Afroazijski jezici

afroazijski
afrazijski
Geografska rasprostranjenost	Malta, Rog Afrike, severna Afrika, Sahel i zapadna Azija
Jezička klasifikacija	jedna od svetskih primarnih jezičkih porodica
Prajezik	protoafroazijski
Podpodela	berberski čadski kušitski egipatski (†) semitski omotski (osporava se)
ISO 639-2 / 5	afa
Glotolog	afro1255
Distribucija afroazijskih jezika

Raširenost afro-azijskih jezika (plavo)

Afroazijski jezici

Afroazijski jezici (poznati i kao afrazijski jezici, semitskohamitski jezici, hamitskosemitski jezici, ili eritrajski), porodica jezika su koju čine nekih 240 jezika, koje govori 285 miliona govornika, širom severne i istočne Afrike, Sahela i jugozapadne Azije. Sa izuzetkom semitskog, koji se takođe govori u Zapadnoj Aziji i na Malti, sve grane afroazijske porodice se govore isključivo na afričkom kontinentu.

Afroazijski jezici imaju preko 500 miliona izvornih govornika, što je četvrti najveći broj izvornih govornika u bilo kojoj porodici jezika (posle indoevropske, kinesko-tibetanske i niger-kongoške). Ovaj tip ima šest grana: berberski, čadski, kušitski, egipatski, semitski i omotski, međutim uključivanje omotskog ostaje kontroverzno, a nekoliko lingvista ga vidi kao nezavisnu jezičku porodicu, koja je bila u dugotrajnom kontaktu sa afroazijskim jezicima. Daleko najrasprostranjeniji afroazijski jezik ili dijalekatski kontinuum je arapski. De fakto grupa različitih jezičkih varijeteta unutar semitskog ogranka, jezici koji su evoluirali od protoarapskog imaju oko 313 miliona izvornih govornika, koncentrisanih prvenstveno na Bliskom istoku i Severnoj Africi.

Pored jezika koji se danas govore, afroazijski uključuje nekoliko važnih drevnih jezika, kao što je staroegipatski, koji čini posebnu granu porodice, i unutar semitske porodice, akadski, biblijski hebrejski i staroaramejski. Ne postoji konsenzus među istorijskim lingvistima u pogledu prvobitne domovine afroazijske porodice, ili perioda kada se govorio maternji jezik (tj. protoafroazijski). Predložene lokacije uključuju Rog Afrike, Severnu Afriku, Istočnu Saharu i Levant.

Klasifikacija

Među potporodicama ovih jezika su:

• semitski jezici
• egipatski jezici
• berberski jezici
• kušitski jezici
• omotski jezici
• čadski jezici

