- Bittacus homburgerae Navás, 1933
- Bittacus imatongensis Mickoleit, 1979
- Bittacus indicus Walker, 1853
- Bittacus insularis Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Bittacus issikii Miyamoto, 1979
- Bittacus italicus (Müller, 1766)
- Bittacus jiulianshanus Chen, Tan and Hua, 2013
- Bittacus kagoshimaensis Issiki, 1929
- Bittacus kimminsi Tjeder, 1956
- Bittacus kuankuoshuensis Zhou and Zhou, 2012
- Bittacus kunenensis Wood, 1933
- Bittacus lachlani Navás, 1925
- Bittacus laevipes Navás, 1909
- Bittacus latipennis Gerstaecker, 1885
- Bittacus latreillei (Collucci and Amorim, 2000)
- Bittacus leigongshanicus He and Hua, 2022
- Bittacus leptocaudus Byers, 1965
- Bittacus leptocercus Navás, 1934
- Bittacus lii Zhou, 2003
- Bittacus lineatus Navás, 1914
- Bittacus livingstonei Londt, 1981
- Bittacus londti Midgley in Midgley and Bellingan, 2023
- Bittacus longantennatus Chen, Tan and Hua, 2013
- Bittacus longilobus Zhang, Du and Hua, 2020
- Bittacus maculatus Issiki, 1927
- Bittacus maculosus Byers, 1965
- Bittacus malaisei Tjeder, 1974
- Bittacus marginatus Miyaké, 1913
- Bittacus mastrillii Navás, 1913
- Bittacus mexicanus Klug, 1838
- Bittacus milleri Londt, 1978
- Bittacus monastyrskiyi Bicha, 2007
- Bittacus montanus Weele, 1910
- Bittacus moschinus Navás, 1914
- Bittacus multisetus He and Hua, 2022
- Bittacus nebulosus Klug, 1838
- Bittacus nipponicus Navás, 1909
- Bittacus nodosus Rust and Byers, 1976
- Bittacus obscurus Huang and Hua, 2005
- Bittacus occidentis Walker, 1853
- Bittacus omega Morgante, 1967
- Bittacus oreinus Navás, 1914
- Bittacus panamensis Byers, 1958
- Bittacus parkeri Byers, 2004
- Bittacus peninsularis Byers, 1996
- Bittacus peringueyi Esben-Petersen, 1913
- Bittacus peterseni Kimmins, 1938
- Bittacus pieli Navás, 1935
- Bittacus pignatellii Navás, 1932
- Bittacus pilicornis Westwood, 1842
- Bittacus pinguipalpi Wood, 1933
- Bittacus pintoi Souza Lopes and Mangabeira, 1942
- Bittacus planus Cheng, 1950
- Bittacus pobeguini (Navás, 1908)
- Bittacus punctiger Westwood, 1842
- Bittacus puripennatus Cai and Hua in Cai, Huang and Hua, 2006
- Bittacus rafaeli Machado and Ramos-Pastrana in Machado et al., 2022
- Bittacus rossi Londt, 1977
- Bittacus saigusai Miyamoto, 1984
- Bittacus schoutedeni Esben-Petersen, 1913
- Bittacus selysi Esben-Petersen, 1917
- Bittacus setigerus Chen, Tan and Hua, 2013
- Bittacus shaoguanensis Zhang, Du and Hua, 2020
- Bittacus sinensis (Waker, 1853)
- Bittacus sinicus Issiki, 1931
- Bittacus sjostedti Weele, 1910
- Bittacus smithersi Londt, 1972
- Bittacus sobrinus Tjeder, 1956
- Bittacus sonani Issiki, 1929
- Bittacus spatulatus Byers, 1996
- Bittacus stanleyi Byers, 1968
- Bittacus stigmaterus Say, 1823
- Bittacus stigmosus Zhou and Zhou, 2005
- Bittacus striatus Issiki, 1927
- Bittacus strigatus Hua and Chou, 1998
- Bittacus strigosus Hagen, 1861
- Bittacus sylvaticus Byers, 1996
- Bittacus takaoensis Miyaké, 1913
- Bittacus tamdaoensis Bicha, 2015
- Bittacus tarsalis Miyamoto, 1984
- Bittacus testaceus Klug, 1838
- Bittacus texanus Banks, 1908
- Bittacus tienmushana Cheng, 1957
- Bittacus tjederi Londt, 1970
- Bittacus trapezoideus Huang and Hua, 2005
- Bittacus triangularis Issiki, 1929
- Bittacus tuxeni Byers, 1975
- Bittacus ussuriensis Plutenko, 1985
- Bittacus varzeanus Machado in Machado et al., 2018
- Bittacus vazdemelloi Machado, 2019
- Bittacus vexilliferus Byers, 1970
- Bittacus vumbanus Smithers, 1960
- Bittacus wahlbergi Londt, 1972
- Bittacus walkeri Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Bittacus weelei Esben-Petersen, 1913
- Bittacus whartoni Byers, 2001
- Bittacus wui Zhou, 2001
- Bittacus zambezinus Navás, 1931
- Bittacus zelichi Williner, 1990
- Bittacus zhejiangensis Tan and Hua, 2008
- Bittacus zulu Londt, 1972
- Boreus beybienkoi Tarbinsky, 1962
- Boreus bomari Byers and Shaw, 2000
- Boreus borealis Banks, 1923
- Boreus brumalis Fitch, 1847
- Boreus californicus Packard, 1870
- Boreus chagzhigireji Pliginsky, 1914
- Boreus coloradensis Byers, 1955
- Boreus elegans Carpenter, 1935
- Boreus hyemalis (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Boreus insulanus Blades, 2002
- Boreus intermedius Lloyd, 1934
- Boreus jacutensis Plutenko, 1984
- Boreus jezoensis Hori and Morimoto, 1996
- Boreus kratochvili Mayer, 1938
- Boreus lokayi Klapálek, 1901
- Boreus navasi Pliginsky, 1914
- Boreus nivoriundus Fitch, 1847
- Boreus nix Carpenter, 1935
- Boreus orientalis Martynova, 1954
- Boreus pilosus Carpenter, 1935
- Boreus reductus Carpenter, 1933
- Boreus semenovi Pliginsky, 1930
- Boreus sjostedti Navás, 1926
- Boreus tardokijanensis Plutenko, 1985
- Boreus vlasovi Martynova, 1954
- Boreus westwoodi Hagen, 1866
- Brachypanorpa carolinensis (Banks, 1905)
- Brachypanorpa jeffersoni Byers, 1976
- Brachypanorpa montana Carpenter, 1931
- Brachypanorpa oregonensis (MacLachlan, 1881)
- Brachypanorpa sacajawea Byers, 1990
- Caurinus dectes Russell, 1979
- Caurinus tlagu Sikes and Stockbridge, 2013
- Cerapanorpa alpina Gao and Hua, 2021
