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Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{Short description|Врста мале воћке}}
{{speciesbox
{{speciesbox
| name = Кумкват
| name = Кумкват
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| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724150 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=28. 7. 2014}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2724150 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=28. 7. 2014}}</ref>
}}
}}

'''Кумкват''' ({{јез-лат|Fortunella, Citrus japonica}}) је назив за неколико малих воћки [[цитрус]]а ([[Род (биологија)|род]] ''-{[[Citrus]]}-''). Плод кумквата, [[хесперидијум]], подсећа на [[Поморанџа|поморанџу]], али је много мањи и тврђи. Сличан је величини веће [[Маслинка|маслинке]].
'''Кумкват''' ({{јез-лат|Fortunella, Citrus japonica}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/kumquat|title=Kumquat
|access-date=25 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref> је назив за неколико малих воћки [[цитрус]]а ([[Род (биологија)|род]] ''-{[[Citrus]]}-''). Плод кумквата, [[хесперидијум]], подсећа на [[Поморанџа|поморанџу]], али је много мањи и тврђи. Сличан је величини веће [[Маслинка|маслинке]].


Реч кумкват потиче од [[Кантонски кинески|кантонско кинеске]] речи 金橘 (гам-гват), што значи „златна [[мандарина]]“.
Реч кумкват потиче од [[Кантонски кинески|кантонско кинеске]] речи 金橘 (гам-гват), што значи „златна [[мандарина]]“.
Ред 42: Ред 45:
Кумквати се гаје у: [[Кина|Кини]], [[Кореја|Кореји]], [[Јапан]]у, [[Југоисточна Азија|Југоисточној Азији]], [[Непал]]у, јужном [[Пакистан]]у, [[Иран]]у, на [[Блиски Исток|Блиском Истоку]], Европи ([[Крф]]) и [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|САД]] ([[Флорида]], [[Алабама]], [[Луизијана]], [[Хаваји]]).
Кумквати се гаје у: [[Кина|Кини]], [[Кореја|Кореји]], [[Јапан]]у, [[Југоисточна Азија|Југоисточној Азији]], [[Непал]]у, јужном [[Пакистан]]у, [[Иран]]у, на [[Блиски Исток|Блиском Истоку]], Европи ([[Крф]]) и [[Сједињене Америчке Државе|САД]] ([[Флорида]], [[Алабама]], [[Луизијана]], [[Хаваји]]).


== Origin ==
{{-}}
The kumquat plant is native to Southern [[China]].<ref name = "Purdue">{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/kumquat.html|title=Kumquat, ''Fortunella'' sp. Swingle; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, Miami, FL|author=Julia F Morton|publisher=NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University|pages=182–185|date=1987|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{GRIN}}</ref> The earliest historical reference to kumquats appears in [[Imperial China | Imperial]] literature from the 12th century. They have long been cultivated in other parts of East Asia ([[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]]), South Asia ([[India]]), and Southeast Asia (especially the [[Philippines]]). They were introduced to [[Europe]] in 1846 by [[Robert Fortune]], collector for the [[London Horticultural Society]], and shortly thereafter were taken to [[North America]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Citrus japonica (syn. Fortunella margarita), kumquat {{!}} Trees of Stanford & Environs|url=https://trees.stanford.edu/ENCYC/FORmar.htm|access-date=2021-06-27|website=trees.stanford.edu}}</ref>
== Извори ==

