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{{Short description|Британски физичар (1856–1940)}}
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'''Џозеф Џон Томсон''' ({{јез-енгл|Sir Joseph John Thomson}}; [[Читам хил]], [[Манчестер]], [[18. децембар]] [[1856]] — [[Кембриџ]], [[30. август]] [[1940]]) био је британски физичар.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-J-Thomson|title=J.J. Thomson {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>
'''Џозеф Џон Томсон''' ({{јез-енгл|Sir Joseph John Thomson}};<ref name="frs">{{Cite journal | last1 = Rayleigh | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1941.0024 |title = Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940 | journal = [[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]] | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | pages = 586–609 | year = 1941 | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Читам хил]], [[Манчестер]], [[18. децембар]] [[1856]] — [[Кембриџ]], [[30. август]] [[1940]]) био је британски физичар.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/J-J-Thomson|title=J.J. Thomson {{!}} Biography, Nobel Prize, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>
{{рут}}
In 1897, Thomson showed that [[cathode ray]]s were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles (now called electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large [[charge-to-mass ratio]].<ref name="Profile" /> Thomson is also credited with finding the first evidence for [[isotope]]s of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, as part of his exploration into the composition of [[canal ray]]s (positive ions). His experiments to determine the nature of positively charged particles, with [[Francis William Aston]], were the first use of [[mass spectrometry]] and led to the development of the mass spectrograph.<ref name="Profile" /><ref name="Jones">{{cite web |author-first=Mark |author-last=Jones|title=Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry.html |website=American Chemical Society |access-date=19 Nov 2019}}</ref>

Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.<ref name="Nobel1906">{{cite web|title=J.J. Thomson - Biographical|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html|website=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906|publisher=The Nobel Foundation|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>
Thomson was also a teacher, and several of his students also went on to win Nobel Prizes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Sudipto |title=Extraordinary Professor: JJ Thomson and his Nobel Prize Factory |url=https://probashionline.com/jj-thomson-nobel-prize-factory/ |website=Probashi |publisher=Durga Puja & Cultural Association (India) |access-date=7 August 2022 |date=6 April 2015 |quote=His Nobel Laureate students include Rutherford, Aston, Wilson, Bragg, Barkla, Richardson, and Appleton}}</ref>


== Биографија ==
== Биографија ==
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Томсон је добио Ноблеову награду за физику за то што је показао да је електрон субатомска честица. Много година касније његов син [[Џорџ Паџет Томсон]] добио је исту награду након што је показао да се електрон понаша као талас.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/biographies/thomson.html|title=J.J. Thomson {{!}} Biographies|website=www.atomicarchive.com|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>
Томсон је добио Ноблеову награду за физику за то што је показао да је електрон субатомска честица. Много година касније његов син [[Џорџ Паџет Томсон]] добио је исту награду након што је показао да се електрон понаша као талас.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atomicarchive.com/resources/biographies/thomson.html|title=J.J. Thomson {{!}} Biographies|website=www.atomicarchive.com|access-date=2021-01-30}}</ref>

== Каријера и истраживање ==
=== Преглед ===
On 22 December 1884, Thomson was appointed [[Cavendish Professor of Physics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|title=Joseph John "J. J." Thomson|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/joseph-john-j-j-thomson|publisher=[[Science History Institute]]|access-date=20 March 2018|date=June 2016}}</ref> The appointment caused considerable surprise, given that candidates such as [[Osborne Reynolds]] or [[Richard Glazebrook]] were older and more experienced in laboratory work. Thomson was known for his work as a mathematician, where he was recognized as an exceptional talent.<ref name="Leadership">{{cite book|last1=Kim|first1=Dong-Won|title=Leadership and creativity : a history of the Cavendish Laboratory, 1871–1919|date=2002|publisher=Kluwer Acad. Publ.|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-1402004759|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN13QvH8vnwC&pg=PA51|access-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 1908 and appointed to the [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] in 1912. In 1914, he gave the [[Romanes Lecture]] in [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] on "The atomic theory". In 1918, he became Master of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], where he remained until his death. Joseph John Thomson died on 30 August 1940; his ashes rest in [[Westminster Abbey]],<ref>'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p63: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref> near the graves of [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] and his former student, [[Ernest Rutherford]].<ref name="sirJJrestingplace">{{cite web|last=Westminster Abbey| title= Sir Joseph John Thomson| url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-joseph-john-thomson}}</ref>

