Грађански рат у Нигерији — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
м Ситна измена
.
Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{Short description|Грађански рат у Нигерији 1967–1970}}
{{Инфокутија Војни сукоб
{{Инфокутија Војни сукоб
| сукоб = Нигеријски грађански рат
| сукоб = Нигеријски грађански рат
Ред 14: Ред 15:
'''Подршка''' : <br>
'''Подршка''' : <br>
{{застава|Уједињено Краљевство}} <br>
{{застава|Уједињено Краљевство}} <br>
{{зас|УАР}} [[Египат]]<small>(ваздушна подршка)</small><ref name="litencyc.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php|title=The Literary Magazine - the Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe}}</ref><ref>Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper ({{ISBN|1-902109-63-5}})</ref> <br>
{{зас|УАР}} [[Египат]] <br>
{{застава|СССР}}
{{застава|СССР}}
| страна2 = {{застава|Бијафра}} <br>
| страна2 = {{застава|Бијафра}} <br>
Ред 20: Ред 21:
{{застава|Француска}} <br>
{{застава|Француска}} <br>
{{застава|Израел}} <small>(од 1968.)</small>
{{застава|Израел}} <small>(од 1968.)</small>

| страна1a = {{collapsible list
|title = Supported by:
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union|1955}}
|{{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e5/c15646.htm|title=Nigerian Civil War|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|last=[[United States Department of State]]: The Office of Electronic Information|date=25 October 2005|website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref>
|{{flag|Israel}} (until 1968)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265341363|title=Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra Civil War, 1967–1970}}</ref>
|{{flagcountry|People's Republic of Bulgaria|1967}}<ref>Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204</ref>
|{{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadleman |first1=Stephen |title=The Ties That Divide |date=2000 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8UzCgAAQBAJ&q=ethiopia+support&pg=PA87 |access-date=8 June 2018|isbn=9780231122290 }}</ref>
|{{flag|Senegal|1960}}
|{{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Somali Democratic Republic|Somalia]]
|{{flagicon|Sierra Leone|1967}} [[Sierra Leone (1961-1971)|Sierra Leone]]
|{{flag|Cameroon|1961}}
|{{flag|Niger}}
<br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Congo-Kinshasa (1966-1971).svg}} [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo-Kinshasa]]<ref>Stearns, Jason K. ''Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa'' (2011), p. 115.</ref><ref>Wrong, Michela. ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo'' (2000), p. 266.</ref><br/>
|{{flag|Algeria|1968}}<ref>Biafra Revisited, 2006. Page 5.</ref>
|{{flag|Syria|1963}}
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia|1938}}<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, ''The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History'', ({{ISBN|9781440842948}})</ref>
}}
| страна2a = {{collapsible list
| title = Supported by:
|{{flagicon|France}} [[French Fifth Republic|France]]<ref name="africamasterweb.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.africamasterweb.com/BiafranWarCauses.html|title=The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312215245/http://www.africamasterweb.com/BiafranWarCauses.html|archive-date=12 March 2008}}</ref>
|{{flag|China}}<ref name="whokilledbiafra">{{Cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Stanley|date=2007|title=Who Killed Biafra?|journal=[[Dialectical Anthropology]]|volume=31|issue=1/3|pages=339–362|jstor=29790795|doi=10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9|s2cid=144828601}}</ref>
|{{flagicon|Germany}} [[West Germany]]<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{flagicon|Israel}} [[Israel]] (after 1968)<ref>[https://unitedwithisrael.org/biafran-airlift-israels-secret-mission-to-save-lives/ "Biafran Airlift: Israel’s Secret Mission to Save Lives."] Press, Eitan. ''United With Israel. www.unitedwithisrael.org'' Published 13 October 2013. Accessed 13 January 2017.</ref>
|{{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]<ref>''Genocide and the Europeans'', 2010, p. 71.</ref><ref name="There 2007. Page 213">There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. Page 213.</ref><ref>The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986, p. 91.</ref>
|{{flagicon|Spain|1945}} [[Francoist Spain|Spain]]<ref name="There 2007. Page 213"/><ref name="blackpast">{{Cite web|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/republic-biafra-1967-1970/|title=Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)|first=Ryan|last=Hurst|date=21 June 2009}}</ref>
|{{flag|Vatican City}} (alleged)<ref name="blackpast" /><ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/14/archives/nigerian-rejects-help-from-groups-that-aided-biafra-gowon-says.html|title=NIGERIAN REJECTS HELP FROM GROUPS THAT AIDED BIAFRA|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Fellows|first=Lawerence|date=14 January 1970|location=[[New York City]]}}</ref><ref name="repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp">{{cite journal|url=https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/193254/1/ASM_35_129.pdf|page=138|title=Counting the Cost: The Politics of Relief Operations in the Nigerian Civil War, A Critical Appraisal|date=December 2014|journal=African Study Monographs|volume=35|number=3&4|first=Kenneth|last=Chukwuemeka|via=[[Kyoto University]]}}</ref>
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}
|{{Flag|Rhodesia}}<ref>Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."</ref>
|{{flag|Haiti|1964}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{flag|Gabon}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}<ref name="africamasterweb.com"/>
|{{flag|Tanzania}}<ref>Malcolm MacDonald: ''Bringing an End to Empire'', 1995, p. 416.</ref><ref>Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001, p. 54.</ref><ref>''Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis'', 2009, p. 423.</ref>
|{{flag|Czechoslovakia|1960}} ([[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|until 1968]])<ref name=griffin/>
}}

