Корисник:РудиЧајевац/песак

Поријекло	Нацистичка Њемачка
Употреба
Употреба у	Нацистичка Њемачка
Бојно дјеловање	Други свјетски рат

Референце

Руди |${\mathcal {R}}$| 21:18, 23. март 2020. (CET) — Snake |${\mathcal {R}}$| 09:22, 10. јул 2020. (CEST)

1. — Snake |${\mathcal {R}}$| 09:24, 10. јул 2020. (CEST)

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Штумгевер 44
Поријекло	Нацистичка Њемачка
Употреба
Употреба у	Нацистичка Њемачка
Бојно дјеловање	Други свјетски рат
Спецификације
Маса	5.22 kg
Дужина	940 mm
Калибар	7,92x33 mm
Врста операције	гас
Начин дејства	аутоматски
Брзина паљбе	500 - 600 мет/мин
Макс. еф. домет	300 m
Магацин	30 метака
Нишан	механички

Штурмгевер 44 (нем. Sturmgewehr 44) је прва немачка јуришна пушка из периода Другог светског рата, претеча данашњих аутоматских пушака. Студије развоја започеле су 1942. и наставиле се до 1944. Неколико модела је произведено у различито вријеме, као што је МП 43, почетни исход дизајнерских радова на јуришној пушки, Запад и посебно током битке за Нормандију. Извештаји о ефикасности оружја веома су охрабрујући за Немце који одлуче да наставе са побољшањима.

Историја

Током Првог свјетског рата, њемачки инжињер Хуго Шмајсер је закључио да су 7.92mm пушке врло незгодне за јуриш на ровове и зато је развио компактно аутоматско оружје помоћу метака пиштољског калибра који су жртвовали тачност великог домета за мале димензије, малу масу и смањени одбој. Године 1934. Хересвафенамт (војни биро за наоружање) почео је да развија метке средњег домета са скраћеном чауром и смањеном количином барута, и даље способне за ефикасан домет од 400 метара. Године 1938. Амт је издао уговор Ц.Г. Хаенел Вафенфрабрик ће развити машински карабин за настали „7,92x33mm Infanterie Kurz Patrone“ или кратки метак, способан да служи и као аутомат, и као аутоматска пушка, и максимално користи утиснуте металне дијелове како би поједноставила производњу. Главни Хаенелов инжењер Хуго Шмајсер прихватио је изазов постављањем цијеви и кундака у равну линију како би се смањио удар повратног удара, са пиштољским рукохватом за окидач и постављањем нишана. Гасна акција покретала је клип који је покретао затвараћ, а пушка је била сва метална, осим код кундака.

До 1940. године Шмајсер је изнио своје основне ствари, али бројни технички проблеми претходили су његовом прихватању. Погон Хаенел могао је да поднесе мали степен потребне обраде, али није имао алате за штампање, па су они подуговарани са другим компанијама, попут ЕРМА и Мерзверке, које су у том процесу редизајнирале неке дијелове. Од самог почетка, дизајн је требало да обезбеди Њемачкој оружје које би се могло масовно производити, јер су ратни ресурси постајали све оскуднији са сваке године. Користећи Руски фронт као развојни полигон од јула 1943. надаље, пушка се у свом садашњем облику развила у серију МП43 као МП43/1. Овај нови облик омогућио је да се на цијев причврсти бацач граната и садржао је одредбе за постављање оптичких нишана.

Како је рат одмицао, развој МП43 претворио се у систем МП44 који је на крају уступио мјесто новој ознаци Штурмгевер СтГ44 - што је преведено у оно што данас идентификујемо као пушку. Ово је ефективно промијенило идеју ознаке „машински пиштољ“ (по узору на аутомат) у потпуно нову врсту оружја у свијету јуришних пушака. Послије битке за Нормандију, ово оружје користе и њемачке снаге током битке код Ардена. Дизајн јуришне пушке АК-47, који је развио Михаил Калашњиков, у великој мери је инспирисан од стране СТГ 44.

Опис

Штурмгевер 44 са оптичким нишаном.

МП 43, МП 44 и СтГ 44 биле су различите ознаке за у суштини исту пушку са мањим допунама у производњи. Разноликост у номенклатурама резултат је сложене бирократије у нацистичкој Њемачкој. Развијен од Mkb 42(H) "машинског карабина", СтГ 44 је комбиновао карактеристике карабина, аутомата, и аутоматске пуше. СтГ је скраћеница од Sturmgewehr. Према једном извjештају, име је лично одабрао Адолф Хитлер из пропагандних разлога и значи „јуришна пушка“ као и „напасти непријатељски положај“, мада неки извори оспоравају да је Хитлер осим потписивања наредбе имао и много везе са ковањем новог имена. Након усвајања СтГ 44, енглески превод „јуришна пушка“ постао је прихваћена ознака за ову врсту пјешадијског малог оружја. Током његове производње дошло је до мањих промена на задњем дијелу, компензатору трзаја, облику основе предњег нишана и степеништу цеви.

Пушка је била направљена за 7.92×33mm Kurz метак. Ова краћа верзија њемачке стандардне (7,92×57 мм) пушке, у комбинацији са дизајном селективне ватре оружја, пружила је компромис између контролисане ватрене снаге аутомата из непосредне близине са тачношћу и снагом карабина 98 на средњим дометима. Иако је СтГ 44 имао мањи домет и снагу од моћнијих пешадијских пушака тог дана, армијске студије показале су да се мало борбених дејстава десило на више од 300 m (330 yd) а већина на удаљености од 200 m (220 yd). Пушчани меци пуне снаге били су претјерани за већину употреба просјечног војника. Само обучени специјалиста, попут снајпера, или војници опремљени митраљезима, који су испаљивали више метака на познату или сумњиву мету, могли су у потпуности да искористе опсег и снагу стандардног пушчаног метка.