== Варијетети ==
{{рут}}
[[Citrus taxonomy]] is complicated and controversial. Different systems place different types of kumquat in different species or unite them into as few as two species. Historically they were viewed as falling within the genus ''Citrus'', but the [[Citrus_taxonomy#Citrus_naming_systems | Swingle system]] of citrus taxonomy elevated them to their own genus, ''Fortunella''. Recent phylogenetic analysis suggests they do indeed fall within ''Citrus''. Swingle divided the kumquats into two subgenera, the ''Protocitrus'', containing the primitive Hong Kong kumquat, and ''Eufortunella'', comprising the round, oval kumquat, Meiwa kumquats,<ref name=Swingle>{{cite journal|last=Swingle| first=Walter T.| title=A new genus, Fortunella, comprising four species of kumquat oranges| journal=Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences| volume=5| issue=5| pages=165–176| year=1915| jstor=24520657}}</ref> to which Tanaka added two others, the Malayan kumquat and the Jiangsu kumquat. Chromosomal analysis suggested that Swingle's ''Eufortunella'' represent a single 'true' species, while Tanaka's additional species were revealed to be likely hybrids of ''Fortunella'' with other ''Citrus'', so-called x''[[Citrofortunella]]''.<ref name=Yasada>{{cite journal| last1=Yasuda| first1=Kiichi| last2=Yahata |first2=Masaki |last3=Kunitake| first3=Hisato| title=Phylogeny and Classification of Kumquats (''Fortunella'' spp.) Inferred from CMA Karyotype Composition| journal=The Horticultural Journal|volume=85| number=2| pages=115–121| year=2015| doi=10.2503/hortj.MI-078| doi-access=free}}</ref> One recent genomic analysis concluded there was only one true species of kumquat, but the analysis did not include the Hong Kong variety seen as a distinct species in all earlier analyses.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Genomics of the origin and evolution of ''Citrus'' | last1=Wu | first1=Guohong Albert | last2=Terol | first2=Javier | last3=Ibanez | first3=Victoria | last4=López-García | first4=Antonio | last5=Pérez-Román | first5=Estela | last6=Borredá | first6=Carles | last7=Domingo | first7=Concha | last8=Tadeo | first8=Francisco R | last9=Carbonell-Caballero | first9=Jose | last10=Alonso | first10=Roberto | last11=Curk | first11=Franck | last12=Du | first12=Dongliang | last13=Ollitrault | first13=Patrick | last14=Roose | first14=Mikeal L. Roose | last15=Dopazo | first15=Joaquin | last16=Gmitter Jr | first16=Frederick G. | last17=Rokhsar | first17=Daniel | last18=Talon | first18=Manuel | journal=Nature | year = 2018 | volume=554 | issue=7692 | pages=311–316 | doi=10.1038/nature25447| pmid=29414943 | bibcode=2018Natur.554..311W | doi-access=free }}</ref> A recent review concluded that genomic data were insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion on which kumquat cultivars represented distinct species.<ref name="citrus taxonomy">{{cite book |chapter=''Citrus'' taxonomy |last1=Ollitrault |first1=Patrick |last2=Curk |first2=Franck |last3=Krueger |first3=Robert |title=The Citrus Genus |editor-last1=Talon | editor-first1=Manuel | editor-last2=Caruso |editor-first2=Marco | editor-last3=Gmitter |editor-first3=Fred G, Jr. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2020 |pages=57–81 |isbn=9780128121634 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo4swEACAAJ&pg=PA57 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8|s2cid=242819146 }}</ref>

=== Round kumquat ===
The '''round kumquat''', '''Marumi kumquat''', or '''Morgani kumquat''' (retaining the name ''Citrus japonica'' or ''Fortunella japonica'' when kumquats are divided into multiple species) is an evergreen tree that produces edible golden-yellow fruit.<ref name=Purdue/> The fruit is small and usually spherical but can be oval shaped. The peel has a sweet flavor, but the fruit has a distinctly sour center. The fruit can be eaten cooked but is mainly used to make [[Marmalade|marmalades]], jellies, and other spreads. It is grown in Luxembourg and can be used in [[bonsai]] cultivation. The plant symbolizes good luck in China and other Asian countries, where it is often kept as a [[houseplant]] and given as a gift during the [[Chinese New Year|Lunar New Year]]. Round kumquats are more commonly cultivated than other species due to their high cold tolerance.<ref name=Purdue/>