- Cerapanorpa baimaensis Gao and Hua, 2019
- Cerapanorpa bicornifera (Chou and Wang in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981)
- Cerapanorpa bonis (Cheng, 1950)
- Cerapanorpa brevicornis (Hua and Li in Li, Hua, Cai and Huang, 2007)
- Cerapanorpa byersi (Hua and Huang in Li, Hua, Cai and Huang, 2007)
- Cerapanorpa centralis (Tjeder, 1936)
- Cerapanorpa dubia (Chou and Wang in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981)
- Cerapanorpa emarginata (Cheng, 1950)
- Cerapanorpa funiushana (Hua and Chou, 1997)
- Cerapanorpa galloisi (Miyaké, 1911)
- Cerapanorpa liupanshana Gao, Ma and Hua, 2016
- Cerapanorpa minshana Gao, Li and Hua, 2020
- Cerapanorpa nanwutaina (Chou in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981)
- Cerapanorpa obtusa (Cheng, 1950)
- Cerapanorpa protrudens Gao, Ma and Hua, 2016
- Cerapanorpa qinlingensis Gao, Li and Hua, 2020
- Cerapanorpa reni (Chou in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981)
- Cerapanorpa sinuata Gao, Ma and Hua, 2016
- Cerapanorpa taizishana Gao and Hua, 2019
- Cerapanorpa wangwushana (Huang, Hua and Shen, 2004)
- Cerapanorpa xuebaodinga Gao and Hua, 2019
- Cerapanorpa yanggashana Gao and Hua, 2019
- Chorista australis Klug, 1838
- Chorista luteola (Westwood, 1842)
- Dicerapanorpa baiyunshana Zhong and Hua, 2013
- Dicerapanorpa bifurcata Hu and Hua, 2020
- Dicerapanorpa deqenensis Hu, Wang and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa diceras (MacLachlan, 1894)
- Dicerapanorpa harmonia Wang, 2022
- Dicerapanorpa hualongshana Hu and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa huangguocongi Wang, 2022
- Dicerapanorpa kimminsi (Carpenter, 1948)
- Dicerapanorpa lativalva Hu and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa luojishana Hu and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa macula Hu, Wang and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa magna (Chou, 1981)
- Dicerapanorpa minshana Hu and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa nakhi Wang, 2022
- Dicerapanorpa shennongensis Zhong and Hua, 2013
- Dicerapanorpa stotzneri (Esben-Petersen, 1934)
- Dicerapanorpa tanae Hu, Wang and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa tenuis Hu, Wang and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa tjederi (Carpenter, 1938)
- Dicerapanorpa triclada (Qian and Zhou, 2001)
- Dicerapanorpa yangqichengi Wang, 2022
- Dicerapanorpa yijunae Hu and Hua, 2019
- Dicerapanorpa zhengkuni Hu and Hua, 2020
- Dicerapanorpa zhongdianensis Hu, Wang and Hua, 2019
- Edriobittacus microcercus (Gerstaecker, 1885)
- Eremobittacus sodalium Byers, 2011
- Eremobittacus spinulatus Byers, 1997
- Furcatopanorpa longihypovalva (Hua and Cai, 2009)
- Harpobittacus albatus Riek, 1954
- Harpobittacus australis (Klug, 1838)
- Harpobittacus christine Lambkin, 1994
- Harpobittacus nigratus Navás, 1932
- Harpobittacus nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps, 1868)
- Harpobittacus phaeoscius Riek, 1954
- Harpobittacus quasisimilis Lambkin, 1994
- Harpobittacus rubricatus Riek, 1954
- Harpobittacus scheibeli Esben-Petersen, 1935
- Harpobittacus septentrionis Lambkin, 1994
- Harpobittacus similis Esben-Petersen, 1935
- Harpobittacus tillyardi Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Hesperoboreus brevicaudus (Byers, 1961)
- Hesperoboreus notoperates (Cooper, 1972)
- Hylobittacus apicalis (Hagen, 1861)
- Issikiella amazonica Byers and Florez, 1995
- Issikiella araguaiensis Penny and Arias, 1983
- Issikiella boliviensis Williner, 1985
- Issikiella byersi Penny and Arias, 1983
- Issikiella pulchra Byers, 1972
- Kalobittacus bimaculatus Esben-Petersen, 1914
- Kalobittacus demissus Byers, 1996
- Kalobittacus forficatus Rodríguez-Rojas, 2016
- Kalobittacus hubbelli Byers, 1965
- Kalobittacus inornatus Byers, 1996
- Kalobittacus maniculatus Byers, 1996
- Kalobittacus masoni Byers, 1994
- Kalobittacus ramosus Byers, 1958
- Kalobittacus similis Byers, 1994
- Leptopanorpa charpentieri (Burmeister, 1839)
- Leptopanorpa cingulata (Enderlein, 1912)
- Leptopanorpa filicauda Lieftinck, 1936
- Leptopanorpa inconspicua Lieftinck, 1936
- Leptopanorpa jacobsoni (Weele, 1909)
- Leptopanorpa javanica (Westwood, 1842)
- Leptopanorpa linyejiei Wang and Hua, 2020
- Leptopanorpa majapahita Wang and Hua, 2020
- Leptopanorpa nematogaster (MacLachlan, 1869)
- Leptopanorpa peterseni Lieftinck, 1936
- Leptopanorpa pi (Weele, 1909)
- Leptopanorpa ritsemae MacLachlan, 1875
- Leptopanorpa robusta Lieftinck, 1936
- Leptopanorpa sarangana Lieftinck, 1936
- Lulilan furcatus (Hardwicke, 1823)
- Lulilan obscurus Willmann, 2022
- Lulilan spinifer Willmann, 2022
- Megapanorpa absens Wang and Gong, 2019
- Megapanorpa gaokaii Wang and Hua, 2019
- Megapanorpa grandis Wang and Hua, 2019
- Megapanorpa jiangorum Wang and Hua, 2019
- Megapanorpa wanghongjiani Wang and Hua, 2019
- Meridiochorista insolita (Riek, 1973)
- Meridiochorista ruficeps (Newman, 1850)
- Merope tuber Newman, 1838
- Microchorista philpotti (Tillyard, 1917)
