Meritokratija

Meritokratija je vođstvo, teoretski zasnovano na zaslugama, talentu, veštini, inteligenciji i drugim relevantnim veštinama, pre nego na nasleđu (aristokratija), bogatstvu (plutokratija) ili volji većine (demokratija). Pojam je nastao od latinske reči mereo što znači zaraditi i starogrčke reči kratos snaga, moć. Meritokratija naglašava jednakost šansi za sve uzimajući u obzir da se položaj u hijerarhiji stiče kao rezultat postignuća merenog univerzalnim i objektivnim kriterijumima. Sam koncept ovog pojma vuče korene od kineske dinastije Han 200. pre nove ere, poznat kao Mandarinski sistem, koji je naglašavao da vladini zvaničnici treba da budu visoko obrazovani. U XVIII veku se ovaj koncept iz Kine proširio kroz Britansku Indiju, gde je postao dominantan faktor u britanskoj vladavini, a zatim i u kontinentalnu Evropu. Meritokratija je stigla i u Ameriku i promovisana je posle ubistva predsednika Džejmsa Garfilda 1881. godine, kada je uvedena praksa da se posao u vladi dobija na osnovu ispitivanja sposobnosti, a ne na osnovu političkih veza ili po političkoj bliskosti.

Napredak u takvom sistemu zasniva se na učinku, koji se meri ispitivanjem ili prikazanim dostignućem. Mada je koncept meritokratije postojao vekovima, sam termin je 1958. skovao sociolog Majkl Danlop Jang u svojoj distopijskoj političkoj i satiričnoj knjizi Uspon meritokratije.

Definicije

Rane definicije

Meritokratiju je najpoznatije razmatrao Platon u svojoj knjizi Republika i ona je postala jedan od temelja politike u zapadnom svetu. „Najčešća definicija meritokratije konceptualizuje zasluge u smislu proverene kompetencije i sposobnosti, i najverovatnije, mereno u vidu IQ ili standardizovanim testovima postignuća.“ U vladinim i drugim administrativnim sistemima, „meritokratija“ se odnosi na sistem pod kojim se napredak unutar sistema bazira na „zaslugama”, kao što su učinak, inteligencija, akreditivi i obrazovanje. Oni se često utvrđuju putem evaluacija ili ispitivanja.

U opštijem smislu, meritokratija se može odnositi na bilo koji oblik vrednovanja zasnovanog na postignuću. Poput „utilitarnog“ i „pragmatičnog“, reč „meritokratski“ je takođe razvila širu konotaciju, a ponekad se koristi za označavanje bilo koje vlade koju vodi „vladajuća ili uticajna klasa obrazovanih ili sposobnih ljudi“.

Ovo je u suprotnosti sa originalnom, osuđujućom upotrebom termina iz 1958. od strane Majkla Danlopa Janga u njegovom delu „Uspon meritokratije”, koji je satirisao trodeoni sistem obrazovanja zasnovan na zaslugama koji se praktikovao u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu u to vreme. On je tvrdio da je u trodeonom sistemu „zasluga izjednačena sa inteligencijom plus nastojanje, njeni posednici se identifikuju u ranom uzrastu i biraju za odgovarajuće intenzivno obrazovanje, a postoji i opsesija kvantifikovanjem, bodovanjem na testovima i kvalifikacijama.”

Meritokratija u svom širem smislu može biti bilo koji opšti čin prosuđivanja na osnovu različitih dokazanih zasluga; takva dela se često opisuju u sociologiji i psihologiji.

U retorici, demonstracija nečije zasluge u pogledu savladavanja određenog predmeta je suštinski zadatak koji je najdirektnije povezan sa aristotelovskim terminom Etos. Ekvivalentna aristotelovska koncepcija meritokratije je zasnovana na aristokratskim ili oligarhijskim strukturama, a ne u kontekstu moderne države.

Skorije definicije

U Sjedinjenim Državama, atentat na predsednika Džejmsa A. Garfilda 1881. podstakao je zamenu američkog sistema plena meritokratijom. Godine 1883, donesen je Pendletonov zakon o reformi državne službe, koji predviđa da se državni poslovi trebaju dodeljivati na osnovu zasluga kroz takmičarske ispite, a ne na osnovu veza sa političarima ili političkim opredeljenjima.

Najčešći oblik meritokratskog skrininga koji se danas nalazi je fakultetska diploma. Visoko obrazovanje je nesavršen meritokratski sistem skrininga iz različitih razloga, kao što su nedostatak jedinstvenih standarda širom sveta, nedostatak obima (nisu uključena sva zanimanja i procesi) i nedostatak pristupa (neki talentovani ljudi nikada nemaju mogućnost učešća zbog troškova, posebno u zemljama u razvoju). Bez obzira na to, akademske diplome služe u određenoj meri meritokratskoj svrsi skrininga u nedostatku prefinjenije metodologije. Obrazovanje samo po sebi, međutim, ne predstavlja kompletan sistem, jer meritokratija mora automatski pružiti moć i autoritet, što diploma sama po sebi ne postiže.

Rej Dalio koristi termin „idejna meritokratija” za sistem koji promoviše dobre ideje, a ne samo začetnika.

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Spoljašnje veze

• Ekonomist o meritokratiji u SAD
• Časopis Kuš
• Quinion, Michael (2001-07-21). „World Wide Words: Meritocracy”. World Wide Words. Pristupljeno 2016-02-17. 
• Bent, Nick. „Time for a more inclusive and progressive definition of meritocracy”. Progress Online. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 6. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 2016-02-17. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Markovits, Daniel (2019-08-19). „How Life Became an Endless, Terrible Competition”. The Atlantic (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2019-08-26.