One of Thomson's students was [[Ernest Rutherford]], who later succeeded him as [[Cavendish Professor of Physics]]. Six of Thomson's research assistants and junior colleagues ([[Charles Glover Barkla]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Glover Barkla - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1917/barkla/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company |access-date=11 October 2022 |date=1967 |quote=he worked under J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.}}</ref> [[Niels Bohr]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Niels Bohr - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam |access-date=18 October 2022 |date=1965 |quote=he made a stay at Cambridge, where he profited by following the experimental work going on in the Cavendish Laboratory under Sir J.J. Thomson’s guidance}}</ref> [[Max Born]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Max Born- Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1922/aston/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company |access-date=11 October 2022 |date=1964 |quote=Born next went to Cambridge for a short time, to study under Larmor and J.J. Thomson.}}</ref> [[William Henry Bragg]], [[Owen Willans Richardson]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Sir Owen Willans Richardson, British physicist |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Owen-Willans-Richardson |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=18 October 2022 |quote=Richardson, a graduate (1900) of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a student of J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory}}</ref> and [[Charles Thomson Rees Wilson]]<ref name="frs" />) won Nobel Prizes in physics, and two ([[Francis William Aston]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Francis W. Aston - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1922/aston/biographical// |website=The Nobel Prize |publisher=Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company |access-date=13 October 2022 |date=1966 |quote=At the end of 1909 he accepted the invitation of Sir J.J.Thomson to work as his assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory}}</ref> and [[Ernest Rutherford]]<ref name="nobelprize">{{cite web|title=Ernest Rutherford – Biography|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/|publisher=NobelPrize.org|access-date=6 August 2013 |quote=as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson.}}</ref>) won Nobel prizes in chemistry. Thomson's son ([[George Paget Thomson]]) also won the 1937 Nobel Prize in physics for proving the wave-like properties of electrons.<ref>{{cite web |title=George Paget Thomson Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1937/thomson/biographical/ |website=The Nobel Prize |access-date=8 June 2022 |quote=he carried out experiments on the behaviour of electrons ... which showed that electrons behave as waves ...}}</ref>


== Награде ==
== Награде ==

Верзија на датум 26. јануар 2023. у 01:00

Џозеф Џон Томсон
Џозеф Џон Томсон
Лични подаци
Датум рођења(1856-12-18)18. децембар 1856.
Место рођењаЧитам хил, Манчестер, Уједињено Краљевство
Датум смрти30. август 1940.(1940-08-30) (83 год.)
Место смртиКембриџ, Уједињено Краљевство
ОбразовањеУниверзитет у Манчестеру, Универзитет у Кембриџу, Тринити колеџ
Научни рад
ПољеФизика
ИнституцијаУниверзитет у Кембриџу
Универзитет Принстон
Јејл универзитет
УченициЧарлс Т. Р. Вилсон
Ернест Радерфорд
Џон Таунсенд
Овен Ричардсон
Вилијам Хенри Браг
МенториЏон Вилијам Страт
Едвард Џон Рут
Познат помодел пудинга од шљива
откриће електрона
откриће изотопа
изум масеног спектрометра
Награде Нобелова награда за физику (1906)
Потписpotpis_alt}}}

Џозеф Џон Томсон (енгл. Sir Joseph John Thomson;[1] Читам хил, Манчестер, 18. децембар 1856 — Кембриџ, 30. август 1940) био је британски физичар.[2]

In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles (now called electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large charge-to-mass ratio.[3] Thomson is also credited with finding the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays (positive ions). His experiments to determine the nature of positively charged particles, with Francis William Aston, were the first use of mass spectrometry and led to the development of the mass spectrograph.[3][4]

Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.[5] Thomson was also a teacher, and several of his students also went on to win Nobel Prizes.[6]

Биографија

Рођен је у Манчестеру, а школовао се на Овенсовом колеџу у Манчестеру и на Тринити колеџу у Кембриџу.[7] Од 1905. до 1918. године био је предавач у Краљевском институту. Томсон је открио електрон 1897-98. године и првобитно га названо „атом електрицитета”, а тиме је постао први истраживач који се бавио физиком елементарних честица.[8] Нобелову награду за физику добио је 1906. године за теоријска и експериментална истраживања провођења електрицитета кроз гасове.[9] Главне истраживачке заслуге су му откриће електрона, изотопа и масеног спектрометра.