Британци су били критични према оружју, рекавши да би пријемник могао бити савијен и затварач закључан самим чином куцања наслоњене пушке на тврди под. Америчка процена у касном рату исмијавала је СтГ 44 као „просјечни“, „гломазан“ и „незграпан“, проглашавајући га неспособним за аутоматску ватру и склоном ометању, мада је извјештај прихватио да је његова тачност „одлична за оружје тог типа".

Спољашње везе

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Руди |${\mathcal {R}}$| 10:50, 2. април 2020. (CEST)

Застава М57
Застава M57A.
Врста	Пиштољ
Порекло	СФРЈ
Употреба
Употреба у	Земље са простора бивше Југославије, приватне фирме за безбедност, цивилна лица.
Бојно деловање	Ратови током распада СФРЈ
Производња
Произвођач	Застава Оружје
Варијанте	M70A
Спецификације
Маса	0,86 kg
Дужина	200 mm
Калибар	7,62 x 25 mm
Врста операције	кратки трзај цеви
Начин дејства	полуаутоматски
Брзина паљбе	2000 мет/мин
Брзина зрна	480 m/s
Макс. еф. домет	50 m
Магацин	9 метака
Нишан	механички

Погледај још

• Застава ЦЗ99
• Токарев ТТ-33

Спољашње везе

• Веб сајт произвођача

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Овај чланак користи алгебарску шаховску нотацију како би се описали шаховски потези.

РудиЧајевац/песак

a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h
Потези	1. е4 е5 2. Сф3 Сц6 3. Лб5
ЕХО	C60—C99
Порекло	Гетиншки рукопис, 1490. године
Названо по	Шпанија
Главно	Отворене игре (шах)

Шпанска партија је шаховско отварање које почиње потезима:

1. е4 е5 2. Сф3 Сц6 3. Лб5

Једно је од најзаступљенијих и најпопуларнијих отварања. Садржи велики број огранака, варијаната и подваријаната.

Историјат

Шпанска партија(или Руј Лопез) је добила своје име након што је шпански свештеник Руј Лопез де Сегура анализирао ово отварање у књизи Libro del Ajedrez(у дословном преводу значи „Књига шаха") која је написана 1561. године. Иако је отварање већ 1490. године анализирано у Гетиншском рукопису, оно идаље носи ово име. Отварање је постало популарно тек у 19. веку, када је руски теоретичар Карл Јениш поново открио њен потенцијал.

Варијанте

• Берлинска одбрана 3. Сф6
• Морфијева одбрана 3. а6

Морфијева одбрана је најпопуларнији наставак после 2. Лб5. Главни циљ овог потеза је да после , најчешћег, повлачења ловцем на а4, црни добије могућност да путем 4. ...б5, уклони непријатно везивање. Бели сад треба да се чува да не упадне у замку названу "Нојева барка", у којој црни осваја белог ловца са пешачким напредовањем а6, б5 и ц4. Осим 4. Ла5 варијанте, постоји још и варијанта размене са 4. Л:ц6.

• Класична одбрана 3. Лц5
• Норвежанска варијанта 3. Са5

Морфијева одбрана: 3. a6

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Морфијева одбрана: 3. a6

By far the most commonly played third move for Black is the Morphy Defence, 3...a6, which "puts the question" to the white bishop. The main point of 3...a6 is that after the common retreat 4.Ba4, Black will have the possibility of breaking a future pin on his Шаблон:Chessgloss by playing ...b5. White must take some care not to fall into the Noah's Ark Trap, in which Black traps White's Шаблон:Chessgloss on the b3-square with a ...a6, ...b5, and ...c4 pawn advance on the Шаблон:Chessgloss. Ercole del Rio, in his 1750 treatise Sopra il giuoco degli Scacchi, Osservazioni pratiche dell'anonimo Modenese (On the game of Chess, practical Observations by an anonymous Modenese), was the first author to mention 3...a6. The move became popular after it was played by Paul Morphy, however, and it is named for him. Steinitz did not approve of the move; in 1889, he wrote, "on principle this ought to be disadvantageous as it drives the bishop where it wants to go". Steinitz's opinion did not prevail, however; today, 3...a6 is played in over 65 percent of all games beginning with the Ruy Lopez.

Morphy Defence: alternatives to Closed Defence

After 3...a6, the most commonly played line is the Closed Defence, which goes 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7, discussed in the two following sections. Alternatives to the Closed Defence described in this section are:

• 4.Bxc6 (Exchange Variation)
• 4.Ba4
  • 4...b5 5.Bb3 Na5 (Norwegian Variation)
  • 4...b5 5.Bb3 Bc5 (Graz Defence)
  • 4...b5 5.Bb3 Bb7 (Caro Variation)
  • 4...Bc5 (Classical Defence Deferred)
  • 4...Nge7 (Cozio Defence Deferred)
  • 4...g6 (Fianchetto Defence Deferred)
  • 4...f5 (Schliemann Defence Deferred)
  • 4...d6 (Modern Steinitz Defence)
  • 4...Nf6 5.Nc3 (Ruy Lopez Four Knights Variation)
  • 4...Nf6 5.Qe2 (Wormald Attack)
  • 4...Nf6 5.d4 (Mackenzie Variation)
  • 4...Nf6 5.d3 (Anderssen Variation)
  • 4...Nf6 5.0-0 d6 (Russian Defence)
  • 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Bc5 (Møller Defence)
  • 4...Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bb7 (Arkhangelsk Defence)
  • 4...Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bc5 (Modern Arkhangelsk Defence)
  • 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4 (Open Defence)

Exchange Variation: 4.Bxc6

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Exchange Variation after 4...dxc6

In the Exchange Variation, 4.Bxc6, (ECO C68–C69) White damages Black's pawn structure, giving him a ready-made long-term plan of playing d4 ...exd4 Qxd4, followed by exchanging all the pieces and winning the pure pawn ending. Max Euwe gives the pure pawn ending in this position (with all pieces except kings removed) as a win for White. Black gains good compensation, however, in the form of the bishop pair, and the variation is not considered White's most ambitious, though former world champions Emanuel Lasker and Bobby Fischer employed it with success.