Vidi još

• Afrički jezici

Literatura

• Etnologija
• Russell G. Schuh, Chadic Overview.
• African Language History (pdf), Roger Blench
• Appleyard, David (2012). „Cushitic”. Ur.: Edzard, Lutz. Semitic and Afroasiatic: Challenges and Opportunities. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 9783447066952. 
• Bender, M. Lionel (1997). „Upside-Down Afrasian”. Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. Kölner Institut für Afrikanistik. 
• Bernal, Martin (1987). Black Athena: The linguistic evidence. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3655-2. 
• Blench, Roger (2006). Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7591-0466-2. 
• Blench, Roger (2008). Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge (PDF). 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Borg, Karl. (1998). Lıngwa u lıngwıstıka. Valletta, Malta: Klabb Kotba Maltin. ISBN 99909-75-42-6. OCLC 82586980. 
• Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (2008). „Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent”. Language and Linguistics Compass. 2 (5): 840—858. ISSN 1749-818X. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00085.x. 
• Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., ur. (2021). „Ethnologue: Languages of the World”. Ethnologue (na jeziku: engleski). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Güldemann, Tom (2018). „Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa”. Ur.: Güldemann, Tom. The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics, Volume 11. Berlin: De Mouton Gruyter. str. 58—444. 
• Hall, John A.; Jarvie, I. C. (2005). Transition to Modernity: Essays on Power, Wealth and Belief. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02227-9. Pristupljeno 29. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Hintze, Fritz (1979). Beiträge zur meroitischen Grammatik (na jeziku: nemački). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Katzner, Kenneth (2002). The Languages of the World. Routledge. str. 27. ISBN 978-1134532889. Pristupljeno 20. 12. 2017. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Kossmann, Maarten; Suchard, Benjamin D. (2018). „A reconstruction of the system of verb aspects in proto-Berbero-Semitic”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 81 (1): 41—56. S2CID 171681222. doi:10.1017/S0041977X17001355. hdl:1887/70770 . 
• Lipiński, Edward (2001). Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Peeters Publishers. str. 21—22. ISBN 978-90-429-0815-4. 
• Ruhlen, Merritt (1991). A Guide to the World's Languages: Classification. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804718943. Pristupljeno 25. 8. 2020. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Sands, Bonny Eva (1998). Eastern and Southern African Khoisan: Evaluating Claims of Distant Linguistic Relationships. R. Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-142-2. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Sands, Bonny (2009). „Africa's Linguistic Diversity”. Language and Linguistics Compass. 3 (2): 559—580. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00124.x. 
• Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History: A - G.. 1. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Trombetti, Alfredo (1905). L'unità d'origine del linguaggio (na jeziku: italijanski). Bologna: Libreria Treves di Luigi Beltrami. Pristupljeno 28. 4. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Wichmann, Søren; Grant, Anthony (2012). Quantitative Approaches to Linguistic Diversity: Commemorating the Centenary of the Birth of Morris Swadesh. str. 73. ISBN 978-9027202659. 
• Anthony, David. 2007. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Barnett, William; Hoopes, John, ur. (1995). The emergence of pottery : technology and innovation in ancient societies. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-517-8. 
• Bender, Lionel et al. 2003. Selected Comparative-Historical Afro-Asiatic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff. LINCOM.
• Bomhard, Alan R. 1996. Indo-European and the Nostratic Hypothesis. Signum.
• Diakonoff, Igor M. 1988. Afrasian Languages. Moscow: Nauka.
• Diakonoff, Igor M. 1996. "Some reflections on the Afrasian linguistic macrofamily." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 55, 293.
• Diakonoff, Igor M. 1998. "The earliest Semitic society: Linguistic data." Journal of Semitic Studies 43, 209.
• Dimmendaal, Gerrit, and Erhard Voeltz. 2007. "Africa". In Christopher Moseley, ed., Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages.
• Ehret, Christopher. 1995. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Ehret, Christopher. 1997. Abstract Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (19. март 2012) of "The lessons of deep-time historical-comparative reconstruction in Afroasiatic: reflections on Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic: Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary (U.C. Press, 1995)", paper delivered at the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the North American Conference on Afro-Asiatic Linguistics, held in Miami, Florida, on 21–23 March 1997.
• Finnegan, Ruth H. 1970. "Afro-Asiatic languages West Africa". Oral Literature in Africa, pg 558.
• Fleming, Harold C. 2006. Ongota: A Decisive Language in African Prehistory. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. 1950. "Studies in African linguistic classification: IV. Hamito-Semitic." Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 6, 47–63.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. 1955. Studies in African Linguistic Classification. New Haven: Compass Publishing Company. (Photo-offset reprint of the SJA articles with minor corrections.)
• Greenberg, Joseph H. 1963. The Languages of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University. (Heavily revised version of Greenberg 1955)
• Greenberg, Joseph H. 1966. The Languages of Africa (2nd ed. with additions and corrections). Bloomington: Indiana University.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. 1981. "African linguistic classification." General History of Africa, Volume 1: Methodology and African Prehistory, edited by Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 292–308. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. 2000–2002. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 1: Grammar, Volume 2: Lexicon. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Hayward, R. J. 1995. "The challenge of Omotic: an inaugural lecture delivered on 17 February 1994". London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
• Heine, Bernd and Derek Nurse. 2000. African Languages, Chapter 4. Cambridge University Press.
• Hodge, Carleton T. (editor). 1971. Afroasiatic: A Survey. The Hague – Paris: Mouton.
• Hodge, Carleton T. 1991. "Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic." In Sydney M. Lamb and E. Douglas Mitchell (editors), Sprung from Some Common Source: Investigations into the Prehistory of Languages, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 141–165.
• Huehnergard, John. 2004. "Afro-Asiatic." In R.D. Woodard (editor), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages, Cambridge – New York, 2004, 138–159.
• Militarev, Alexander. "Towards the genetic affiliation of Ongota, a nearly-extinct language of Ethiopia," 60 pp. In Orientalia et Classica: Papers of the Institute of Oriental and Classical Studies, Issue 5. Moscow. (Forthcoming.)
• Newman, Paul. 1980. The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
• Theil, R. 2006. Is Omotic Afro-Asiatic? Proceedings from the David Dwyer retirement symposium, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 21 October 2006.
• Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-3869-5. 
• Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2012). Burning Issues in Afro-Asiatic Linguistics. Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-4070-5. 
• Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2020). Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond, Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199812790 /. . ISBN 9780199812776. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Afro-Asiatic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Delafosse 1914, Greenberg 1950–1955, Greenberg 1963, Fleming 1976, Hodge 1976, Orel & Stolbova 1995, Diakonoff 1996–1998, Ehret 1995–2000, Hayward 2000, Militarev 2005, Blench 2006, and Fleming 2006
• Afro-Asiatic and Semitic genealogical trees, presented by Alexander Militarev at his talk "Genealogical classification of Afro-Asiatic languages according to the latest data" at the conference on the 70th anniversary of V.M. Illich-Svitych, Moscow, 2004; short annotations of the talks given there
• The prehistory of a dispersal: the Proto-Afrasian (Afroasiatic) farming lexicon, by Alexander Militarev in "Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis", eds. P. Bellwood & C. Renfrew. (McDonald Institute Monographs.) Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2002, p. 135–50.
• Once More About Glottochronology And The Comparative Method: The Omotic-Afrasian case, by Alexander Militarev in "Aspects of Comparative Linguistics", v. 1. Moscow: RSUH Publishers, 2005, pp. 339–408.
• Root Extension And Root Formation In Semitic And Afrasian, by Alexander Militarev in "Proceedings of the Barcelona Symposium on comparative Semitic", 19-20/11/2004. Aula Orientalis 23/1-2, 2005, pp. 83–129.
• Akkadian-Egyptian lexical matches, by Alexander Militarev in "Papers on Semitic and Afroasiatic Linguistics in Honor of Gene B. Gragg." Ed. by Cynthia L. Miller. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 60. Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2007, p. 139–145.
• A comparison of Orel-Stolbova's and Ehret's Afro-Asiatic reconstructions
• "Is Omotic Afro-Asiatic?" by Rolf Theil (2006)
• NACAL Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. maj 2018) The North American Conference on Afroasiatic Linguistics, now in its 35th year
• Afro-Asiatic webpage of Roger Blench (with family tree).