- Nannobittacus dactyliferus Byers, 1997
- Nannobittacus elegans Esben-Petersen, 1927
- Nannobittacus pollex Byers and Roggero, 1992
- Nannobittacus souzalopesi Penny and Arias, 1983
- Nannobittacus tjederi Byers, 1965
- Nannochorista andina Byers, 1989
- Nannochorista dipteroides Tillyard, 1917
- Nannochorista edwardsi Kimmins, 1929
- Nannochorista holostigma Tillyard, 1917
- Nannochorista maculipennis Tillyard, 1917
- Nannochorista neotropica Navás, 1928
- Neopanorpa abdita Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa abstrusa Zhou and Wu in Zhou et al., 1993
- Neopanorpa acetabulifera Bicha, 2015
- Neopanorpa anchoroides Zhou, 2003
- Neopanorpa angustala Bicha, 2015
- Neopanorpa angustiapicula Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa angustipennis (Westwood, 1842)
- Neopanorpa annamensis Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa apicata Navás, 1922
- Neopanorpa appendicema Bicha and Suttiprapan in Bicha et al., 2022
- Neopanorpa appendiculata (Westwood, 1842)
- Neopanorpa arcuata Bicha, 2019
- Neopanorpa auriculata Zhou, 2005
- Neopanorpa babai Miyamoto, 1994
- Neopanorpa banksi Carpenter, 1938
- Neopanorpa baviensis Cheng, 1953
- Neopanorpa benaci Navás, 1935
- Neopanorpa borneensis Byers, 1966
- Neopanorpa breviramus Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa brisi (Navás, 1930)
- Neopanorpa burmana Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa byersi Webb and Penny, 1979
- Neopanorpa cangshanensis Zhou, 2006
- Neopanorpa cantonensis Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa carpenteri Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa cavaleriei (Navás, 1908)
- Neopanorpa caveata Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa chaohsiufui Wang and Hua, 2017
- Neopanorpa chaoi Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa chelata Charpentier, 1938
- Neopanorpa chillcotti Byers, 1971
- Neopanorpa choui Cheng, 1950
- Neopanorpa circularis Ju and Zhou, 2003
- Neopanorpa clara Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Lin and Tong, 1988
- Neopanorpa claripennis Carpenter, 1938
- Neopanorpa clavata Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa contracta Cheng, 1953
- Neopanorpa cornuta Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Neopanorpa crinita Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa cucullata Bicha in Bicha et al., 2017
- Neopanorpa curva Zhou, 2000
- Neopanorpa cuspidata Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa denticulata Rust and Byers, 1976
- Neopanorpa diancangshanensis Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa diloba Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa dispar Issiki and Cheng, 1947
- Neopanorpa dorsalis Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa dubis Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Lin and Tong, 1988
- Neopanorpa echinata Rust and Byers, 1976
- Neopanorpa echinodes Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa effusa (Navás, 1913)
- Neopanorpa ellengreeni Bicha and Schiff in Bicha et al., 2017
- Neopanorpa exaggerata Wang, 2023
- Neopanorpa fenestrata (Needham, 1909)
- Neopanorpa fimbriata Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa flava Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Neopanorpa flavicauda Banks, 1930
- Neopanorpa flavoferruginea Byers, 2008
- Neopanorpa formosana (Navás, 1911)
- Neopanorpa formosensis Navás, 1930
- Neopanorpa fractura Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa furcata (Hardwicke, 1825)
- Neopanorpa furcula Wang and Hua, 2019
- Neopanorpa fuscicauda Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa gestroi Navás, 1929
- Neopanorpa gibbosa Rust and Byers, 1976
- Neopanorpa globulifera Byers, 1983
- Neopanorpa gradana Cheng, 1953
- Neopanorpa gulinensis Zhou and Zhou, 2005
- Neopanorpa hainanica Hua and Chou, 1998
- Neopanorpa harmandi (Navás, 1908)
- Neopanorpa hei Zhou and Fan, 1998
- Neopanorpa heii Cheng, 1950
- Neopanorpa hirsuta (Crampton, 1931)
- Neopanorpa hualizhongi Hua and Chou, 1998
- Neopanorpa huangshana Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa hunanensis Hua, 2002
- Neopanorpa hushengchangi Hua and Chou, 1999
- Neopanorpa hyalinata Esben-Petersen, 1913
- Neopanorpa inchoata Bicha and Schiff in Bicha et al., 2022
- Neopanorpa indica Rust and Byers, 1976
- Neopanorpa infuscata Banks, 1931
- Neopanorpa jigongshanensis Hua, 1998
- Neopanorpa jiulongensis Zhou in Zhou et al., 1993
- Neopanorpa k-maculata Cheng, 1953
- Neopanorpa kwangtsehi Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa lacunaris Navás, 1930
- Neopanorpa latipennis Cheng, 1950
- Neopanorpa latiseparata Bicha, 2010
- Neopanorpa leigongshana Zhou and Zhou, 2007
- Neopanorpa leptorhapis Li and Hua, 2023
- Neopanorpa lichuanensis Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa lieftincki Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa lifashengi Hua and Chou, 1999
- Neopanorpa lindsleyi Bicha, 2015
- Neopanorpa linjiangensis Zhou, 2005