After 4.Bxc6, Black almost always responds 4...dxc6. 4...bxc6 is rarely played due to the reply 5.d4 exd4 6.Qxd4 and White is in Шаблон:Chessgloss. After 4...dxc6, the obvious 5.Nxe5Шаблон:Chesspunc is weak, since 5...Qd4Шаблон:Chesspunc 6.Nf3 Qxe4+ 7.Qe2 Qxe2+ 8.Kxe2 leaves White with no compensation for Black's bishop pair.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lasker had great success with 5.d4 exd4 6.Qxd4 Qxd4 7.Nxd4, most notable his famous win against Jose Raul Capablanca in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament.

Since then, better defences for Black have been developed, and this line is considered to slightly favour Black. Jon Jacobs wrote in the July 2005 Chess Life (p. 21): "A database search (limited to games longer than 20 moves, both players FIDE 2300+) reveals the position after 7.Nxd4 was reached 20 times from 1985–2002. White's results were abysmal: +0−7=13."

After 5.Nc3, Black usually plays 5...f6 to defend his e-pawn. A notable game is Adhiban–Nakamura from the 2013 FIDE World Cup.

The flexible 5.0-0 is sometimes called the Barendregt Variation, but it was Fischer who developed it into a serious weapon in the 1960s. Unlike 5.d4, it forces Black to defend his e-pawn, which he usually does with 5...f6, 5...Bg4, 5...Qd6 (the sharpest line, preparing queenside castling), 5...Qe7, 5...Qf6 or 5...Bd6. A rare but playable move is 5...Be6 (or 5...Be7), the idea being that if White plays 6.Nxe5, Black plays 6... Qd4, forking the knight and the e4-pawn. The move ...Qd4, regaining the pawn at e4, is usually impossible in these variations once White has castled, due to the open e-file.

Notable games are Fischer–Portisch, and Fischer–Gligoric, both played at the 17th Chess Olympiad in Havana 1966.

White may also delay the exchange for a move or two: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.Bxc6 or 5.0-0 Be7 6.Bxc6 (the Delayed Exchange Deferred), for example; at first glance this seems a waste of time, but Black having played ...Nf6 rules out defending the pawn with ...f6, and the bishop already being on e7 means that ...Bd6 would be a loss of tempo.

Norwegian Defence: 4.Ba4 b5 5.Bb3 Na5

The Norwegian Variation (also called the Taimanov or Wing Variation) (ECO C70), 3...a6 4.Ba4 b5 5.Bb3 Na5 aims to eliminate the white bishop but is generally considered too time-consuming for Black. The usual continuation is 6.0-0 d6 7.d4 Nxb3, but the speculative sacrifice 6.Bxf7+Шаблон:Chesspunc Kxf7 7.Nxe5+, which drives the black king out, has been played. With accurate play, however, Black is supposed to be able to consolidate his extra piece.

In the 1950s, Mark Taimanov played it with some success, though it remained a sideline, as it has to this day. This defence has been known since the 1880s and was reintroduced in 1901 by Carl Schlechter. The Norwegian connection was first introduced by Svein Johannessen who played the line from 1957 and later strengthened when Simen Agdestein and some other Norwegian players adopted the variation. In 1995 Jonathan Tisdall published the article "Ruy Lopez. The Norwegian Variation" in New in Chess Yearbook 37.

Variations combining 3...a6 and ...Bc5

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Møller Defence: 5...Bc5

The Graz Defence, Classical Defence Deferred, and Møller Defence combine 3...a6 with the active move ...Bc5. For a century it was believed that it was safer for Black to place the bishop on e7, but it is much more active on c5. White can gain time after playing d4 as the black bishop will have to move, but this does not always seem to be as important as was once thought.

The Møller Defence, 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Bc5 was already an old line in 1903 when Dane Jørgen Møller (1873–1944) analysed it in Tidsskrift för Schack. Alexander Alekhine played this for Black in the early portion of his career; despite his advocacy, it never achieved great popularity, and even he eventually came to consider it dubious.

The Graz Defence, 3...a6 4.Ba4 b5 5.Bb3 Bc5, was analysed by Alois Fink (b. 1910) in Österreichische Schachzeitung in 1956 and in Wiener Schach Nachrichten in 1979, although it did not become popular until the 1990s.