Томсон је добио Ноблеову награду за физику за то што је показао да је електрон субатомска честица. Много година касније његов син Џорџ Паџет Томсон добио је исту награду након што је показао да се електрон понаша као талас.[10]

Каријера и истраживање

Преглед

On 22 December 1884, Thomson was appointed Cavendish Professor of Physics at the University of Cambridge.[3] The appointment caused considerable surprise, given that candidates such as Osborne Reynolds or Richard Glazebrook were older and more experienced in laboratory work. Thomson was known for his work as a mathematician, where he was recognized as an exceptional talent.[11]

He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was knighted in 1908 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1912. In 1914, he gave the Romanes Lecture in Oxford on "The atomic theory". In 1918, he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained until his death. Joseph John Thomson died on 30 August 1940; his ashes rest in Westminster Abbey,[12] near the graves of Sir Isaac Newton and his former student, Ernest Rutherford.[13]

One of Thomson's students was Ernest Rutherford, who later succeeded him as Cavendish Professor of Physics. Six of Thomson's research assistants and junior colleagues (Charles Glover Barkla,[14] Niels Bohr,[15] Max Born,[16] William Henry Bragg, Owen Willans Richardson[17] and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson[1]) won Nobel Prizes in physics, and two (Francis William Aston[18] and Ernest Rutherford[19]) won Nobel prizes in chemistry. Thomson's son (George Paget Thomson) also won the 1937 Nobel Prize in physics for proving the wave-like properties of electrons.[20]

Награде

Референце

  1. ^ а б Rayleigh (1941). „Joseph John Thomson. 1856-1940”. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (10): 586—609. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0024 Слободан приступ. 
  2. ^ „J.J. Thomson | Biography, Nobel Prize, & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-01-30. 
  3. ^ а б в „Joseph John "J. J." Thomson”. Science History Institute. јун 2016. Приступљено 20. 3. 2018. 
  4. ^ Jones, Mark. „Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry”. American Chemical Society. Приступљено 19. 11. 2019. 
  5. ^ „J.J. Thomson - Biographical”. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906. The Nobel Foundation. Приступљено 11. 2. 2015. 
  6. ^ Sengupta, Sudipto (6. 4. 2015). „Extraordinary Professor: JJ Thomson and his Nobel Prize Factory”. Probashi. Durga Puja & Cultural Association (India). Приступљено 7. 8. 2022. „His Nobel Laureate students include Rutherford, Aston, Wilson, Bragg, Barkla, Richardson, and Appleton” 
  7. ^ pixeltocode.uk, PixelToCode. „Sir Joseph John Thomson”. Westminster Abbey (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-01-30. 
  8. ^ Логос 2017, стр. 246-247.
  9. ^ „The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906”. NobelPrize.org (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-01-30. 
  10. ^ „J.J. Thomson | Biographies”. www.atomicarchive.com. Приступљено 2021-01-30. 
  11. ^ Kim, Dong-Won (2002). Leadership and creativity : a history of the Cavendish Laboratory, 1871–1919. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ. ISBN 978-1402004759. Приступљено 11. 2. 2015. 
  12. ^ 'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p63: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
  13. ^ Westminster Abbey. „Sir Joseph John Thomson”. 
  14. ^ „Charles Glover Barkla - Biographical”. The Nobel Prize. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1967. Приступљено 11. 10. 2022. „he worked under J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.” 
  15. ^ „Niels Bohr - Biographical”. The Nobel Prize. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 1965. Приступљено 18. 10. 2022. „he made a stay at Cambridge, where he profited by following the experimental work going on in the Cavendish Laboratory under Sir J.J. Thomson’s guidance” 
  16. ^ „Max Born- Biographical”. The Nobel Prize. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942-1962, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1964. Приступљено 11. 10. 2022. „Born next went to Cambridge for a short time, to study under Larmor and J.J. Thomson.” 
  17. ^ „Sir Owen Willans Richardson, British physicist”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Приступљено 18. 10. 2022. „Richardson, a graduate (1900) of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a student of J.J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory” 
  18. ^ „Francis W. Aston - Biographical”. The Nobel Prize. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966. Приступљено 13. 10. 2022. „At the end of 1909 he accepted the invitation of Sir J.J.Thomson to work as his assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory” 
  19. ^ „Ernest Rutherford – Biography”. NobelPrize.org. Приступљено 6. 8. 2013. „as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson.” 
  20. ^ „George Paget Thomson Biographical”. The Nobel Prize. Приступљено 8. 6. 2022. „he carried out experiments on the behaviour of electrons ... which showed that electrons behave as waves ...” 

