Vulpavus

Vulpavus ; (parafiletski rod); Vremenski raspon: 54.9–46.2 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani do srednji eocen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Vulpavus; Marsh, 1871
Tipska vrsta
	†Vulpavus palustris; Marsh, 1871
Vrste
	†Vulpavus australis; †Vulpavus canavus; †Vulpavus completus; †Vulpavus farsonensis; †Vulpavus palustris; †Vulpavus profectus; Podrod: †Phlaodectes †Vulpavus ovatus; ;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi vrste: V. australis: Vulpavus asius (Gazin, 1952) ; ; V. canavus: Miacis brevirostris (Cope, 1881) ; Miacis canavus (Cope, 1881) ; Prodaphaenus canavus (Wortman, 1901) ; Uintacyon brevirostris (Matthew, 1899) ; Uintacyon canavus (Matthew, 1899) ; ; V. ovatus: Phlaodectes ovatus (Matthew, 1909) ; ;

Vulpavus (Vulpavus — „predak lisica”) je izumrli parafiletski rod placentalni sisara iz kladusa Carnivoraformes, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Etimologija naziva[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Vulpavus	roda lisica Vulpes i latinske riječi avus (lat. avus), koja znači predak ili starac	predak lisica^[8]

Podrod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Phlaodectes	starogrčke riječi flaos (stgrč. φλάω), koja znači drobiti sa zubima i starogrčke riječi diktis (stgrč. δήκτης), koja znači onaj koji grize	onaj koji grize i drobiti zubima

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
V. australis	roda Vulpavus i latinske riječi australis (lat. australis), koja znači južni	južni Vulpavus
V. canavus	roda Vulpavus roda pasa Canis i latinske riječi avus (lat. avus), koja znači predak ili starac	pseći predak lisica
V. completus	roda Vulpavus i latinske riječi kompletus (lat. completus), koja znači čitavo	čitavi Vulpavus
V. farsonensis	roda Vulpavus i naselja Farson u Vajomingu	farsonski Vulpavus
V. ovatus	roda Vulpavus i latinske riječi ovatus (lat. ovatus), koja znači jajolik	jajoliki Vulpavus
V. palustris	roda Vulpavus i latinske riječi paluster (lat. paluster), koja znači morvarno	močvarni Vulpavus
V. profectus	roda Vulpavus i latinske riječi profektus (lat. profectus), koja znači napredno	napredni Vulpavus

Opis[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vrste iz parafiletskog roda Vulpavus su bile mali kopneni svaštojedi koji su u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike nastanjivale kišne šume i plavne ravnice. Tu su ove vrste vrebale i lovile svoj plijen na tlu i na drveću. Ove vrste su se hranile insektima, glodarima i drugim malim životinjama, ali i sa jajima i voćem. Vrste iz roda Vulpavus su u prosjeku težile oko 1,20 kg i dostizale dužinu od 60 do 90 cm. Vrsta Vulpavus palustris je težila između 2,14 do 2,85 kg, i zapremina mozga u lobanji kod ove vrste je iznosila 10,6 ml.^[9] Vrsta Vulpavus canavus je dostizala veličinu sive lisice. Ove vrste su bile lake građe, slično kao kune, mungosi i cibetke. Imale su dugo i vitko tijelo sa dugim repom, zašiljeni oblik glave sa oštrim zubima za rezanje mesa u vilicama. Zglobovi i kosti udova kod vrsta iz roda Vulpavus su bili savitljivi, snažni i pokretni, i omogućavali su im da se penju po drveću. Takođe su imali zakrivnjene i oštre kandže.

donja vilica vrste Vulpavus australis

ilustracija donje vilice
vrste Vulpavus canavus

ilustracija donje vilice vrste Vulpavus palustris

lobanje vrste Vulpavus profectus

kostur vrste Vulpavus ovatus

rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste Vulpavus ovatus

Sistematika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Istorija klasifikacije[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod Vulpavus je u prošlosti bio uvrštavan unutar izumrle porodice Miacidae, ali je kasnije prepoznat kao predstavnik kladusa Carnivoraformes.

