Carstvo Marata
Carstvo Marata
Konfederacija Marata | |||
---|---|---|---|
Marata carstvo 1760. godine (prikazano žutom bojom) | |||
Geografija | |||
Prestonica | Raigad
Satara Puna | ||
Društvo | |||
Službeni jezik | Marati i Sanskrit (samo religiozni) | ||
Religija | Hinduizam | ||
Politika | |||
Oblik države | Apsolutna monarhija (1674.-1731.)
Federalna oligarhija (1731.-1818.) |
Carstvo Marata, poznato i kao Konfederacija Marata, bila je hinduistička država u Indiji, koja je postojala od 1674. do 1818. godine. Osnovao ju je Šivadži. Marate su srušile Mogulsko carstvo i bile su uspešna i poslednja prepreka britanskim kolonijalnim interesima.[1][2][3][4]
Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]
Šivadži je stvorio nezavisnu zonu Marata oko Puna. Gerilski je ratovao celi život sa mogulskim carem Aurangzebom i kada je 1680. umro ostalo je veliko Marata kraljevstvo, koje je bilo izloženo napadima Mogulskog carstva. Mogulski napadi su trajali od 1682. do 1707. godine. Marate su postigle odlučnu pobedu nad Mogulima i ovladali su velikim delom Indije. Šivadžijev unuk Šahu je vladao Maratama do 1749. godine. Kada je umirao ostavio je svoga pešvu (glavnog ministra) da dalje vlada uz određeno uslove. Šivajevi naslednici su ostali nominalni vladari, a pešve (glavni ministri) su postali pravi vladari Marata. Carstvo Marata je predstavljalo najveću prepreku britanskim kolonijalnim interesima u Indiji i tokom 18. veka uspešno je zaustavljalo Britansku istočnoindijsku kompaniju. Kraljevstvo se raspalo kada je došlo do unutrašnjih svađa između nominalnih vladara i pravih vladara u vidu glavnih ministara.
Najveći opseg kraljevstvo je postiglo u 18. veku pod Šahuom i pešvom Baladži Badži Raom. Marate su izgubile od Avganistanaca u Trećoj bici kod Panipata 1761. godine. Taj poraz je zaustavio širenje carstva i smanjio je moć pašvi. Carstvo je postalo labavija konfederacija, a politička moć je ostala unutar pet Marata dinastija. Unutrašnji sukobi su bitno oslabili Marata carstvo. Vodila su se tri rata (Anglo-maratski ratovi) sa Britanskom istočnoindijskom kompanijom. Zadnji pešva Badži Rao II je bio poražen u Trećem anglo-maratskom ratu 1818. godine. Marata carstvo je time nestalo, a brojne maratske državice su ostale kao kneževine u vazalnom položaju u odnosu na Britance.
Šivadži (1627—1680)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Marate su živele u području oko Satare na zapadnom delu visoravni Dekan, gde se visoravan sreće sa istočnim obroncima Zapadnih Gata. Dugo su Marate odolevale napadima Mogulskog carstva severne Indije. Pod vladarom Šivadžijem Marate su se oslobodile vlasti muslimanskog sultana od Bidžapura. Posle toga Marate postaju agresivnije i napadaju mogulsku teritoriju. Napali su i opljačkali Surat 1664. godine. Pri tome su odneli veliko blago, koje je omogućilo kasniji razvoj carstva Marata. Šivadži se proglasio carem 1674. godine. Do njegove smrti Marate su zauzele delove centralne Indije. Ali kasnije su to izgubile u sukobu sa Mogulima i Britancima.
Sambadži (1681—1689)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Šivadži je imao dva sina - Sambadžija i Radžarama. Stariji sin je bio naprasit i nepopularan. Sambadži je krunisan i nastavio je sa ekspanzionističkom politikom. Ranije je potukao Portugalce i radžu iz Majsora. Mogulski car Aurangzeb je bio zabrinut da bi Marate mogle ući u savez sa Radžputama, pa je 1682. krenuo sa ogromnom vojskom od 180.000 vojnika da zauzme sultanate Bidžapur i Golkondu. Tokom osam godina rata Sambadži nije nikad izgubio bitku ili tvrđavu u borbi sa Aurangzebom. Međutim izdajom je 1688. uhvaćen, mučen i rasečen na delove.