| командант1 = {{зас|Нигерија}} [[Јакубу Говон]]<br>{{зас|Нигерија}} [[Муртала Мохамед]]<br>{{зас|Нигерија}} [[Бенџамин Адекунле]]<br>{{зас|Нигерија}} [[Олусегун Обасанџо]]
| командант1 = {{зас|Нигерија}} [[Јакубу Говон]]<br>{{зас|Нигерија}} [[Муртала Мохамед]]<br>{{зас|Нигерија}} [[Бенџамин Адекунле]]<br>{{зас|Нигерија}} [[Олусегун Обасанџо]]
| командант2 = {{зас|Бијафра}} [[Чуквуемека Одумегву Оџукву]]<br>{{зас|Бијафра}} [[Филип Ефионг]]<br>{{зас|Бијафра}} [[Алберт Оконкво]]<br>{{зас|Бијафра}} [[Ролф Штајнер]]
| командант2 = {{зас|Бијафра}} [[Чуквуемека Одумегву Оџукву]]<br>{{зас|Бијафра}} [[Филип Ефионг]]<br>{{зас|Бијафра}} [[Алберт Оконкво]]<br>{{зас|Бијафра}} [[Ролф Штајнер]]
Ред 30: Ред 68:
| губици3 = расељено од 1.000.000 – 3.000.000 цивила
| губици3 = расељено од 1.000.000 – 3.000.000 цивила
}}
}}

'''Нигеријски грађански рат''' ([[6. јул]] [[1967]] – [[15. јануар]] [[1970]]) био је рат између владе [[Нигерија|Нигерије]] и сепаратистичког покрета [[Бијафра|Бијафре]].
'''Нигеријски грађански рат''' ([[6. јул]] [[1967]] – [[15. јануар]] [[1970]]) био је рат између владе [[Нигерија|Нигерије]] и сепаратистичког покрета [[Бијафра|Бијафре]].<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria|title=Nigeria – Independent Nigeria|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> Бијафра је представљака националистичке тежње народа [[Игбо]], чије је руководство сматрало да више не могу да коегзистирају са северно доминираном савезном владом.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Daly|first=Samuel Fury Childs|date=2020|title=A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra|url=https://www.academia.edu/44202942|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=62|issue=4 |pages=868–894 |doi=10.1017/S0010417520000316 |s2cid=224852757}}</ref> Сукоб је проистекао из политичких, економских, етничких, културних и верских тензија које су претходиле британској формалној деколонизацији [[Nigeria|Нигерије]] од 1960. до 1963. Непосредни узроци рата 1966. године укључују етно-верско насиље и анти-игбо погроме у [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Северној Нигерији]],<ref name="auto3">{{Cite journal|last=Plotnicov |first=Leonard |date=1971|title=An Early Nigerian Civil Disturbance: The 1945 Hausa-Ibo Riot in Jos|jstor=159448|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=297–305|issn=0022-278X|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024976}}</ref> [[1966 Nigerian coup d'état|војни пуч]], [[1966 Nigerian counter-coup|противудар]] и [[1966 anti-Igbo pogrom|прогон Игба]] који су живели у Северној Нигерији. Контрола над уносном [[Petroleum industry in Nigeria|производњом нафте]] у [[Niger Delta|делти]] Нигера такође је имала виталну стратешку улогу.