- Neopanorpa lipingensis Cai and Hua, 2009
- Neopanorpa liquifascia Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa liuxingyuei Wang, 2021
- Neopanorpa longiprocessa Hua and Chou, 1997
- Neopanorpa longistipitata Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa lui Chou and Ran in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Neopanorpa lungtaushana Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa lunulivalva Li and Hua, 2023
- Neopanorpa luojishana Wang and Hua, 2019
- Neopanorpa maai Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa magna Issiki, 1927
- Neopanorpa magnatitilana Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa makii Issiki, 1927
- Neopanorpa malaisei Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa mandangensis Bicha and Schiff in Bicha et al., 2022
- Neopanorpa mangshanensis Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Lin and Tong, 1988
- Neopanorpa maolanensis Zhou and Bao, 2002
- Neopanorpa mayangensis Zhou and Zhou, 2010
- Neopanorpa menghaiensis Zhou and Wu in Zhou et al., 1993
- Neopanorpa minuta Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Lin and Tong, 1988
- Neopanorpa moganshanensis Zhou and Wu in Zhou et al., 1993
- Neopanorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa montana Zhou in Zhou et al., 1993
- Neopanorpa mulleri (Weele, 1909)
- Neopanorpa mutabilis Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa nielseni Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa nigritis Carpenter, 1938
- Neopanorpa nipalica (Navás, 1910)
- Neopanorpa normpennyi Bicha, 2019
- Neopanorpa obscura Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa ocellaris (Navás, 1908)
- Neopanorpa ochrura Rust and Byers, 1976
- Neopanorpa ophthalmica (Navás, 1911)
- Neopanorpa ornata Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa ovata Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa pallivalva Zhou, 2003
- Neopanorpa panda Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa parva Carpenter, 1945
- Neopanorpa parvula Willmann, 1976
- Neopanorpa pendula Qian and Zhou, 2001
- Neopanorpa pendulifera Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa pennyi Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa pielina Navás, 1936
- Neopanorpa pulchra Carpenter, 1945
- Neopanorpa puripennis Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Lin and Tong, 1988
- Neopanorpa quadristigma Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa ramulata Byers, 1975
- Neopanorpa retina Chou and Li in Chou, Wang, Lin and Tong, 1988
- Neopanorpa salai Navás, 1928
- Neopanorpa sauteri (Esben-Petersen, 1912)
- Neopanorpa semiorbiculata Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa setigera Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa setosiloba Bicha and Suttiprapan in Bicha et al., 2022
- Neopanorpa sheni Hua and Chou, 1997
- Neopanorpa siamensis Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa similis Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa simulans Byers, 2008
- Neopanorpa sordida (Needham, 1909)
- Neopanorpa spatulata Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa spicata Byers, 1966
- Neopanorpa subreticulata Miyamoto and Makihara, 1979
- Neopanorpa sumatrana Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa taoi Cheng, 1950
- Neopanorpa tengchongensis Zhou and Wu in Zhou et al., 1993
- Neopanorpa tenuis Zhou, 2000
- Neopanorpa terminata Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa thai Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa tibetensis Hua and Chou, 1999
- Neopanorpa tienmushana Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa tienpingshana Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Lin and Tong, 1988
- Neopanorpa tincta Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa tiomanensis Byers, 1966
- Neopanorpa translucida Cheng, 1957
- Neopanorpa triangulata Wang and Hua, 2018
- Neopanorpa tuberosa Byers, 1965
- Neopanorpa umbonata Chau and Byers, 1978
- Neopanorpa uncata Zhou, 2000
- Neopanorpa uncinella Qian and Zhou, 2001
- Neopanorpa validipennis Cheng, 1950
- Neopanorpa varia Cheng, 1950
- Neopanorpa vietnamensis Willmann, 1976
- Neopanorpa vittata Byers, 1999
- Neopanorpa wangcaensis Zhou and Zhou, 2005
- Neopanorpa wittmeri Byers, 2001
- Neopanorpa wuchaoi Wang, 2021
- Neopanorpa xingmini Wang and Hua, 2019
- Neopanorpa xishuiensis Zhou, 2005
- Neopanorpa yingjiangensis Zhou, 2000
- Neopanorpa youngi Byers, 1994
- Neopanorpa zebrata Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Neopanorpa zhengyucheni Wang, 2021
- Notiothauma reedi MacLachlan, 1877
- Orobittacus obscurus Villegas and Byers, 1982
- Panorpa acanthophylla Zhou, 2006
- Panorpa accola Byers, 2011
- Panorpa acicularis Byers, 2001
- Panorpa aculeata Byers, 2001
- Panorpa acuminata Byers, 1993
- Panorpa acuta Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa acutipennis Hua, 1998
- Panorpa akasakai Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa alata Zhou and Zhou, 2005