Modern Steinitz Defence: 4.Ba4 d6

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Modern Steinitz Defence: 4...d6

In the Modern Steinitz Defence (also called Neo-Steinitz Defence) (ECO C71–C76), Black interpolates 3...a6 4.Ba4 before playing 4...d6, which was frequently played by Alekhine, José Raúl Capablanca and Paul Keres. The possibility of breaking the pin with a timely ...b5 gives Black more latitude than in the Old Steinitz Defence; in particular, in the Old Steinitz, White can practically force Black to give up his strongpoint at e5, but in the Modern Steinitz, Black is able to maintain his Шаблон:Chessgloss. Most plausible White moves are playable here, including 5.c3, 5.c4, 5.Bxc6, 5.d4, and 5.0-0. The sharp Siesta Variation arises after 5.c3 f5, while a manoeuvring game results from the calmer 5.c3 Bd7 6.d4. The game is also sharp after 5.Bxc6+ bxc6 6.d4 (ECO C73) or 5.0-0 Bg4 6.h3 h5 (ECO C72). The older lines starting with 5.c4 and 5.d4 are not regarded as testing for Black, though the latter offers a tricky gambit. There are six ECO classifications for the Modern Steinitz. White's responses 5.d4, 5.Nc3, and 5.c4 are included in C71, while 5.0-0 is C72. The delayed exchange 5.Bxc6+ bxc6 6.d4 is C73. C74–C76 all begin with 5.c3. C74 covers 5...Nf6, but primarily focuses on 5...f5 6.exf5 Bxf5 with 7.d4 or 7.0-0. C75's main continuation is 5...Bd7 6.d4 Nge7, the Rubinstein Variation. C76 is characterised by the Black Шаблон:Chessgloss fianchetto 5...Bd7 6.d4 g6.

Schliemann Defence Deferred: 4.Ba4 f5

The Schliemann Defence Deferred, 3...a6 4.Ba4 f5, is rarely seen, with practically its only top-level appearance being in the 1974 Candidates Final, when Viktor Korchnoi adopted it versus Anatoly Karpov. It is considered inferior to the regular Schliemann, since White can answer effectively with 5.d4! exd4 6.e5.

Mackenzie Variation: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.d4

The variation 5.d4 (ECO C77), named after George Henry Mackenzie who employed it on a regular basis, is an old line which, according to modern theory, does not promise White any advantage, though is adopted as an alternative to the main variation 5.0-0. The main line continues with 5...exd4 (5... Nxe4 6.0-0 transposes to the Open Defence) 6.0-0 (6.e5 Ne4 is harmless) Be7 (6...Nxe4 transposes to the Riga Variation of the Open Defence) which leads to the Centre Attack (ECO C84) of the Closed Defence.

Steinitz Defence Deferred: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 d6

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Steinitz Defence Deferred: 5...d6

The Steinitz Defence Deferred (ECO C79) also called Russian Defence. With the move order 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 d6, Black waits until White castles before playing ...d6. This can enable Black to avoid some lines in the Steinitz Defence Deferred in which White castles Шаблон:Chessgloss although the position of the knight on f6 also precludes Black from supporting the centre with ...f7–f6. These nuances seem to have little importance today, as neither the Steinitz Defence Deferred nor the Russian Defence have been popular for many years.

Chigorin played the Russian Defence in the 1890s, and later it was adopted by Rubinstein and Alekhine. The last significant use of the Russian Defence was in the 1950s when it was played by some Russian masters.

Arkhangelsk Defence: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bb7

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Arkhangelsk Defence: 6...Bb7

The Arkhangelsk Defence (or Archangel Defence) (ECO C78) was popularized by Soviet players from the city of Arkhangelsk such as GM Vladimir Malaniuk. The variation begins 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bb7. This line often leads to sharp positions in which Black wagers that the fianchettoed bishop's influence on the centre and kingside will offset Black's delay in castling. White has several options, including attempting to build an ideal pawn centre with c3 and d4, defending the e-pawn with Re1 or simply developing. The Arkhangelsk Defence is tactically justified by Black's ability to meet 7.Ng5 with 7...d5 8.exd5 Nd4! (not 8...Nxd5, when White gets the advantage with 9.Qh5 g6 10.Qf3).

Modern Arkhangelsk Defence: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Bc5

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	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

Modern Arkhangelsk Defence: 6...Bc5

The Modern Arkhangelsk Defence (or Modern Archangel Defence) (ECO C78) is a refinement of the regular Arkhangelsk Defence by incorporating ideas similar to the Møller Defence. Black normally does not fianchetto the Queen's bishop, which would transpose to regular Arkhangelsk setups, but plays ...Bg4 to increase the pressure against White's pawn centre. White's main continuation is 7.a4 after which Black responds with the typical move 7...Rb8 reaching the starting point of this highly complex variation. Another line is the more traditional 7.c3 d6 8.d4 and after 8...Bb6 Black's position is fine. 8...exd4 occurred in Loewenthal–Morphy, London 1859, which seems to be the first time this variation was ever played.

Peter Svidler recorded an entire video series about this defence.

Open Defence: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4

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Open Defence after 8...Be6

In the Open Defence, 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Nxe4, Black tries to make use of the time White will take to regain the pawn to gain a foothold in the centre, with play usually continuing 6.d4 b5 7.Bb3 d5 (but not 7...exd4? 8.Re1 d5 9.Nc3!, Bobby Fischer–Petar Trifunovic, Bled 1961) 8.dxe5 Be6.

Here 8.Nxe5, once adopted by Fischer, is much less often seen, and Black should equalise after the accurate 8...Nxe5 9.dxe5 c6, which avoids prematurely committing the light-squared bishop and solidly defends d5, often a problem in the Open.

The Riga Variation, 6...exd4, is considered inferior; the main line runs 7.Re1 d5 8.Nxd4 Bd6! 9.Nxc6 Bxh2+! 10.Kh1! (10.Kxh2 Qh4+ 11.Kg1 Qxf2+ draws by perpetual check.) Qh4 11.Rxe4+! dxe4 12.Qd8+! Qxd8 13.Nxd8+ Kxd8 14.Kxh2 Be6 (14...f5Шаблон:Chesspunc 15.Bg5Шаблон:ChessAN!) and now the endgame is considered to favour White after 15.Be3 or Nd2 (but not 15.Nc3 c5!, playing to trap the bishop). A famous example of this line is the game José Raúl Capablanca–Edward Lasker, New York 1915. However, this variation has been somewhat revived by a Ukrainian analyst and author Yuriy Krykun in his course on 1.e4 e5 which can be found here https://www.chessable.com/unleash-the-bull-1e5-a-full-repertoire-for-black/course/25866/, as he claimed that while White can keep an objectively better position, Black often obtains some very lively counterplay.