Radžaram i Tarabaj (1689—1707)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Radžaram je sedište Marata premestio u Sataru, koji je 1700. došao pod opsadu, pa se predao Mogulima. U to vreme je Radžaram umro, a njegova žena Tarabaj je preuzela vlast kao regent u ime njenog sina Šivadžija II. Tarabaj je herojski predvodila Marate, pa su Marate do 1705. prešli reku Narmadu i zauzeli Malvu, koja je bila u mogulskom posedu. To je bila odlučna bitka, kojom su Moguli zauvek izgubili svoju istaknutu poziciju na indijskom potkontinentu. Marate su bili pobednici posle duge žestoke bitke. Ta pobeda je postavila temelje kasnijim osvajanjima pod pešvama.
Šahu (1707—1749)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Posle smrti mogulskog cara Aurangzeba 1707, iz mogulskog zarobljeništva je oslobođen Šahu (Šahudži), sin ubijenog cara Sambadžija. Šahudži je odmah počeo polagati pravo da bude car Marata. To je dovelo do sukoba među Maratama. Vlast Mogula je postala jako slaba. Zavisili su od savezništava. Marate su uspele da zauzmu Delhi i svrgnu mogulskog vladara. Marate su ovladale velikim delom Indije.
Pešva Badžirao I (1720—1740)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Socijalna mobilnost u Marata carstvu omogućila je njegovo širenje. Pešva Badžirao I je vladao carstvom iako je bio sin običnog čoveka. Predvodio je vojsku u ime cara i osvojio je Radžastan 1735, Delhi 1737, a Orisu i Bengal 1740. godine.
Pešva Baladži Badžirao (1740—1761)[uredi | uredi izvor]
Baladži Badžirao je bio sin od Badžiraoa I i postao je pešva. Od 1741. do 1745. bilo je relativno mirno razdoblje na Dekanskoj visoravni. Šahu je umro 1749. godine. Do 1760, Marate su dostigle zenit, a teritorija je obuhvatala trećinu južne Azije.
Propadanje carstva[uredi | uredi izvor]
Avganistanci pod vodstvom Ahmad šah Abdalija su pobedili Marate u trećoj bici kod Panipata 1761. godine. To je bila odlučna bitka u kojoj je afganistanska konjica pobedila Marate, koje su raspolagale artiljerijom. Unutrašnje trzavice među Maratama doprinele su tome porazu. Zaustavljeno je širenje Marata carstva. Tom bitkom je sprečeno da Marate ponovo osvoje Delhi, a posle bitke je nastavljena fragmentacija Marata carstva. Sledeći pešva je pokušao da ponovo pravi snažno carstvo. Međutim morao je davati poluautonoman status najjačim vitezovima, što dovodi do fragmentacije. Britanska istočnoindijska kompanija se 1775. umešala u borbu za nasledstvo u Puni. To je bio Prvi anglo-maratski rat, koji je završen statusom kvo 1782. godine. Ponovo se Britanci upliću i intervenišu u Barodi podržavajući jednog pretendenta na presto protiv drugog, tako da maharadža priznaje Britance, da bi dobio nezavisnost od carstva Marata. Tokom Drugog anglo-maratskog rata Britanci ponovo uspevaju da sklope ugovor sa pešvom. Treći anglo-maratski rat (1817—1818) je bio zadnji pokušaj Marata da zadrže nezavisnost. Poraženi su i izgubili su nezavisnost, a Britanija je dobila kontrolu nad većinom Indije. Pojedine Marata državice ostale su posle toga poraza, ali morale su priznavati vazalni položaj u odnosu na Britaniju.
Poslednji pešva Nana Sahib bio je jedan od vođa Indijskog ustanka 1857. godine.
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Pearson (1976), str. 221–235.
- ^ Capper (1997):This source establishes the Maratha control of Delhi before the British
- ^ Sen (2010), str. 1941-:The victory at Bhopal in 1738 established Maratha dominance at the Mughal court
- ^ Schmidt (2015).
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