- Panorpa alpina Rambur, 1842
- Panorpa amamiensis Miyamoto and Makihara, 1984
- Panorpa americana Swederus, 1787
- Panorpa amurensis MacLachlan, 1872
- Panorpa anfracta Ju and Zhou, 2003
- Panorpa angustistriata Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa annexa MacLachlan, 1869
- Panorpa anomala Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa anrenensis Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa antiporum Nagler, 1968
- Panorpa apiconebulosa Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa apiculata Byers, 2001
- Panorpa appalachia Byers, 2002
- Panorpa approximata Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Panorpa apscisacera Bicha and Suttiprapan in Bicha et al., 2022
- Panorpa arakavae Miyaké, 1913
- Panorpa arcuata (Navás, 1912)
- Panorpa aspoecki Willmann, 1973
- Panorpa attenuata Byers, 1996
- Panorpa aurea Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa auripennis Bicha, 2019
- Panorpa azteca Byers, 1958
- Panorpa banksi Hine, 1901
- Panorpa banksiana Penny and Byers, 1979
- Panorpa baohwashana Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa bashanicola Y. Hua, Tao and Hua, 2018
- Panorpa bichai Byers, 1993
- Panorpa biclada Zhang and Hua, 2012
- Panorpa bicornuta MacLachlan, 1887
- Panorpa bifasciata Chou and Wang in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa bifida Carpenter, 1935
- Panorpa bimacula Byers, 1996
- Panorpa bistriata Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa braueri Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa brevititilana Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa bunun Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa caoweii Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa capillata Byers, 1996
- Panorpa carolinensis Banks, 1905
- Panorpa carpenteri Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa caucasica MacLachlan, 1869
- Panorpa changbaishana Hua in Hou and Hua, 2008
- Panorpa chengi Chou in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa cheni Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa chiensis Cheng, 1953
- Panorpa choctaw Byers, 1993
- Panorpa chonmasanus Li and Zhang in Lin et al., 2012
- Panorpa choui Zhou and Wu in Zhou et al., 1993
- Panorpa cladocerca Navás, 1935
- Panorpa claripennis Hine, 1901
- Panorpa clavigera Klapálek, 1902
- Panorpa cognata Rambur, 1842
- Panorpa communis Linnaeus, 1758
- Panorpa concolor Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Panorpa confinis Byers, 1993
- Panorpa confusa Westwood, 1841
- Panorpa connexa MacLachlan, 1869
- Panorpa consuetudinis Snodgrass, 1927
- Panorpa contorta Byers, 1996
- Panorpa conversa Byers, 2001
- Panorpa coomani Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa coreana Okamoto, 1925
- Panorpa cornigera MacLachlan, 1887
- Panorpa cryptica Bicha and Schiff in Bicha et al., 2015
- Panorpa curva Carpenter, 1938
- Panorpa curvata Zhou, 2006
- Panorpa dali Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa dashahensis Zhou and Zhou, 2005
- Panorpa davidi Navás, 1908
- Panorpa debilis Westwood, 1842
- Panorpa deceptor Esben-Petersen, 1913
- Panorpa decolorata Chou and Wang in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa dichotoma Miyamoto, 1977
- Panorpa difficilis Carpenter, 1938
- Panorpa diqingensis Li and Hua, 2020
- Panorpa dispergens Li and Hua, 2020
- Panorpa dissimilis Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa dividilacinia Bicha, 2006
- Panorpa duanyu Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa dubitans Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa emeishana Hua, Sun and Li, 2001
- Panorpa ensigera Bicha, 1983
- Panorpa esakii Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa etrusca Willmann, 1976
- Panorpa falsa Issiki and Cheng, 1947
- Panorpa fengyanga Wang and Suzuki, 2022
- Panorpa ferruginea Byers, 1993
- Panorpa filina Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa flavicorporis Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa flavipennis Carpenter, 1938
- Panorpa flexa Carpenter, 1935
- Panorpa floridana Byers, 1993
- Panorpa fructa Cheng, 1950
- Panorpa fukiensis Tjeder, 1951
- Panorpa fulvastra Chou in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa fulvicaudaria Miyaké, 1910
- Panorpa furcata Zhou and Zhou, 2007
- Panorpa fusca Byers, 2001
- Panorpa galerita Byers, 1962
- Panorpa gaokaii Li, Wang and Hua, 2021
- Panorpa germanica Linnaeus, 1758
- Panorpa gladiata Byers, 2001
- Panorpa globulifera Miyamoto, 1994
- Panorpa gokaensis Miyaké, 1910
- Panorpa gracilis Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa grahamana Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa gressitti Byers, 1970
- Panorpa guidongensis Chou and Li in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa guttata Navás, 1908
- Panorpa hageniana (Willmann, 1975)
- Panorpa hakusanensis Miyaké, 1913
- Panorpa hamata Issiki and Cheng, 1947
- Panorpa hani Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa helena Byers, 1962