White has a variety of options at move nine, including 9.c3, 9.Be3, 9.Qe2 and 9.Nbd2.

The classical line starts with 9.c3 when Black may choose 9...Be7 (the main line) or the aggressive 9...Bc5.

After 9.c3 Bc5 10.Nbd2 0-0 11.Bc2, Black must meet the attack on e4, with the following possibilities from which to choose: 11...f5, 11...Bf5, both of which aim to maintain the strongpoint on e4, or the forcing line 11...Nxf2, introduced by the English amateur Vernon Dilworth.

Today, 9.Be3 Be7 10.c3 is often used to transpose into the main line, 9.c3, while obviating the option of the Dilworth.

An old continuation is 11...f5, when after 12.Nb3 Ba7 13.Nfd4 Nxd4 14.Nxd4 Bxd4 White can gain some advantage with Bogoljubov's 15.Qxd4. Instead, the very sharp La Grande Variante continues 15.cxd4 f4 16.f3 Ng3 17.hxg3 fxg3 18.Qd3 Bf5 19.Qxf5 Rxf5 20.Bxf5 Qh4 21.Bh3 Qxd4+ 22.Kh1 Qxe5, with unclear consequences. Perhaps the most famous game in this variation is Smyslov–Reshevsky, 1945 USSR–USA Radio Match. An analysis of the line had just been published in a Russian chess magazine, and Smyslov was able to follow it to quickly obtain a winning position. Reshevsky had not seen the analysis and he struggled in vain to solve the position over the board with his chess clock running. The Dilworth Variation (or Attack), 11...Nxf2 12.Rxf2 f6 13.exf6 Bxf2+ 14.Kxf2 Qxf6 has scored well for Black, with many traps for the ill-prepared White player. The main line leads to unbalanced endgames which are difficult to play for both sides, though with a strong drawing tendency. Artur Yusupov is one of the few grandmasters who has adopted the Dilworth repeatedly.

In the Howell Attack (ECO C81), 9.Qe2, White aims for play against d5 after Rd1. The game usually continues 9...Be7 10.Rd1 followed by 10...Nc5 or 10...0-0. Paul Keres played this line against Max Euwe and Samuel Reshevsky at the World Chess Championship tournament 1948.

Karpov's move, 9.Nbd2, limits Black's options. In the 1978 Karpov–Korchnoi World Chess Championship match, following 9.Nbd2 Nc5 10.c3 d4 (10...Be7 is an old move that remains popular) Karpov introduced the surprising 11.Ng5Шаблон:Chesspunc, a move suggested by his trainer, Igor Zaitsev. If Black takes the knight with 11...Qxg5 White regains the material with 12.Qf3. This variation played a decisive role in a later World Championship match, Kasparov–Anand 1995, when Anand was unable to successfully defend as Black.

Closed Defence 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7: alternatives to Main line

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Closed Defence after 5...Be7

In the main line, White normally retreats his bishop with 4.Ba4, when the usual continuation is 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Be7. Black now threatens to win a pawn with 6...b5 followed by 7...Nxe4, so White must respond. Usually White defends the e-pawn with 6.Re1 which, in turn, threatens Black with the loss of a pawn after 7.Bxc6 and 8.Nxe5. Although it is possible to defend the pawn with 6...d6, Black most commonly averts this threat by driving away the white bishop with 6...b5 7.Bb3.

After 4...Nf6 5.0-0 Be7, the most frequently seen continuation is 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0, discussed in the next section. Examined in this section are the alternatives to the main line:

• 6.Bxc6 (Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred)
• 6.d4 (Centre Attack)
• 6.Qe2 (Worrall Attack)
• 6.d3 (Modern Line)
• 6.Re1 d6 (Averbakh Variation)
• 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3
  • 7...Bb7 (Trajković Variation)
  • 7...0-0 8.c3 d5 (Marshall Attack)

Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred: 6.Bxc6

The Delayed Exchange Variation Deferred (or Exchange Variation Doubly Deferred) (ECO C85), 6.Bxc6, loses a tempo compared to the Exchange Variation, though in compensation, the black knight on f6 and bishop on e7 are awkwardly placed. The knight on f6 prevents Black from supporting the e-pawn with ...f7–f6, and the bishop is somewhat passively posted on e7.

Centre Attack: 6.d4

The Centre Attack (or Centre Variation) (ECO C84), 6.d4, leads to sharp play. After 6... exd4 (6... Nxe4 and 6... b5 are viable alternatives) 7.Re1 b5 (7... 0-0 8. e5 Ne8 is a playable alternative) White can play either 8.Bb3 or the sharp 8.e5. In case of the immediate 7.e5 Black takes advantage of the absence of the white rook from e1 and plays 7... Ne4 with the idea of 8... Nc5.

Worrall Attack: 6.Qe2

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Worrall Attack: 6.Qe2

In the Worrall Attack (ECO C86), White substitutes 6.Qe2 for 6.Re1. The idea is that the queen will support the e-pawn, leaving the rook free to move to d1 to support the advance of the d-pawn, although there is not always time for this. Play normally continues 6...b5 7.Bb3 followed by 7...0-0 8.c3 and 8...d5 or 8...d6.

Paul Keres played the line several times. More recently, Sergei Tiviakov has played it, as has Nigel Short, who essayed it twice in his 1992 match against Anatoly Karpov and won both games.

