Eufrat
Eufrat | |
---|---|
Opšte informacije | |
Dužina | oko 2.800 km |
Basen | 500.000 km2 |
Vodotok | |
V. izvora | 3.520 m |
Ušće | Šat el Arab |
Geografske karakteristike | |
Država/e | Turska, Sirija, Irak |
Pritoke | Khabur River, Balikh River, Murat River, Karasu, Sajur River, Song |
Reka na Vikimedijinoj ostavi |
Eufrat (grč. Εὐφράτης; arap. الفرات Al-Furat; heb. פְּרָת Perat; kurdski: Firat; turski: Fırat; staropersijski: Ufrat, akadski: Pu-rat-tu) je zapadnija od dve velike reke koje protiču Mesopotamijom (druga je reka Tigar).[1]
Etimologija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Pretpostavljalo se da ime Eufrat potiče iz staropersijskog Ufratu, što znači pogodan za prelaz. Ipak, ova indoevropska etimologija postaje sumnjiva ima li se na umu sumersko i akadsko ime za Eufrat: Buranun i Pu-rat-tu. Čini se tako da je staropersijsko ime zapravo nastalo etimologijom utemeljenom na prethodnom imenu ove reke.
Tok Eufrata
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reka je duga oko 2780 km. Nastaje stapanjem dve pritoke: prva je Karasu (zapadni Eufrat), koji izvire na visoravnima istočne Turske, a drugi je Murat (istočni Eufrat), koji izvire na području jugozapadno od planine Ararat.[1] Gornji tok Eufrata prolazi kroz strme kanjone i nastavlja prema jugoistoku Sirije i Iraka.
U istočnoj Siriji u Eufrat se ulivaju reke Kabur i Balik. Obe izviru u Turskoj. Nizvodno, kroz čitav svoj tok, Eufrat više nema pritoka. Severno od Basre, u južnom Iraku, spaja se sa Tigrom i uliva se u Persijski zaliv.[2]
Nekad se reka na svom ušću račvala u mnogo rukavaca, stvarajući deltu, no ona je većim delom isušena odlukom vlade Sadama Huseina iz devedesetih, kako bi se suprotstavili pobunjenicima koji su tu nalazili sklonište. Od okupacije Iraka 2003. postoje napori da se povrati prirodna delta.
Eufrat je plovan samo brodovima plitkog gaza, koji mogu stići 1930 km uzvodno do grada Hit, koji je na samo 53 m nadmorske visine. Uzvodno od toga grada plićaci i brzaci onemogućavaju plovidbu. Godišnje poplave Eufrata, uzrokovane topljenjem snega u severoistočnoj Turskoj, delimično su ukroćene novim nasipima i bazenima u gornjem toku. Kanal dugačak 885 km povezuje Eufrat i Tigar i služi kao plovni put.
Eufrat u Bibliji
[uredi | uredi izvor]Prema Bibliji u Stvaranju, Eufrat je jedna od četiri reke koje izviru iz Rajskog vrta. Nabrojen je na četvrtom mestu uz reke Pišon, Gihon i Tigar.
Eufrat predstavlja i deo granice zemlje koju je Bog obećao Avramu i njegovom potomstvu. U hebrejskom tekstu Biblije često je naveden samo pod imenom הנהר (haNahar), što znači „Reka“.
U Knjizi Otkrovenja Jovan ima viđenje „Eufrata, reke velike“, te za nju kaže: „Presahnu voda te načini prolaz kraljevima s istoka sunčeva“ (Otk 16,12), što se događa kao priprema za bitku kod Armagedona.
Eufrat u islamskim proročanstvima
[uredi | uredi izvor]U islamu, neke od Muhamedovih izreka daju da se nasluti da će Eufrat presušiti, otkrivajući dotad nepoznata bogatstva, što će postati uzrok žestokog rata.
- Uskoro će Eufrat otkriti blago od zlata i kogod bude tada prisutan neće smeti uzeti ništa od toga. - Sahih Bukari.
- Božji Poslanik (neka ga Bog blagoslovi i dade mu mir) reče: »Neće proći onaj Čas pre nego se reka Eufrat ne isuši i otkrije brdo zlata, za koje će se ljudi boriti. Devedeset i devet od stotinu njih poginuće, a svaki će od njih reći: „Možda ću ja jedini preživeti“« - Sahih Bukari.
- Prorok (neka ga Bog blagoslovi i dade mu mir) reče: »Eufrat otkriva blago u sebi. Kogod ga vidi ne sme uzeti ništa od njega« - Al-Mutaki al-Hindi
- Eufrat će otkriti brdo zlata pod sobom. - Sunan Abi Da'ud.
Eufrat u istoriji
[uredi | uredi izvor]Eufrat je bio izvor vode za područje koje je postalo jedna od prvih velikih civilizacija, sumersku, oko 4. milenijuma p. n. e. Mnogi važni drevni gradovi smestili su se uz obale ove reke: Mari, Sipar, Nipur, Šurupak, Uruk, Ur i Eridu. Rečna dolina predstavljala je i srce kasnijih carstava Vavilonije i Asirije. Kroz nekoliko vekova Eufrat je bio i istočna granica između egipatskog i rimskog uticaja s jedne strane i zapadnih pokrajina Persije s druge.
Sporna pitanja
[uredi | uredi izvor]Kao što je to slučaj i sa Tigrom, postoje brojni sporovi i oko Eufrata. Projekat nazvan „Jugoistočna Anadolija“ u Turskoj uključuje izgradnju 22 brane i 19 hidroelektrana, što je najveći ikad preduzeti građevinski projekat u Turskoj. Prva brana je izgrađena 1990. Trebalo je to da bude znak dobre volje prema turskim Kurdima koji nastanjuju to područje, putem jačanja lokalne privrede.
U Siriji izgrađena je 1973. brana „Tabakah“, poznata i kao Eufratska brana, a gradi se još jedna. Irak ima sedam brana na Eufratu, no njihova upotreba smanjena je u doba vlasti Sadama Huseina. Nakon promene vlasti 2003. stvari se polako menjaju.
Zbog nedostatka vode na Bliskom istoku Irak se pribojava da bi Sirija ili Turska mogle da iskoriste veći deo vode pre ulaska reke u Irak. I danas navodnjavanje u južnom Iraku ostavlja tek malo vode da se spoji sa tokom Tigra u Šat-el-Arabu.
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
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