- Panorpa hirundo Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa hispida Byers, 1993
- Panorpa hiurai Miyamoto, 1985
- Panorpa horiensis Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa horni Navás, 1928
- Panorpa huangguiqiangi Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa huayuani Li, Wang and Hua, 2021
- Panorpa hungerfordi Byers, 1973
- Panorpa hybrida MacLachlan, 1882
- Panorpa immaculata Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Panorpa implicata Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa indivisa Martynova, 1957
- Panorpa insigna Bicha, 2006
- Panorpa insolens Carpenter, 1935
- Panorpa insularis Hua and Chou, 1998
- Panorpa involuta Byers, 1996
- Panorpa ishiharai Miyamoto, 1994
- Panorpa isolata Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa issikiana Byers, 1970
- Panorpa issikii Penny and Byers, 1979
- Panorpa japonica (Thunberg, 1784)
- Panorpa jiangrixini Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa jilinensis Zhou, 2000
- Panorpa jinchuana Hua, Sun and Li, 2001
- Panorpa jinfoshana Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa jinhuaensis Wang, Gao and Hua, 2019
- Panorpa kagamontana Miyamoto, 1979
- Panorpa kellogi Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa kiautai Zhou and Wu in Zhou et al., 1993
- Panorpa kiusiuensis Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa klapperichi Tjeder, 1951
- Panorpa klugi (MacLachlan, 1867)
- Panorpa komaensis Okamoto, 1925
- Panorpa kongosana Okamoto, 1925
- Panorpa kunmingensis Fu and Hua, 2009
- Panorpa lacedaemonia Lauterbach, 1972
- Panorpa lachlani Navás, 1930
- Panorpa latiloba Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa latipennis Hine, 1901
- Panorpa leucoptera (Uhler, 1858)
- Panorpa lewisi (MacLachlan, 1887)
- Panorpa liaoi Zhou and Zhou, 2007
- Panorpa lintienshana Cheng, 1953
- Panorpa liui Hua, 1997
- Panorpa longicornis Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa longiramina Issiki and Cheng, 1947
- Panorpa longititilana Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa lugubris (Swederus, 1787)
- Panorpa lutea Carpenter, 1945
- Panorpa luteola Byers, 2001
- Panorpa macrostyla Hua, 1998
- Panorpa maculosa Hagen, 1861
- Panorpa magna Chou in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa malaisei Byers, 1999
- Panorpa mangshanensis Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa menqiuleii Wang, Gao and Hua, 2019
- Panorpa meridionalis Rambur, 1842
- Panorpa mexicana Banks, 1913
- Panorpa michoacana Byers, 2011
- Panorpa mirabilis Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa mixteca Bicha, 2006
- Panorpa miyakeiella Miyamoto, 1985
- Panorpa mokansana Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa mucronata Byers, 1996
- Panorpa multifasciaria Miyaké, 1910
- Panorpa nanzhao Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa nebulosa Westwood, 1842
- Panorpa neglecta Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa neojilinensis Li and Lin in Li et al., 2012
- Panorpa neospinosa Chou and Wang in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa nigrirostris (MacLachlan, 1882)
- Panorpa nipponensis (Navás, 1908)
- Panorpa nokoensis Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa nudiramus Byers, 2002
- Panorpa nuptialis Gerstaecker, 1863
- Panorpa obliqua Carpenter, 1945
- Panorpa obliquifascia Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa obscura Miyaké, 1910
- Panorpa ochraceocauda Issiki, 1927
- Panorpa ochraceopennis Miyaké, 1910
- Panorpa oconee Byers, 1993
- Panorpa okamotona Issiki, 1927
- Panorpa okinawaensis Nakamura, 2009
- Panorpa ophtalmica (Navás, 1911)
- Panorpa orientalis MacLachlan, 1887
- Panorpa pachymera Byers, 1993
- Panorpa pallidimaculata Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa palustris Byers, 1958
- Panorpa parallela Wang and Hua, 2016
- Panorpa pectinata Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa penicillata Byers, 1962
- Panorpa pennyi Byers, 2013
- Panorpa peterseana Issiki, 1927
- Panorpa picta Hagen, 1863
- Panorpa pieli Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa pieperi Willmann, 1975
- Panorpa pingjiangensis Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa planicola Byers, 1993
- Panorpa plitvicensis Lauterbach, 1972
- Panorpa pryeri (MacLachlan, 1875)
- Panorpa pseduoalpina Nagler, 1970
- Panorpa punctata Klug, 1838
- Panorpa pura Klapálek, 1906
- Panorpa pusilla Cheng, 1950
- Panorpa qiana Zhou and Zhou, 2010
- Panorpa qinlingensis Chou and Ran in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa quadrifasciata Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa ramosa Byers, 1996
- Panorpa rantaisanensis Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa reclusa Byers, 1996
- Panorpa reflexa Wang and Hua, 2016
- Panorpa robusta Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa rosemaria Bicha and Schiff, 2019
- Panorpa rufa Gray, 1832
- Panorpa rufostigma Westwood, 1842
- Panorpa rupeculana Byers, 1993