Модерна линија: 6. д3

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Modern Line: 6.d3

Играњем 6. д3 White steers clear of the Marshall Attack and any of the Anti-Marshall lines. White threatens 7.Bxc6 winning the e5-pawn leaving Black a choice of either 6...d6 or 6...b5. After 6...d6 the e5-pawn is firmly defended and Black threatens to trade off White's Ruy Lopez bishop with 7...b5 and 8...Na5. White normally continues with 7.c3 and after 8...0-0 White can choose between 9.Nbd2 or 9 Re1. Black can also play 6...b5 and after 7.Bb3 d6 (7...0-0 is a viable alternative) White has to deal with the threat of 8...Na5 by playing 8.a3 (8.c3 or 8 a4 are perfectly playable as well) and after 8...0-0 (the immediate 8...Na5 is also feasible) 9.Nc3 we have reached a modern tabiya of the Ruy Lopez. This position was first reached in a high-level encounter between Viswanathan Anand and Michael Adams, Grenke Chess Classic 2013. 6.d3 has gained wide popularity among the top players and has almost supplanted the Ruy Lopez main line with 6.Re1.

Peter Svidler has dedicated an entire video series to the fashionable 6.d3 line.

Averbakh Variation: 6.Re1 d6

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Averbakh Variation: 6...d6

In the Averbakh Variation (C87), named for Yuri Averbakh, Black defends the threatened e-pawn with 6...d6 instead of driving away the white bishop with the more common 6...b5. This defence shares some similarities with the Modern Steinitz and Russian Defences as Black avoids the ...b5 advance that weakens the queenside. White can reply with either 7.Bxc6 bxc6 8.d4 or 7.c3 Bg4 (it is too late for Black to transpose into the more usual lines of the Closed Defence, because 7...b5 would allow 8.Bc2, saving White a tempo over the two-move sequence Bb3–c2 found in other variations). The pin temporarily prevents White from playing d2–d4. In response, White can either force d4 with 8.h3 Bh5 9.Bxc6 bxc6 10.d4, or postpone d4 for the time being and play 8.d3 followed by manoeuvering the queen knight to the kingside with Nbd2–f1–g3.

Trajković Variation: 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 Bb7

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Trajković Variation: 6...b5 7.Bb3 Bb7

An alternative to 6...d6 is 6...b5 7.Bb3 Bb7. This is known as the Trajković Variation. Black may sacrifice a pawn with 8.c3 d5 9.exd5 Nxd5 10.Nxe5 Nxe5 11.Rxe5 Nf4.

7...0-0

After 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3, Black often plays 7...0-0. Here White can play 8.c3, but he has other moves. Alternatives are 8.a4, 8.h3, 8.d4, and 8.d3, which are often called "anti-Marshall" moves. White can also play 8.Nc3 with the idea of playing 9.Nd5 later.

When White opts for 8.c3, Black can and often does play 8...d6, which is a commonly used transposition to the main line. However, he can also play 8...d5 for the Marshall Attack.

Маршалов напад: 7...0-0 8.c3 d5

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Marshall Attack after 11...c6, the most common move in modern play. In 1918 Marshall played 11...Nf6.

One of Black's more aggressive alternatives is the Marshall Attack: after 3...a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 0-0 8.c3 Black plays the gambit 8...d5, sacrificing a pawn. The main line begins with 9.exd5 Nxd5 (9...e4?!, the Herman Steiner variation, is considered weaker) 10.Nxe5 Nxe5 11.Rxe5 c6 (Marshall's original moves, 11...Nf6, and 11...Bb7 are considered inferior, but have also yielded good results at top levels of play for Black. GM Joel Benjamin suggests that 11...Bb7 is inferior due to 12.Qf3). The resulting position is shown in the diagram. To the casual observer it might seem that Black has been careless and lost a pawn; however, the sacrifice has also stripped White's Шаблон:Chessgloss of its defenders, given Black a lead in development, and rendered White's 8.c3 irrelevant. Since Black's compensation is based on Шаблон:Chessgloss rather than Шаблон:Chessgloss considerations, it is difficult or perhaps impossible to find a refutation. Black generally goes all-in with a massive kingside attack, which has been analysed to great depth (sometimes beyond move 30) with no definite conclusion as to the Marshall's soundness. The Marshall Attack is a very sharp opening system in which a great amount of theoretical knowledge is vital, and many White players, including Garry Kasparov, avoid it by playing one of the anti-Marshall systems, 8.d4, 8.a4 or 8.h3 instead of 8.c3.

This gambit became famous when Frank James Marshall used it as a Шаблон:Chessgloss against José Raúl Capablanca in 1918; nevertheless, Capablanca found a way through the complications and won. It is often said that Marshall had kept this gambit a secret for use against Capablanca since his defeat in their 1909 match. The most common counterclaim is that Marshall had used a similar approach in 1917 against Walter Frere. However, Edward Winter found no clear evidence of the date for Frere–Marshall; several games between 1910 and 1918 where Marshall passed up opportunities to use the Marshall Attack against Capablanca; and an 1893 game that used the same line as in Frere–Marshall.

Improvements to Black's play were found (Marshall played 11...Nf6!? originally, but later discovered 11...c6!) and the Marshall Attack was adopted by top players including Boris Spassky, John Nunn and more recently Michael Adams. In the Classical World Chess Championship 2004, challenger Peter Leko used the Marshall to win an important game against World Champion Vladimir Kramnik.

Currently, Armenian Grandmaster Levon Aronian is one of the main advocates for the Marshall Attack.