=== Oval kumquat ===
The '''oval kumquat''' or '''Nagami kumquat''' (''Citrus margarita'' or ''Fortunella margarita'' if dividing ''Eufortunella'' kumquats into separate species) is ovoid in shape and typically eaten whole, skin and all.<ref name=Purdue/> The inside is still quite sour, but the skin has a very sweet flavour, so when eaten together an unusual tart-sweet, refreshing flavour is produced. The fruit ripens mid- to late winter and always crops very heavily, creating a spectacular display against the dark green foliage. The tree tends to be much smaller and dwarf in nature, making it ideal for pots and occasionally [[Bonsai cultivation and care|bonsai]] cultivation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dillon |first1=Floyd C. |title=Dwarf Citrus in Tubs |journal=Plants & Gardens |date=September 1961 |volume=17 |issue=2 |page=59 |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsgardens1719unse/page/n164/mode/1up |series=New Series |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref>
[[File:Citrus japonica 'Centennial Variegated' - Kumquat - fruit.jpg|thumb|left|'Centennial Variegated' kumquat]]
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Kumquat (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Kumquat" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.45
| c = 金橘
| l = "golden orange"
| p = jīnjú
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|in|1|.|j|ü|2}}
| j = gam<sup>1</sup>-gwat<sup>1</sup>
| poj = kim-kiat
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|g|am|1|.|gw|at|1}}
| kanji = 金柑
| romaji = kinkan
| hangul = 금귤
| hanja = 金橘
| rr = geumgyul
| tha = ส้มจี๊ด
| rtgs = somchíd
| vie = kim quất
| lang1 = ne
| lang1_content = मुन्तला (muntala)
}}
The 'Centennial [[Variegated]]' kumquat [[cultivar]] arose [[mutation|spontaneously]] from the oval kumquat. It produces a greater proportion of fruit to peel than the oval kumquat, and the fruit are rounder and sometimes necked. Fruit are distinguishable by their variegation in color, exhibiting bright green and yellow stripes,<ref name=Purdue/> and by its lack of thorns.

=== Meiwa kumquat ===
The '''Meiwa kumquat''' (''Citrus crassifolia'' or ''Fortunella crassifolia'') was brought to Japan from China at the end of the 19th century, it has seedy oval fruits and thick leaves, and was characterized as a different species by Swingle.<ref name=Swingle /> Its fruit is typically eaten skin and all.

[[File:Fort-hindsii.jpg|thumb|left|Hong Kong kumquat]]

{{nutritional value
| name = Kumquats, raw<br />''Fortunella'' spp.
| image = Kumquat from Spain.jpg
| kJ = 296
| protein = 1.88 g
| fat = 0.86 g
| carbs = 15.9 g
| fiber = 6.5 g
| sugars = 9.36 g
| calcium_mg = 62
| iron_mg = 0.86
| magnesium_mg = 20
| phosphorus_mg = 19
| potassium_mg = 186
| sodium_mg = 10
| zinc_mg = 0.17
| manganese_mg = 0.135
| vitC_mg = 43.9
| thiamin_mg = 0.037
| riboflavin_mg = 0.09
| niacin_mg = 0.429
| pantothenic_mg = 0.208
| vitB6_mg = 0.036
| folate_ug = 17
| choline_mg = 8.4
| vitA_ug = 15
| lutein_ug = 129
| vitE_mg = 0.15
| source_usda = 1
| note = [http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=09149&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

=== Hong Kong kumquat ===
The '''Hong Kong kumquat''' (''Citrus hindsii'' or ''Fortunella hindsii'') produces only pea-sized bitter and acidic fruit with very little pulp and large seeds. It is primarily grown as an ornamental plant, though it is also found in southern China growing in the wild.<ref name=Times>{{cite news|title=Varieties of kumquats, hybrids|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 25, 2009|access-date=May 31, 2019|url=https://www.latimes.com/style/la-fow-kumquatside25-2009feb25-story.html}}</ref><ref name=Riverside>{{cite web|title=Hong Kong,Fortunella hindsii, Champ. ex Benth.|website=U.C. Riverside Citrus Variety Collection|access-date=May 31, 2019|url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/hongkong.html}}</ref> Not only is it the most primitive of the kumquats, but with the kumquats being the most primitive citrus, Swingle described it as the closest to the ancestral species from which all citrus evolved.<ref name=Swingle /> While the wild Hong Kong kumquat is [[Polyploidy|tetraploid]], there is a commercial [[Ploidy|diploid]] variety, the '''Golden Bean kumquat''' with slightly larger fruit.<ref name=Riverside />