- Panorpa schweigeri Willmann, 1975
- Panorpa scopulifera Byers, 1993
- Panorpa semifasciata Cheng, 1950
- Panorpa sentosa Byers, 1997
- Panorpa serta Byers, 1996
- Panorpa setifera Webb, 1974
- Panorpa sexspinosa Cheng, 1950
- Panorpa sextaenia Zhou and Bao, 2002
- Panorpa shibatai Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa sibirica Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Panorpa sigmoides Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa similis Esben-Petersen, 1915
- Panorpa sonani Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa songes Zhou and Zhou, 2005
- Panorpa speciosa Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa stella Wang in Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa stigmalis (Navás, 1908)
- Panorpa stigmosa Zhou, 2006
- Panorpa striata Miyaké, 1908
- Panorpa subambra Chou and Tong in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa subaurea Chou and Li in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa subfurcata Westwood, 1842
- Panorpa submaculosa Carpenter, 1931
- Panorpa substricta Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa subulifera Byers, 1962
- Panorpa susteri Nagler, 1970
- Panorpa taiheisanensis Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa taiwanensis Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa takenouchii (Miyaké, 1908)
- Panorpa tatvana Willmann, 1974
- Panorpa tecta Byers, 2002
- Panorpa terminata Klug, 1838
- Panorpa tetrazonia Navás, 1935
- Panorpa teziutlana Byers, 2011
- Panorpa thompsoni Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa thrakica Willmann, 1976
- Panorpa titschacki Esben-Petersen, 1934
- Panorpa tokunoshimaensis Nakamura, 2009
- Panorpa tribulosa Byers, 2001
- Panorpa trifasciata Cheng, 1957
- Panorpa tritaenia Chou and Wang in Chou, Wang, Li and Tong, 1987
- Panorpa trizonata (Miyaké, 1908)
- Panorpa truncata Byers, 1997
- Panorpa tsunekatanis Issiki, 1929
- Panorpa tsushimaensis Miyamoto, 1979
- Panorpa turcica Willmann, 1975
- Panorpa typicoides Cheng, 1950
- Panorpa ultima Byers, 2013
- Panorpa umbricola Bicha, 2006
- Panorpa uncinata Li, Wang and Hua, 2021
- Panorpa vernalis Byers, 1973
- Panorpa virginica Banks, 1906
- Panorpa vulgaris Imhoff and Labram, 1845
- Panorpa waongkehzengi Navás, 1935
- Panorpa wormaldi (MacLachlan, 1875)
- Panorpa xiaofeng Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa xuzhu Wang and Gong, 2021
- Panorpa yangi Chou in Chou, Ran and Wang, 1981
- Panorpa yaoluopingensis Li, Wang and Hua, 2021
- Panorpa yiei Issiki and Cheng, 1947
- Panorpa zhuohengi Wang and Suzuki, 2022
- Panorpodes apicalis Miyaké, 1910
- Panorpodes brachypoda Tan and Hua, 2008
- Panorpodes brevicaudata (Hua, 1998)
- Panorpodes colei Byers, 2005
- Panorpodes decorata MacLachlan, 1887
- Panorpodes dimorpha Nakamura, Bicha and Saigusa, 2019
- Panorpodes fasciata Nakamura, Bicha and Saigusa, 2019
- Panorpodes gilva Nakamura, Bicha and Saigusa, 2019
- Panorpodes komaensis Okamoto, 1925
- Panorpodes kosatsugoensis Saigusa, Bicha and Nakamura, 2019
- Panorpodes kuandianensis Zhong, Zhang and Hua, 2011
- Panorpodes maculata Miyamoto, 1984
- Panorpodes miyamotoi Nakamura, Bicha and Saigusa, 2019
- Panorpodes paradoxa MacLachlan, 1875
- Panorpodes pennyi Nakamura, Bicha and Saigusa, 2019
- Panorpodes pulchra Issiki, 1927
- Panorpodes subtropica Nakamura, Bicha and Saigusa, 2019
- Pazius angaibara Lima and Dias, 2016
- Pazius cinctipes Byers and Florez, 1995
- Pazius convolutus García-García and Cadena-Castañeda, 2015
- Pazius flinti Byers, 1977
- Pazius furcatus Byers, 1957
- Pazius gorgonensis Ascuntar-Osnas, Torres-Domínguez and Chacón in Ascuntar-Osnas et al., 2016
- Pazius gracilis (Navás, 1908)
- Pazius obtusus Byers, 1957
- Pazius ornaticaudus Penny, 1977
- Pazius pectinatus Byers, 1977
- Pazius spinosus Byers and Roggero, 1992
- Phine succinea Willmann, 2022
- Sinopanorpa baokangensis Wang, 2021
- Sinopanorpa digitiformis Huang and Hua in Cai, Huang and Hua, 2008
- Sinopanorpa minshanicola Hua, Gao and Xing, 2023
- Sinopanorpa nangongshana Cai and Hua in Cai, Huang and Hua, 2008
- Sinopanorpa shennongjiaica Hua, Gao and Xing, 2023
- Sinopanorpa tincta (Navás, 1931)
- Symbittacus scitulus Byers, 1986
- Taeniochorista bifurcata Riek, 1973
- Taeniochorista nigrita Riek, 1973
- Taeniochorista pallida Esben-Petersen, 1914
- Taeniochorista similis Riek, 1973
- Terrobittacus angustus Du and Hua, 2017
- Terrobittacus echinatus (Hua and Huang in Hua, Tan and Huang, 2008)
- Terrobittacus emeishanicus He and Hua, 2023
- Terrobittacus implicatus (Huang and Hua in Cai, Huang and Hua, 2006)
- Terrobittacus laoshanicus He and Hua, 2023
- Terrobittacus longisetus Tan and Hua, 2009
- Terrobittacus rostratus Du and Hua, 2017
- Terrobittacus xiphicus Tan and Hua, 2009
- Tytthobittacus macalpinei Smithers, 1973
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b Grimaldi D., Engel M.S. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York, USA. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0.
