Svetska istorija
Ljudska istorija | |||
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↑ Praistorija | |||
Zabeležena istorija | |||
Stari vek | |||
Srednji vek | |||
Novi vek | |||
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↓ Budućnost | |||
Istorija sveta je u zajedničkom govoru istorija čovečanstva (ili ljudska istorija), koja je utvrđena pomoću arheologije, antropologije, genetike, lingvistike i drugih disciplina; a za periode od pronalaska pisanja, i iz zapisane istorije i iz sekundarnih izvora i studija.
Pisanoj istoriji čovečanstva prethodila je praistorija, počevši sa paleolitskom erom („ranim kamenim dobom”), čemu je sledila neolitska era („novo kameno doba”). Tokom neolita je došlo do poljoprivredne revolucije, između 8.000 i 5.000 p. n. e., na bliskoistočnom Plodnom polumesecu. Tokom tog perioda, ljudi su započeli da sistematski uzgajaju biljke i životinje.[2] Kako je poljoprivreda napredovala, većina ljudi je prešla iz nomadskog na naseljenički načina života kao farmeri u stalnim naseljima. Relativna sigurnost i povećana produktivnost koju je pružala poljoprivreda dozvoljavaju zajednicama da se proširuju u sve veće jedinice, pospešene naprecima u transportu.
Bilo u praistorijskim ili istorijskim vremenima, ljudi su uvek morali biti blizu pouzdanih izvora pitke vode. Naselja su se razvijala na rečnim obalama još pre 3.000. p. n. e. u Mesopotamiji,[3] na obalama egipatske reke Nil,[4][5] u dolini reke Ind,[6] i duž kineskih reka.[7][8] Kako se razvijala poljoprivreda, uzgoj žitarica je postao sofistikovaniji i došlo je do podele rada radi čuvanja hrane između uzgojnih sezona. Podele rada su dovele do nastanka besposlene više klase i razvoja gradova, koji su pružili osnovu razvoja civilizacije. Rastuća kompleksnost ljudskih društva uslovila je razvoj sistema računovodstva i pisanja.
Sa procvatom civilizacija, drevna istorija („kasna antika”, uključujući klasično doba,[9] sve do oko 500. godine[10]) je osvedočila uspone i padove carstava. Tokom postklasične istorije („srednji vek”, c. 500–1.500 godine[11]) došlo je do razvoja hrišćanstva, islamskog zlatnog doba (c. 750 – c. 1.258), i rane italijanske renesanse (od oko 1.300 godine). Izum modernog štampanja sredinom 15. veka, sa primenom pokretnih kalupa,[12] je proizveo revolucionarne primene u komunikaciji i olakšao sve širu diseminaciju informacija, pomažući okončanju srednjeg veka i uspostavljanju naučne revolucije.[13] Rani novi vek, koji je ponekad naziva „Evropskim dobom”,[14] od oko 1500 do 1800,[15] obuhvata prosvetiteljstvo i doba otkrića. Do 18. veka, akumulacija znanja i tehnologije dosegla je kritičnu masu što je dovelo do industrijske revolucije[16] i početka kasnog modernog perioda, koji je započeo oko 1800 i traje do današnjeg dana.[17]
Ova shema istorijske periodizacije (podele istorije u antiku, post-klasični, rani moderni, i kasni moderni period) je bila razvijena za, i najbolje primenjena na istoriju Starog sveta, posebno Evrope i Mediterana. Izvan ovog regiona, uključujući drevnu Kinu i drevnu Indiju, istorijska hronologija se drugačije odvijala. Međutim, do 18. veka, usled ekstenzivne svetske trgovine i kolonizacija, istorije većine civilizacija su postale znatno isprepletane. U zadnjoj četvrtini milenijuma, stope rasta populacije, znanja, tehnologije, komunikacija, trgovine, oružja za masovno uništenje, i degradacije životne sredine su se znatno ubrzale, čime su kreirane mogućnosti i opasnosti sa kojima se u današnje vreme suočavaju ljudske zajednice širom planete.[18]
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ „Historical Estimates of World Population”. U. S. Census Bureau. avgust 2016. Pristupljeno 15. 11. 2016.
- ^ Tudge 1998, str. 30–31.
- ^ McNeill 1999, str. 13–15.
- ^ Baines & Malek 2000, str. 8.
- ^ Bard 2000, str. 64–65.
- ^ Chakrabarti 2004, str. 11.
- ^ Lee 2002, str. 15–42.
- ^ Teeple 2006, str. 14–20.
- ^ Roberts & Westad 2013, str. 161.
- ^ Stearns & Langer 2001, str. xii.
- ^ Stearns & Langer 2001, str. xiv.
- ^ Hart-Davis 2012, str. 63.
- ^ Grant 2006, str. 53.
- ^ Roberts & Westad 2013, str. 535.
- ^ Bentley & Ziegler 2008, str. 595.
- ^ Roberts & Westad 2013, str. 712–14.
- ^ Stearns & Langer 2001, str. xix.
- ^ Baten 2016, str. 1–13. sfn greška: više ciljeva (2×): CITEREFBaten2016 (help)
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Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Crash Course World History
- British Museum – A History of the World (archived).
- Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, History of International Relations Open Textbook Project, Cambridge: Open Book. (archived).