У овом рату је Влада Нигерија имала већу и боље опремљенију војску од свог противника, те је стога победила после две и по године сукоба. На страни Бијафре се борио и одређен број [[плаћеник]]а из Европе.
У овом рату је Влада Нигерија имала већу и боље опремљенију војску од свог противника, те је стога победила после две и по године сукоба. На страни Бијафре се борио и одређен број [[плаћеник]]а из Европе.

== Референце ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="griffin">Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "The most important dimension of French military assistance was the shipment of weapons to Biafra, which had severe shortages of not only heavy weapons, but also small arms and ammunition. Portugal also provided weapons to Biafra, as did Czechoslovakia, until the Soviet invasion in 1968. The Biafrans set up an office in Paris called the 'Biafran Historical Research Centre', which was Ojukwu's contact point with Mauricheau-Beupré, Falques and Denard. The Centre allowed Ojukwu to purchase arms directly from European arms dealers. Denard would purchase arms from Czechoslovakia and ship them by sea to Biafra via Libreville. Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."</ref>
}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Chinua Achebe|Achebe, Chinua]]. ''There Was a Country'', by Chinua Achebe; Penguin Press, 2012. ({{ISBN|978-1-59420-482-1}})
* Chant, Christopher. ''Warfare of the 20th Century''. Chartwell Books, 1988. Ibadan University Press, 1974.
* [[Larry Diamond|Diamond, Larry]]. ''Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic''. Basingstroke, UK: Macmillan Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-333-39435-6}}
* Draper, Michael I. ''Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970''. {{ISBN|1-902109-63-5}}
* [[Billy Dudley|Dudley, Billy]]. ''Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria''
* Ejibunu, Hassan Tai: ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20071129053950/http://www.aspr.ac.at/epu/research/rp_0707.pdf Nigeria´s Delta Crisis: Root Causes and Peacelessness]''&nbsp;– [[European University Centre for Peace Studies|EPU]] Research Papers: Issue 07/07, Stadtschlaining 2007
* Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. ''The Biafra War: Nigeria and the Aftermath''. African Studies, Volume 17. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-88946-235-6}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Griffin | first1 = Christopher | title = French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970 | journal = Small Wars & Insurgencies | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 114–135 | year = 2015 | doi = 10.1080/09592318.2014.959766 | s2cid = 143967690 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Heerten | first1 = Lasse | last2 = Moses | first2 = A. Dirk | title = The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 16 | issue = 2–3| pages = 169–203 | year = 2014 | doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.936700| doi-access = free }}
* [[Kirk-Greene, A.H.M.]] ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160107111556/http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/97133/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/54783669-d417-44cf-802b-5b055acc89ad/en/27.pdf The Genesis of the Nigerian Civil War and the Theory of Fear]''. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Research Report No. 27. Uppsala Offset Centre AB, 1975. {{ISBN|91-7106-085-5}}
* Levey, Zach. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". ''Journal of Genocide Research'' 2–3, 2014.
* Madiebo, Alexander A. ''The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War''. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.
* Njoku, H. M. ''A Tragedy Without Heroes: The Nigeria—Biafra War''. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd., 1987. {{ISBN|978-156-238-2}}
* Ojiaku, Chief Uche Jim. ''Surviving the Iron Curtain: A Microscopic View of What Life Was Like, Inside a War-Torn Region''. 2007. {{ISBN|1-4241-7070-2}}; {{ISBN|978-1-4241-7070-8}}
* Olawoyin, James Alabi Olabisi. "Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict". Master of Laws thesis accepted at York University (Toronto, Ontario), October 1971.
* {{cite journal | last1 = O'Sullivan | first1 = Kevin | title = Humanitarian encounters: Biafra, NGOs and imaginings of the Third World in Britain and Ireland, 1967–70 | journal = Journal of Genocide Research | volume = 16 | issue = 2–3| pages = 299–315 | year = 2014 | doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.936706| hdl = 10379/6616 | s2cid = 71299457 | hdl-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pierri | first1 = Bruno | title = A New Entry into the World Oil Market: Nigeria and Its Relations with the Atlantic Powers, 1967–1973 | url = http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/eunomia/article/view/12737 | journal = Eunomia. Rivista Semestrale di Storia e Politica Internazionali | volume = 1 | issue = 2| year = 2013 }}
* Stevenson, John Allen. "Capitol Gains: How Foreign Military Intervention and the Elite Quest for International Recognition Cause Mass Killing in New States". Political science PhD dissertation, accepted at University of Chicago, December 2014.
* Uche, Chibuike. "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War". ''Journal of African History'' 49, 2008.
*{{cite journal|first1=João M.|last1=Vidal|title=Texans in Biafra: T-6Gs in Use in the Nigerian Civil War|journal=Air Enthusiast |date= 1996|issue=65|pages=40–47 |issn=0143-5450}}
* [[Jan Zumbach|Zumbach, Jan]]. ''On Wings of War: My Life as a Pilot Adventurer''.
{{refend}}

== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commons category|Nigerian Civil War}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
*[https://www.govt.africa Government of Biafra]

=== Слике ===
*[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/biafra.htm Map of Nigerian Civil War]
*[http://www.africafederation.net/Biafra_War.htm Photos from Civil War and related events] hosted by Federation of the Free States of Africa
*[https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2010/12/03/biafra/ "Biafra"], ''Iconic Photos'' blog, 3 December 2010

=== Видео ===
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4v1l0k2vZT_48EArNzPROr3-j2mcnQ9Q Nigerian-Biafran War Full Video (Raw War Footage)] by Initiative Reports
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiWw-yYzarM Daily Life in Biafra] (& [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4id1lXVdqk part 2]), Nigerian History Channel
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwIAIO3Lqls BBC documentary] on Nigerian Civil War
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8zXftCUlYk Biafra documentary on YouTube, part 1] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UeI86Q4gMuU part 2].
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n50-qZAxFSM Speech] by President Ojukwu
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dGSRa6KE_rg Surrender ceremony], 15 January 1970
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFfAVrh06fA Major General Gowon comments] after the war has concluded

=== Списи ===
* {{cite book|author=Samuel Fury Childs Daly|title=A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UY_dzQEACAAJ|year=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-74391-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Chinua Achebe|title=There was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGiLDQAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=978-1-59420-482-1}}
*[http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/27th-december-1968/10/britain-and-biafra-the-case-for-genocide-examined "Britain and Biafra: the Case for Genocide Examined"] – by [[Auberon Waugh]] in the ''Spectator'' (UK), 26 December 1968
*[http://journeytoforever.org/rrlib/biafra.html "Biafra: A People Betrayed"] – by [[Kurt Vonnegut]] in ''[[Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons]]'', 1974
*[http://www.philip-effiong.com/ Philip Effiong II Website] – Writings and links from son of Major General Philip Effiong

=== Војни аспекти ===
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/AAA.htm The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419174113/http://www.brushfirewars.org/aircraft/mfi_9b_biafran/mfi_9b_biafran_1.htm Short history and assessment of the MFI-9B "MiniCOIN" in Biafran air force service]
*[http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui34.htm Nicknames, Slogans, Local and Operational Names Associated with the Nigerian Civil War]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm Quick Kill in Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War]
*[http://www.dawodu.com/omoigui24.htm A view of blunders in the Nigerian strategy]
*[http://www.worldhistoryblog.com/2006/07/nigerian-civil-war-causes-strategies.html The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt]
*[https://www.webguinee.net/blogguinee/2016/11/nigeria-soldiers-as-policymakers-1960s-1970s/ Nigeria. Soldiers As Policymakers (1960s-1970s)]
*[http://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20170525-how-france-armed-biafras-bid-break-nigeria How France armed Biafra's bid to break from Nigeria] by Michel Arseneault
{{refend}}

{{Хладни рат}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Категорија:Историја Нигерије]]
[[Категорија:Историја Нигерије]]

Верзија на датум 15. март 2021. у 04:26

Нигеријски грађански рат
Време6. јул 196715. јануар 1970
Место
Југоисточна Нигерија
УзрокОдцепљење Бијафре од Нигерије
Исход Победа владиних снага
Сукобљене стране