- ^ Qiao, X.; Shih, C. K.; Petrulevičius, J. F.; Dong, R. (2013). „Fossils from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on morphology of Choristopsychidae (Insecta, Mecoptera)”. ZooKeys (318): 91—111. PMC 3744206 . PMID 23950679. doi:10.3897/zookeys.318.5226 .
- ^ Novokshonov, V. G.; Ross, A. J.; Cook, E.; Krzemiński, W.; Soszyńska-Maj, A. (2016). „A new family of scorpionflies (Insecta; Mecoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of England”. Cretaceous Research. 62: 44—51. Bibcode:2016CrRes..62...44N. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.01.013.
- ^ а б в Bashkuev, A.S. (2011). „Nedubroviidae, a new family of Mecoptera: the first Paleozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies”. Zootaxa. 2895 (1): 47—57. S2CID 83075922. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2895.1.3.
- ^ Lin, X.; Shih, M. J.; Labandeira, C. C.; Ren, D. (2016). „New data from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on the phylogeny and origin of the proboscis in the Mesopsychidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 16 (1): 1—22. PMC 4700641 . PMID 26727998. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0575-y .
- ^ Grimaldi, D.; Johnston, M. A. (2014). „The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionfly Parapolycentropus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): new data and interpretations”. American Museum Novitates (3793): 1—24. S2CID 54799375. doi:10.1206/3793.1. hdl:2246/6466.
- ^ Krzemiński, W.; Soszyńska-Maj, A.; Bashkuev, A. S.; Kopeć, K (2015). „Revision of the unique Early Cretaceous Mecoptera from Koonwarra (Australia) with description of a new genus and family”. Cretaceous Research. 52: 501—506. Bibcode:2015CrRes..52..501K. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.04.004.
- ^ Archibald, S.B. (2005). „New Dinopanorpida (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanogan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)”. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 119—136. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..119A. S2CID 55513480. doi:10.1139/e04-073.
- ^ Wang, C.; Shih, C.; Ren, D (2014). „A new fossil hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China”. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition). 88 (1): 29—34. S2CID 129796533. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12180.
- ^ Byers G.W. 2005. Mecoptera. In: Resh V.H, Cardé R.T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press: California, USA. ISBN 978-0-12-586990-4.
- ^ Dunford, James C.; Somma, Louis A. (2008). Capinera, John L., ur. Encyclopedia of Entomology: Scorpionflies (Mecoptera). Springer Science & Business Media. str. 3304—3309. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
- ^ Chen, Qing-Xiao; Hua, Bao-Zhen (3. 6. 2016). „Ultrastructure and Morphology of Compound Eyes of the Scorpionfly Panorpa dubia (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae)”. PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0156970. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156970C. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4892548 . PMID 27258365. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156970 .
- ^ Martill, David M.; Bechly, Günter; Loveridge, Robert F. (2007). The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. str. 367—369. ISBN 978-1-139-46776-6.
- ^ Wang, Chen; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (2014). „A New Fossil Hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China”. Geologica Sinica. 88 (1): 29—34. S2CID 129796533. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12180.
- ^ Ding, He; Shih, Chungkun; Bashkuev, Alexei; Zhao, Yunyun; Ren, Dong (2014). „The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China”. ZooKeys (431): 79—92. PMC 4141175 . PMID 25152669. doi:10.3897/zookeys.431.7561 .
- ^ Whiting, Michael F. (2002). „Mecoptera is paraphyletic: Multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera”. Zoologica Scripta. 31: 93—104. S2CID 56100681. doi:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x.
- ^ a b Ren, D.; Labandeira, C.C.; Santiago-Blay, J.A.; Rasnitsyn, A.; Shih, C.K.; Bashkuev, A.; Logan, M.A.; Hotton, C.L.; Dilcher, D. (2009). „Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies”. Science. 326 (5954): 840—847. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..840R. PMC 2944650 . PMID 19892981. doi:10.1126/science.1178338.
- ^ Ollerton, J.; Coulthard, E. (2009). „Evolution of Animal Pollination”. Science. 326 (5954): 808—809. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..808O. PMID 19892970. S2CID 856038. doi:10.1126/science.1181154.
- ^ Bashkuev, A. S. (2011). The earliest Mesopsychidae and revision of the family Mesopanorpodidae (Mecoptera) Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn. ZooKeys. str. 263—279. ISBN 978-954-642-609-3. PMC 3260765 . PMID 22259282. doi:10.3897/zookeys.130.1611 .
Literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Dunford, James C.; Somma, Louis A. (2008). Capinera, John L., ur. Encyclopedia of Entomology: Scorpionflies (Mecoptera). Springer Science & Business Media. str. 3304—3309. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.