=== Jiangsu kumquat ===
The '''Jiangsu kumquat''' or '''Fukushu kumquat''' (''Citrus obovata'' or ''Fortunella obovata'') bears edible fruit that can be eaten raw, as well as made into jelly and marmalade. The fruit can be round or bell-shaped and is bright orange when fully ripe. The plant can be distinguished from other kumquats by its distinctly round leaves. It is typically grown for its edible fruit and as an ornamental plant; it cannot withstand frost, however, unlike the round kumquat which has a high cold tolerance. These kumquats are often seen near the Yuvraj section of the Nayak Province. Chromosomal analysis showed this variety to be a likely hybrid.<ref name=Yasada />

=== Malayan kumquat ===
The '''Malayan kumquat''' (''Fortunella polyandra'' or Tanaka's ''Fortunella swinglei'' - in ''Citrus'' it would be ''C. x swinglei''), from the [[Malay Peninsula]] where it is known as the "hedge lime" (''limau pagar''), is another hybrid, perhaps a [[limequat]].<ref name=Yasada /><ref name=Malay>{{cite web|title=Fortunella polyandra Malayan|website=U.C. Riverside Citrus Variety Collection|access-date=June 3, 2019|url=https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/polyandra.html}}</ref> It has a thin peel on larger fruit compared to other kumquats.<ref name=Malay />

== Композиција ==

The [[essential oil]] of the kumquat peel contains much of the aroma of the fruit, and is composed principally of [[limonene]], which makes up around 93% of the total.<ref name="KoyasakoBernhard">{{cite journal|last1=Koyasako|first1=A.|last2=Bernhard|first2=R.A.|year=1983|title=Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil of Kumquat|journal=Journal of Food Science |publisher=Wiley & Sons |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=1807–1812 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb05090.x}}</ref> Besides limonene and [[alpha-pinene]] (0.34%), both of which are considered [[monoterpene]]s, the oil is unusually rich (0.38% total) in [[sesquiterpene]]s such as α-[[bergamotene]] (0.021%), [[caryophyllene]] (0.18%), α-[[humulene]] (0.07%) and α-muurolene (0.06%), and these contribute to the spicy and woody flavor of the fruit. [[Carbonyl]] compounds make up much of the remainder, and these are responsible for much of the distinctive flavor. These compounds include [[ester]]s such as isopropyl propanoate (1.8%) and terpinyl acetate (1.26%); [[ketone]]s such as [[carvone]] (0.175%); and a range of [[aldehyde]]s such as [[citronellal]] (0.6%) and [[2-Methylundecanal|2-methylundecanal]]. Other oxygenated compounds include [[nerol]] (0.22%) and Trans-lialool oxide (0.15%).<ref name="KoyasakoBernhard" />

== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


Ред 49: Ред 138:
{{refbegin|2}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Morton|first=Julia|title=Fruits of warm climates|location=Miami, FL|year=1987|chapter=Kumquat|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/kumquat.html|quote=A mature specimen on rough lemon rootstock at Oneco, Florida, in 1901, bore a crop of 3,000 to 3,500 fruits.|pages=182–185}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Morton|first=Julia|title=Fruits of warm climates|location=Miami, FL|year=1987|chapter=Kumquat|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/kumquat.html|quote=A mature specimen on rough lemon rootstock at Oneco, Florida, in 1901, bore a crop of 3,000 to 3,500 fruits.|pages=182–185}}
* Burkill, I. H. (1931). An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya. ''Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem''. 5: 212–220.
* Mabberley, D. J. (1998). Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae). ''Telopea'' 7 (4): 333–344. Available [https://web.archive.org/web/20091002183628/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/73236/Tel7Mab333.pdf online] (pdf).

{{refend}}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Citrus japonica}}
{{Commonscat|Citrus japonica}}
* {{Wikispecies inline|Fortunella}}
{{клица-биљке}}

{{Taxonbar}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5122903}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Категорија:Цитрус]]
[[Категорија:Цитрус]]