 Нигерија
Подршка :
 Уједињено Краљевство
Уједињена Арапска Република Египат(ваздушна подршка)[1][2]

 СССР

 Бијафра
Подршка :
 Француска

 Израел (од 1968.)
Команданти и вође
Нигерија Јакубу Говон
Нигерија Муртала Мохамед
Нигерија Бенџамин Адекунле
Нигерија Олусегун Обасанџо
Бијафра Чуквуемека Одумегву Оџукву
Бијафра Филип Ефионг
Бијафра Алберт Оконкво
Бијафра Ролф Штајнер
Јачина
120.000 – 200.000 30.000 – 80.000
Жртве и губици
око 200.000 убијених војника и цивила око 1.000.000 убијених војника и цивила
расељено од 1.000.000 – 3.000.000 цивила

Нигеријски грађански рат (6. јул 196715. јануар 1970) био је рат између владе Нигерије и сепаратистичког покрета Бијафре.[25] Бијафра је представљака националистичке тежње народа Игбо, чије је руководство сматрало да више не могу да коегзистирају са северно доминираном савезном владом.[26] Сукоб је проистекао из политичких, економских, етничких, културних и верских тензија које су претходиле британској формалној деколонизацији Нигерије од 1960. до 1963. Непосредни узроци рата 1966. године укључују етно-верско насиље и анти-игбо погроме у Северној Нигерији,[27] војни пуч, противудар и прогон Игба који су живели у Северној Нигерији. Контрола над уносном производњом нафте у делти Нигера такође је имала виталну стратешку улогу.

У овом рату је Влада Нигерија имала већу и боље опремљенију војску од свог противника, те је стога победила после две и по године сукоба. На страни Бијафре се борио и одређен број плаћеника из Европе.

Референце

  1. ^ „The Literary Magazine - the Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence by Herbert Ekwe Ekwe”. 
  2. ^ Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
  3. ^ United States Department of State: The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (25. 10. 2005). „Nigerian Civil War”. 2001-2009.state.gov. 
  4. ^ „Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra Civil War, 1967–1970”. 
  5. ^ Nigeria Since Independence: The First Twenty-five Years : International Relations, 1980. Page 204
  6. ^ Sadleman, Stephen (2000). The Ties That Divide. стр. 86. ISBN 9780231122290. Приступљено 8. 6. 2018. 
  7. ^ Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115.
  8. ^ Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266.
  9. ^ Biafra Revisited, 2006. Page 5.
  10. ^ Spencer C. Tucker, The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History, (ISBN 9781440842948)
  11. ^ а б в г д „The Biafran War, Nigerian History, Nigerian Civil War”. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 3. 2008. г. 
  12. ^ Diamond, Stanley (2007). „Who Killed Biafra?”. Dialectical Anthropology. 31 (1/3): 339—362. JSTOR 29790795. S2CID 144828601. doi:10.1007/s10624-007-9014-9. 
  13. ^ "Biafran Airlift: Israel’s Secret Mission to Save Lives." Press, Eitan. United With Israel. www.unitedwithisrael.org Published 13 October 2013. Accessed 13 January 2017.
  14. ^ Genocide and the Europeans, 2010, p. 71.
  15. ^ а б There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture, 2007. Page 213.
  16. ^ The USSR in Third World Conflicts: Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars 1945–1980, 1986, p. 91.
  17. ^ а б Hurst, Ryan (21. 6. 2009). „Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)”. 
  18. ^ Fellows, Lawerence (14. 1. 1970). „NIGERIAN REJECTS HELP FROM GROUPS THAT AIDED BIAFRA”. The New York Times. New York City. 
  19. ^ Chukwuemeka, Kenneth (децембар 2014). „Counting the Cost: The Politics of Relief Operations in the Nigerian Civil War, A Critical Appraisal” (PDF). African Study Monographs. 35 (3&4): 138 — преко Kyoto University. 
  20. ^ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
  21. ^ Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995, p. 416.
  22. ^ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001, p. 54.
  23. ^ Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009, p. 423.
  24. ^ Griffin, "French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War" (2015), p. 122. "The most important dimension of French military assistance was the shipment of weapons to Biafra, which had severe shortages of not only heavy weapons, but also small arms and ammunition. Portugal also provided weapons to Biafra, as did Czechoslovakia, until the Soviet invasion in 1968. The Biafrans set up an office in Paris called the 'Biafran Historical Research Centre', which was Ojukwu's contact point with Mauricheau-Beupré, Falques and Denard. The Centre allowed Ojukwu to purchase arms directly from European arms dealers. Denard would purchase arms from Czechoslovakia and ship them by sea to Biafra via Libreville. Starting in October 1967, there were also direct Czech arms flights, by a network of pilots led by Jack Malloch, a Rhodesian in contact with Houphouët-Boigny and Mauricheau-Beupré."
  25. ^ „Nigeria – Independent Nigeria”. Encyclopedia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2020-01-22. 
  26. ^ Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). „A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra”. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 62 (4): 868—894. S2CID 224852757. doi:10.1017/S0010417520000316. 
  27. ^ Plotnicov, Leonard (1971). „An Early Nigerian Civil Disturbance: The 1945 Hausa-Ibo Riot in Jos”. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 9 (2): 297—305. ISSN 0022-278X. JSTOR 159448. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00024976. 