Литература

  • Dahl, Per F., "Flash of the Cathode Rays: A History of J.J. Thomson's Electron". Institute of Physics Publishing. June. 1997. ISBN 978-0-7503-0453-5.
  • JJ Thomson (1897), Cathode rays, Philosophical Magazine
  • JJ Thomson (1913), Rays of positive electricity, Proceedings of the Royal Society, A 89, 1-20
  • "On the Structure of the Atom": an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure" — J.J. Thomson's 1904 paper proposing the plum pudding model.
  • 1883. A Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings: An essay to which the Adams Prize was adjudged in 1882, in the University of Cambridge. London: Macmillan and Co., pp. 146. Recent reprint: ISBN 0-543-95696-2.
  • 1888. Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry. London: Macmillan and Co., pp. 326. Recent reprint: ISBN 1-4021-8397-6.
  • 1893. Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism: intended as a sequel to Professor Clerk-Maxwell's 'Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'. Oxford University Press, pp.xvi and 578. 1991, Cornell University Monograph: ISBN 1-4297-4053-1.
  • 1921 (1895). Elements Of The Mathematical Theory Of Electricity And Magnetism. London: Macmillan and Co. Scan of 1895 edition.
  • A Text book of Physics in Five Volumes, co-authored with J.H. Poynting: (1) Properties of Matter, (2) Sound, (3) Heat, (4) Light, and (5) Electricity and Magnetism. Dated 1901 and later, and with revised later editions.
  • J.J. Thomson (1897), Cathode rays, Philosophical Magazine, 44, 293—The classic measurement of the electron mass and charge
  • J.J. Thomson (1912), "Further experiments on positive rays" Philosophical Magazine, 24, 209–253—first announcement of the two neon parabolae
  • J.J. Thomson (1923), The Electron in Chemistry: Being Five Lectures Delivered at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia.
  • Thomson, Sir J. J. (1936), Recollections and Reflections, London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd. Republished as digital edition, Cambridge: University Press, 2011 (Cambridge Library Collection series).
  • Thomson, George Paget. (1964) J.J. Thomson: Discoverer of the Electron. Great Britain: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd.
  • Davis, Eward Arthur & Falconer, Isobel (1997), J.J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron. ISBN 978-0-7484-0696-8
  • Falconer, Isobel (1988) "J.J. Thomson's Work on Positive Rays, 1906–1914" Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 18(2) 265–310
  • Falconer, Isobel (2001) "Corpuscles to Electrons" in J Buchwald and A Warwick (eds) Histories of the Electron, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, pp. 77–100.
  • Navarro, Jaume (2005). „J. J. Thomson on the Nature of Matter: Corpuscles and the Continuum”. Centaurus. 47 (4): 259—282. Bibcode:2005Cent...47..259N. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00028.x. 
  • Downard, Kevin M. (2009). „J. J. Thomson goes to America”. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 20 (11): 1964—1973. PMID 19734055. doi:10.1016/j.jasms.2009.07.008 Слободан приступ. 
  • Логос, Александар А. (2017). Путовање мисли : увод у потрагу за истином. Београд. 

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