Верзија на датум 22. мај 2022. у 02:55

Кумкват
Кумкват, Fortunella
Научна класификација уреди
Царство: Plantae
Кладус: Tracheophytes
Кладус: Angiospermae
Кладус: Eudicotidae
Кладус: Rosids
Ред: Sapindales
Породица: Rutaceae
Род: Citrus
Врста:
C. japonica
Биномно име
Citrus japonica
Синоними[1]
Списак
    • Atalantia hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Oliv.
    • Citrus erythrocarpa Hayata
    • Citrus hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Govaerts
    • Citrus inermis Roxb.
    • Citrus kinokuni Yu.Tanaka
    • Citrus madurensis Lour.
    • Citrus margarita Lour.
    • Citrus microcarpa Bunge
    • Fortunella bawangica C.C.Huang
    • Fortunella chintou (Swingle) C.C. Huang
    • Fortunella crassifolia Swingle
    • Fortunella hindsii (Champ. ex Benth.) Swingle
    • Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle
    • Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle
    • Fortunella obovata Tanaka
    • Sclerostylis hindsii Champ. ex Benth.
    • Sclerostylis venosa Champ. ex Benth.
    • × Citrofortunella madurensis (Lour.) D.Rivera & al.

Кумкват (лат. Fortunella, Citrus japonica)[2] је назив за неколико малих воћки цитруса (род Citrus). Плод кумквата, хесперидијум, подсећа на поморанџу, али је много мањи и тврђи. Сличан је величини веће маслинке.

Реч кумкват потиче од кантонско кинеске речи 金橘 (гам-гват), што значи „златна мандарина“.

Опис

Илустрација В. Х. Фича
Плод и пресечен плод кумквата

Кумквати су спорорастући зимзелени грмови или ниско дрвеће, висине од 2,5 до 4,5 метра, са густим гранама и понекад малим трновима. Лишће је тамнозелено и сјајно, а цветови су бели као код других врста цитруса. Зависно од величине дрвета, оно може да произведе од неколико стотина до неколико хиљада плодова годишње.[3]

Култивација

Кумквати се гаје у: Кини, Кореји, Јапану, Југоисточној Азији, Непалу, јужном Пакистану, Ирану, на Блиском Истоку, Европи (Крф) и САД (Флорида, Алабама, Луизијана, Хаваји).

Origin

The kumquat plant is native to Southern China.[4][5] The earliest historical reference to kumquats appears in Imperial literature from the 12th century. They have long been cultivated in other parts of East Asia (Japan and Taiwan), South Asia (India), and Southeast Asia (especially the Philippines). They were introduced to Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, collector for the London Horticultural Society, and shortly thereafter were taken to North America.[6]

Варијетети

Citrus taxonomy is complicated and controversial. Different systems place different types of kumquat in different species or unite them into as few as two species. Historically they were viewed as falling within the genus Citrus, but the Swingle system of citrus taxonomy elevated them to their own genus, Fortunella. Recent phylogenetic analysis suggests they do indeed fall within Citrus. Swingle divided the kumquats into two subgenera, the Protocitrus, containing the primitive Hong Kong kumquat, and Eufortunella, comprising the round, oval kumquat, Meiwa kumquats,[7] to which Tanaka added two others, the Malayan kumquat and the Jiangsu kumquat. Chromosomal analysis suggested that Swingle's Eufortunella represent a single 'true' species, while Tanaka's additional species were revealed to be likely hybrids of Fortunella with other Citrus, so-called xCitrofortunella.[8] One recent genomic analysis concluded there was only one true species of kumquat, but the analysis did not include the Hong Kong variety seen as a distinct species in all earlier analyses.[9] A recent review concluded that genomic data were insufficient to reach a definitive conclusion on which kumquat cultivars represented distinct species.[10]

Round kumquat

The round kumquat, Marumi kumquat, or Morgani kumquat (retaining the name Citrus japonica or Fortunella japonica when kumquats are divided into multiple species) is an evergreen tree that produces edible golden-yellow fruit.[4] The fruit is small and usually spherical but can be oval shaped. The peel has a sweet flavor, but the fruit has a distinctly sour center. The fruit can be eaten cooked but is mainly used to make marmalades, jellies, and other spreads. It is grown in Luxembourg and can be used in bonsai cultivation. The plant symbolizes good luck in China and other Asian countries, where it is often kept as a houseplant and given as a gift during the Lunar New Year. Round kumquats are more commonly cultivated than other species due to their high cold tolerance.[4]

Oval kumquat

The oval kumquat or Nagami kumquat (Citrus margarita or Fortunella margarita if dividing Eufortunella kumquats into separate species) is ovoid in shape and typically eaten whole, skin and all.[4] The inside is still quite sour, but the skin has a very sweet flavour, so when eaten together an unusual tart-sweet, refreshing flavour is produced. The fruit ripens mid- to late winter and always crops very heavily, creating a spectacular display against the dark green foliage. The tree tends to be much smaller and dwarf in nature, making it ideal for pots and occasionally bonsai cultivation.[11]

'Centennial Variegated' kumquat
Кумкват
Lua грешка in Модул:Infobox_multi-lingual_name at line 301: attempt to call field '_lang' (a nil value).