Klasifikacija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Rod: †*Vulpavus* ^{(parafiletski rod)} (Marsh, 1871)
Podrod:	Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
	†V. australis (Matthew & Granger, 1915)^[10]	SAD (Vajoming, Kolorado i Novi Meksiko)	53,0 do 50,5 mil. god.
	†V. canavus (Cope, 1881)^[11]	SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado)	52,4 do 50,0 mil. god.
	†V. completus (Matthew, 1909)^[12]	SAD (Vajoming)	50,0 do 49,2 mil. god.
	†V. farsonensis (Gunnell, 1998)^[13]	SAD (Vajoming)	50,0 do 49,2 mil. god.
	†V. palustris (Marsh, 1871)^[14]	SAD (Vajoming)	50,0 do 49,2 mil. god.
	†V. profectus (Matthew, 1909)	SAD (Vajoming)	50,0 do 47,0 mil. god.
†Phlaodectes (Matthew, 1909)	†V. ovatus (Matthew, 1909)	SAD (Vajoming)	50,0 do 47,0 mil. god.

Filogenija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze parafiletskog roda Vulpavus.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Kladus "B"

	†Eogale

?	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

?

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

	†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

	†Messelogale

	†Quercygalidae

Kladus "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

?

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

?

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

?

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

	†Miacis

Kladus "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

?

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

	†Harpalodon

	†Procynodictis

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

	†"Miacis" gracilis

	†Tapocyon

	Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes grupa

†Vulpavus grupa

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenst parafiletskog roda Vulpavus unutar kladusa Carnivoraformes[uredi | uredi izvor]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ J. Alroy. (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ C. L. Gazin (1952.) "The Lower Eocene Knight Formation Of Western Wyoming and Its Mammalian Faunas." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1-82
^ J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206
^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12:19-75
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
^ Tomiya, Susumu (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Flink, T.; Cote, S. (2021). „The neurocranium of Ekweeconfractus amorui gen. et sp. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) and the evolution of the brain in some hyaenodontan carnivores”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2): e1927748. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1927748.
^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
^ E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202
^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Mammalian Fauna From the Lower Bridger Formation (Bridger A, Early Middle Eocene) of the Southern Green River Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(3):83-130
^ O. C. Marsh (1871.) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. februar 2022) American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
D. A. Guthrie (1971.) "The Mammalian Fauna of the Lost Cabin Member, Wind River Formation (lower Eocene) of Wyoming." Annals of Carnegie Museum 43(4):47-113
C. L. Gazin (1976.) "Mammalian Faunal Zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 26:1-25
Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64.
J. J. Hooker (1986.) "Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39(4):191-478
Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). „Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837—846.
David Polly, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). „Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)”. Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019—1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.

[1] J. Alroy. (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[2] C. L. Gazin (1952.) "The Lower Eocene Knight Formation Of Western Wyoming and Its Mammalian Faunas." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117(18):1-82

[Wortman1901-3] J. L. Wortman (1901.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 12:193-206

[4] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "A provisional classification of the fresh-water Tertiary of the West." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12:19-75

[McKenna_&_Bell-5] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[6] J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193

[Lycophocyon-7] Tomiya, Susumu (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.

[8] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[Flink2021-9] Flink, T.; Cote, S. (2021). „The neurocranium of Ekweeconfractus amorui gen. et sp. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) and the evolution of the brain in some hyaenodontan carnivores”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2): e1927748. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1927748.

[10] W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103

[11] E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202

[12] W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[13] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Mammalian Fauna From the Lower Bridger Formation (Bridger A, Early Middle Eocene) of the Southern Green River Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(3):83-130

[14] O. C. Marsh (1871.) "Notice of some new fossil mammals and birds from the Tertiary formation of the West." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. februar 2022) American Journal of Science 2(8):120-127

[asdff-15] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.

[SoléSmith2014-16] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.

[SoléSmith2016-17] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

[Tomiya2021-18] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

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