Main line: 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0

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Main line after 8...0-0

The main lines of the Closed Ruy Lopez continue 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0. White can now play 9.d3 or 9.d4, but by far the most common move is 9.h3 which prepares d4 while preventing the awkward pin ...Bg4. This can be considered the main line of the opening as a whole and thousands of top-level games have reached this position. White aims to play d4 followed by Nbd2–f1–g3, which would firmly support e4 with the bishops on open diagonals and both knights threatening Black's kingside. Black will try to counter this knight manoeuver by expanding on the queenside, taking action in the centre, or putting pressure on e4.

After 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0, we have:

• 9.d3 (Pilnik Variation)
• 9.d4 (Yates Variation)
  • 9.d4 Bg4 (Bogoljubow Variation)
  • 9.d4 Bg4 10.a4 (Yates Variation, Short Attack)
• 9.a3 (Suetin Variation)
• 9.Bc2 (Lutikov Variation)
• 9.h3
  • 9...Na5 (Chigorin Variation)
  • 9...Nb8 (Breyer Variation)
  • 9...Bb7 (Zaitsev Variation)
  • 9...Nd7 (Karpov Variation)
  • 9...Be6 (Kholmov Variation)
  • 9...h6 (Smyslov Variation)
  • 9...Qd7 (Smyslov Variation)
  • 9...a5 (Keres Variation)

Pilnik Variation: 9.d3

The Pilnik Variation, named for Herman Pilnik, is also known as the Teichmann Variation from the game Teichmann–Schlechter, Karlsbad 1911. White plays 9.d3 intending to later advance to d4 under favourable circumstances. Although d2–d3–d4 appears to lose a tempo compared to d2–d4, White may be able to omit h3 regaining the tempo, especially if Black plays ...Bb7.

Yates Variation and Bogoljubow Variation: 9.d4

White usually plays 9.h3 instead of 9.d4 (the Yates Variation) because after 9.d4 Bg4 (the Bogoljubow Variation), the pin of the white Шаблон:Chessgloss is troublesome. The variation takes its name from the game Capablanca–Bogoljubow, London 1922.

Chigorin Variation: 9.h3 Na5

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Chigorin Variation after 11.d4 Qc7

The Chigorin Variation was refined by Mikhail Chigorin around the turn of the 20th century and became the primary Black defence to the Ruy Lopez for more than fifty years. With 9...Na5 Black chases the white bishop from the a2–g8 diagonal and frees the c-pawn for queenside expansion. After 10.Bc2 c5 11.d4 the classical Black follow up is 11...Qc7, reinforcing e5 and placing the queen on the c-file which may later become open after ...cxd4. Other Black moves in this position are 11...Bb7 and 11...Nd7; the latter was adopted by Keres a few times in the 1960s. The Chigorin Variation has declined in popularity because Black must spend some time bringing his offside knight on a5 back into the game.

The Chigorin is divided into four ECO classifications. In C96, Black or White deviate after 10.Bc2, and do not reach the classical main line position 10...c5 11.d4 Qc7. In C97, White proceeds from the diagram with 12.a4, 12.d5, 12.b4, or the main line 12.Nbd2 when Black responds with ...Be6, ...Rd8, ...Re8, ...Bb7 or ...Bd7. The C98 classification covers 12.Nbd2 Nc6, while C99 covers 12.Nbd2 cxd4 13.cxd4.

Breyer Variation: 9.h3 Nb8

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Breyer Variation: 9...Nb8

The Breyer Variation was recommended by Gyula Breyer as early as 1911, but there are no known game records in which Breyer employed this line. The Breyer Variation did not become popular until the 1960s when it was adopted by Boris Spassky and others. In particular, Spassky's back to back wins over Mikhail Tal at Tbilisi in 1965 did much to enhance its reputation, and Spassky has a career-plus score with the Breyer. The variation is the choice of many top level players today as White has had trouble proving an advantage against it.

With 9...Nb8 Black frees the c-pawn and intends to route the knight to d7 where it supports e5. If White fortifies the centre with 10.d3 the opening is classified ECO code C94. The more common continuation, 10.d4, is ECO C95. The main line continues 10.d4 Nbd7 11.Nbd2 Bb7 12.Bc2 Re8 13.Nf1 Bf8. Black is threatening to win the e4-pawn via ...exd4 uncovering an attack on the pawn, so White plays 14.Ng3. Black generally plays 14...g6 to stop White's knight from going to f5. White then usually tries to attack the Black queenside via 15.a4. Black seeks Шаблон:Chessgloss in the centre via 15...c5. White can attack either the kingside or the queenside. This forces resolution of the centre via 16.d5. Black can exploit the weak squares on the queenside via 16...c4. White will try to attack on the kingside via 17.Bg5, moving his forces to the kingside. Black will kick the bishop with 17...h6. The logical retreat is 18.Be3, which is met by 18...Nc5. White plays 19.Qd2, forcing 19...h5. The point of this manoeuver was to weaken Black's kingside.

Zaitsev Variation: 9.h3 Bb7

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Zaitsev Variation: 9...Bb7

The Zaitsev Variation (also called the Flohr–Zaitsev Variation) was advocated by Igor Zaitsev, who was one of Karpov's trainers for many years. A Karpov favourite, the Zaitsev remains one of the most important variations of the Ruy Lopez. With 9...Bb7 Black prepares to put more pressure on e4 after 10.d4 Re8 11.Nbd2 Bf8, when play can become very sharp and tactical. One drawback of this line if Black is playing for a win is that his opponent can force him to choose a different defence or allow a draw by repetition of position with 11.Ng5 Rf8 12.Nf3.