The 'Centennial Variegated' kumquat cultivar arose spontaneously from the oval kumquat. It produces a greater proportion of fruit to peel than the oval kumquat, and the fruit are rounder and sometimes necked. Fruit are distinguishable by their variegation in color, exhibiting bright green and yellow stripes,[4] and by its lack of thorns.

Meiwa kumquat

The Meiwa kumquat (Citrus crassifolia or Fortunella crassifolia) was brought to Japan from China at the end of the 19th century, it has seedy oval fruits and thick leaves, and was characterized as a different species by Swingle.[7] Its fruit is typically eaten skin and all.

Hong Kong kumquat
Kumquats, raw
Fortunella spp.
Нутритивна вредност на 100 g (3,5 oz)
Енергија296 kJ (71 kcal)
15,9 g
Шећери9,36 g
Прехрамбена влакна6,5 g
0,86 g
1,88 g
Витамини
Витамин А екв.
(2%)
15 μg
129 μg
Тиамин (Б1)
(3%)
0,037 mg
Рибофлавин (Б2)
(8%)
0,09 mg
Ниацин (Б3)
(3%)
0,429 mg
Витамин Б5
(4%)
0,208 mg
Витамин Б6
(3%)
0,036 mg
Фолат (Б9)
(4%)
17 μg
Холин
(2%)
8,4 mg
Витамин Ц
(53%)
43,9 mg
Витамин Е
(1%)
0,15 mg
Минерали
Калцијум
(6%)
62 mg
Гвожђе
(7%)
0,86 mg
Магнезијум
(6%)
20 mg
Манган
(6%)
0,135 mg
Фосфор
(3%)
19 mg
Калијум
(4%)
186 mg
Натријум
(1%)
10 mg
Цинк
(2%)
0,17 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
Проценти су грубе процене засноване на америчким препорукама за одрасле.
Извор: NDb USDA

Hong Kong kumquat

The Hong Kong kumquat (Citrus hindsii or Fortunella hindsii) produces only pea-sized bitter and acidic fruit with very little pulp and large seeds. It is primarily grown as an ornamental plant, though it is also found in southern China growing in the wild.[12][13] Not only is it the most primitive of the kumquats, but with the kumquats being the most primitive citrus, Swingle described it as the closest to the ancestral species from which all citrus evolved.[7] While the wild Hong Kong kumquat is tetraploid, there is a commercial diploid variety, the Golden Bean kumquat with slightly larger fruit.[13]

Jiangsu kumquat

The Jiangsu kumquat or Fukushu kumquat (Citrus obovata or Fortunella obovata) bears edible fruit that can be eaten raw, as well as made into jelly and marmalade. The fruit can be round or bell-shaped and is bright orange when fully ripe. The plant can be distinguished from other kumquats by its distinctly round leaves. It is typically grown for its edible fruit and as an ornamental plant; it cannot withstand frost, however, unlike the round kumquat which has a high cold tolerance. These kumquats are often seen near the Yuvraj section of the Nayak Province. Chromosomal analysis showed this variety to be a likely hybrid.[8]

Malayan kumquat

The Malayan kumquat (Fortunella polyandra or Tanaka's Fortunella swinglei - in Citrus it would be C. x swinglei), from the Malay Peninsula where it is known as the "hedge lime" (limau pagar), is another hybrid, perhaps a limequat.[8][14] It has a thin peel on larger fruit compared to other kumquats.[14]