Литература

  • Achebe, Chinua. There Was a Country, by Chinua Achebe; Penguin Press, 2012. (ISBN 978-1-59420-482-1)
  • Chant, Christopher. Warfare of the 20th Century. Chartwell Books, 1988. Ibadan University Press, 1974.
  • Diamond, Larry. Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Basingstroke, UK: Macmillan Press, 1988. ISBN 0-333-39435-6
  • Draper, Michael I. Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. ISBN 1-902109-63-5
  • Dudley, Billy. Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria
  • Ejibunu, Hassan Tai: Nigeria´s Delta Crisis: Root Causes and Peacelessness – EPU Research Papers: Issue 07/07, Stadtschlaining 2007
  • Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert. The Biafra War: Nigeria and the Aftermath. African Studies, Volume 17. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990. ISBN 0-88946-235-6
  • Griffin, Christopher (2015). „French military policy in the Nigerian Civil War, 1967–1970”. Small Wars & Insurgencies. 26 (1): 114—135. S2CID 143967690. doi:10.1080/09592318.2014.959766. 
  • Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (2014). „The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide”. Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 169—203. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936700Слободан приступ. 
  • Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. The Genesis of the Nigerian Civil War and the Theory of Fear. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Research Report No. 27. Uppsala Offset Centre AB, 1975. ISBN 91-7106-085-5
  • Levey, Zach. "Israel, Nigeria and the Biafra civil war, 1967–70". Journal of Genocide Research 2–3, 2014.
  • Madiebo, Alexander A. The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War. Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.
  • Njoku, H. M. A Tragedy Without Heroes: The Nigeria—Biafra War. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd., 1987. ISBN 978-156-238-2
  • Ojiaku, Chief Uche Jim. Surviving the Iron Curtain: A Microscopic View of What Life Was Like, Inside a War-Torn Region. 2007. ISBN 1-4241-7070-2; ISBN 978-1-4241-7070-8
  • Olawoyin, James Alabi Olabisi. "Historical Analysis of Nigeria–Biafra Conflict". Master of Laws thesis accepted at York University (Toronto, Ontario), October 1971.
  • O'Sullivan, Kevin (2014). „Humanitarian encounters: Biafra, NGOs and imaginings of the Third World in Britain and Ireland, 1967–70”. Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (2–3): 299—315. S2CID 71299457. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.936706. hdl:10379/6616Слободан приступ. 
  • Pierri, Bruno (2013). „A New Entry into the World Oil Market: Nigeria and Its Relations with the Atlantic Powers, 1967–1973”. Eunomia. Rivista Semestrale di Storia e Politica Internazionali. 1 (2). 
  • Stevenson, John Allen. "Capitol Gains: How Foreign Military Intervention and the Elite Quest for International Recognition Cause Mass Killing in New States". Political science PhD dissertation, accepted at University of Chicago, December 2014.
  • Uche, Chibuike. "Oil, British Interests and the Nigerian Civil War". Journal of African History 49, 2008.
  • Vidal, João M. (1996). „Texans in Biafra: T-6Gs in Use in the Nigerian Civil War”. Air Enthusiast (65): 40—47. ISSN 0143-5450. 
  • Zumbach, Jan. On Wings of War: My Life as a Pilot Adventurer.

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