Композиција

The essential oil of the kumquat peel contains much of the aroma of the fruit, and is composed principally of limonene, which makes up around 93% of the total.[15] Besides limonene and alpha-pinene (0.34%), both of which are considered monoterpenes, the oil is unusually rich (0.38% total) in sesquiterpenes such as α-bergamotene (0.021%), caryophyllene (0.18%), α-humulene (0.07%) and α-muurolene (0.06%), and these contribute to the spicy and woody flavor of the fruit. Carbonyl compounds make up much of the remainder, and these are responsible for much of the distinctive flavor. These compounds include esters such as isopropyl propanoate (1.8%) and terpinyl acetate (1.26%); ketones such as carvone (0.175%); and a range of aldehydes such as citronellal (0.6%) and 2-methylundecanal. Other oxygenated compounds include nerol (0.22%) and Trans-lialool oxide (0.15%).[15]

Референце

  1. ^ „The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species”. Приступљено 28. 7. 2014. 
  2. ^ „Kumquat”. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Приступљено 25. 9. 2014. 
  3. ^ Morton 1987, стр. 182–185
  4. ^ а б в г д Julia F Morton (1987). „Kumquat, Fortunella sp. Swingle; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, Miami, FL”. NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. стр. 182—185. Приступљено 3. 1. 2020. 
  5. ^ „citrus fruit”. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). ARS, USDA. 
  6. ^ „Citrus japonica (syn. Fortunella margarita), kumquat | Trees of Stanford & Environs”. trees.stanford.edu. Приступљено 2021-06-27. 
  7. ^ а б в Swingle, Walter T. (1915). „A new genus, Fortunella, comprising four species of kumquat oranges”. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 5 (5): 165—176. JSTOR 24520657. 
  8. ^ а б в Yasuda, Kiichi; Yahata, Masaki; Kunitake, Hisato (2015). „Phylogeny and Classification of Kumquats (Fortunella spp.) Inferred from CMA Karyotype Composition”. The Horticultural Journal. 85 (2): 115—121. doi:10.2503/hortj.MI-078 Слободан приступ. 
  9. ^ Wu, Guohong Albert; Terol, Javier; Ibanez, Victoria; López-García, Antonio; Pérez-Román, Estela; Borredá, Carles; Domingo, Concha; Tadeo, Francisco R; Carbonell-Caballero, Jose; Alonso, Roberto; Curk, Franck; Du, Dongliang; Ollitrault, Patrick; Roose, Mikeal L. Roose; Dopazo, Joaquin; Gmitter Jr, Frederick G.; Rokhsar, Daniel; Talon, Manuel (2018). „Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus”. Nature. 554 (7692): 311—316. Bibcode:2018Natur.554..311W. PMID 29414943. doi:10.1038/nature25447 Слободан приступ. 
  10. ^ Ollitrault, Patrick; Curk, Franck; Krueger, Robert (2020). „Citrus taxonomy”. Ур.: Talon, Manuel; Caruso, Marco; Gmitter, Fred G, Jr. The Citrus Genus. Elsevier. стр. 57—81. ISBN 9780128121634. S2CID 242819146. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-812163-4.00004-8. 
  11. ^ Dillon, Floyd C. (септембар 1961). „Dwarf Citrus in Tubs”. Plants & Gardens. New Series. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 17 (2): 59. 
  12. ^ „Varieties of kumquats, hybrids”. Los Angeles Times. 25. 2. 2009. Приступљено 31. 5. 2019. 
  13. ^ а б „Hong Kong,Fortunella hindsii, Champ. ex Benth.”. U.C. Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Приступљено 31. 5. 2019. 
  14. ^ а б „Fortunella polyandra Malayan”. U.C. Riverside Citrus Variety Collection. Приступљено 3. 6. 2019. 
  15. ^ а б Koyasako, A.; Bernhard, R.A. (1983). „Volatile Constituents of the Essential Oil of Kumquat”. Journal of Food Science. Wiley & Sons. 48 (6): 1807—1812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1983.tb05090.x. 

Литература

  • Morton, Julia (1987). „Kumquat”. Fruits of warm climates. Miami, FL. стр. 182—185. „A mature specimen on rough lemon rootstock at Oneco, Florida, in 1901, bore a crop of 3,000 to 3,500 fruits.” 
  • Burkill, I. H. (1931). An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya. Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem. 5: 212–220.
  • Mabberley, D. J. (1998). Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae). Telopea 7 (4): 333–344. Available online (pdf).

Спољашње везе

Кумкват на Викимедијиној остави.
  • Подаци везани за чланак Fortunella на Викиврстама
Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Кумкват&oldid=24560291”