Karpov Variation: 9.h3 Nd7

Karpov tried 9...Nd7 several times in the 1990 World Championship match, but Kasparov achieved a significant advantage against it in the 18th game. It is solid but slightly passive. Confusingly 9...Nd7 is also called the Chigorin Variation so there are two variations of the Ruy Lopez with that name, but 9...Na5 is the move more commonly associated with Chigorin. This defence is also known as the Keres Variation, after Paul Keres.

Колмов варијанта: 9. х3 Лe6

Колмов варијанта, 9. Лe6, је била популарна 1980-их али се данас ријетко игра. Главна линија је 10. д4 Л:б3 11. a:б3 (11. Д:б3 је друга опција) e:д4 12. ц:д4 д5 13. e5 Сe4 14. Сц3 ф5 15. e:ф6 Л:ф6 16. С:e4 д:e4 17. Т:e4 Дд5 18. Тг4, када се показало да су бијели пјешаци вреднији од црнових активнијих и хармонизованијих фигура.

Варијанта Смислова: 9. х3 х6

Варијанта Смислова (ECO C93) је план сличан варијанти Зајцев. Са 9. х6 црни се спрема играти 10. Тe8 и 11. Лф8 без страха од 10. Сг5. Губитак темпа са 9. х6 даје бијелом довољно времена да заврши Сбд2–ф1–г3 маневар, и потез пјешака може ослабити краљеву страну црнога. Зајцев се може сматрати побољшаним Смисловом у коме црни покушава да сачува темпо изостављањем х6.

Каспаров је играо варијанту Смислова у губитку против Deep Blue-а шаховског компјутера у 2. игри из 1997. Меч човјек против машине.

Светозар Глигорић био је најплодоноснији играч Ц93.

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• [6]

Ово је листа звијезда у сазвијежђу Андромеда.

Име	B	F	Var	HD	HIP	RA	Dec	vis. mag.	abs. mag.	Dist. (ly)	Sp. class	Notes
α And	α	21		358	677	00h 08m 23.17s	+29° 05′ 27.0″	2.07	−0.30	97	B9p	Alpheratz, Sirrah; α² CVn промјенљива, ΔV = 0.04m, P = 0.966222 d; Dvojne i višestruke zvezde
β And	β	43		6860	5447	01h 09m 43.80s	+35° 37′ 15.0″	2.07	−1.86	199	M0IIIvar	Mirach; промјенљива
γ1 And	γ1	57		12533	9640	02h 03m 53.92s	+42° 19′ 47.5″	2.10	−3.08	355	K3IIb	Almach; четвороструки звјездани систем
δ And	δ	31		3627	3092	00h 39m 19.60s	+30° 51′ 40.4″	3.27	0.81	101	K3III...	spectroscopic binary; suspected variable
Andromeda Galaxy	(n)	33				00h 42m 44.31s	+41° 16′ 09.4″	3.44 (nebulous)		2540000		BD+40°148; naked eye Спирална галксија видљива голим оком локалној групи
51 And		51		9927	7607	01h 37m 59.50s	+48° 37′ 42.6″	3.59	−0.04	174	K3III	Nembus; свјезданси систем
ο And	ο	1		217675	113726	23h 01m 55.25s	+42° 19′ 33.5″	3.62	−3.01	692	B6pv SB	четвороструки звјездани систем; γ Cas промјенљива, Vmax = 3.55m, Vmin = 3.78m
λ And	λ	16		222107	116584	23h 37m 33.71s	+46° 27′ 33.0″	3.81	1.75	84	G8III-IV	RS CVn пројенљива, Vmax = 3.65m, Vmin = 4.05m, P = 53.95 d
μ And	μ	37		5448	4436	00h 56m 45.10s	+38° 29′ 57.3″	3.86	0.75	136	A5V	звјездани систем
ζ And	ζ	34		4502	3693	00h 47m 20.39s	+24° 16′ 02.6″	4.08	0.35	181	K1II	β Lyr/RS CVn промјенљива, Vmax = 3.92m, Vmin = 4.14m, P = 17.7696 d
υ And		50		9826	7513	01h 36m 47.98s	+41° 24′ 23.0″	4.10	3.45	44	F8V	Titawin, има четири екстрасоларне планете (b, c, d & e)
κ And	κ	19		222439	116805	23h 40m 24.44s	+44° 20′ 02.3″	4.15	0.57	170	B9IVn	трострука звијезда, има планету (b)
φ And	φ	42		6811	5434	01h 09m 30.12s	+47° 14′ 30.6″	4.26	−2.51	736	B7III	emission-line star
ι And	ι	17		222173	116631	23h 38m 08.18s	+43° 16′ 05.1″	4.29	−1.65	502	B8V	Keff al Salsalat, Manus Catenata
π And	π	29		3369	2912	00h 36m 52.84s	+33° 43′ 09.7″	4.34	−2.18	656	B5V	spectroscopic binary; suspected variable
ε And	ε	30		3546	3031	00h 38m 33.50s	+29° 18′ 44.5″	4.34	0.77	169	G5III...
η And	η	38		5516	4463	00h 57m 12.43s	+23° 25′ 03.9″	4.40	0.04	243	G8III-IV	spectroscopic binary
σ And	σ	25		1404	1473	00h 18m 19.71s	+36° 47′ 07.2″	4.51	1.33	141	A2V	suspected variable
ν And	ν	35		4727	3881	00h 49m 48.83s	+41° 04′ 44.2″	4.53	−2.06	679	B5V SB	spectroscopic binary
7 And		7		219080	114570	23h 12m 32.92s	+49° 24′ 21.5″	4.53	2.58	80	F0V
θ And	θ	24		1280	1366	00h 17m 05.54s	+38° 40′ 54.0″	4.61	0.16	253	A2V	suspected variable
3 And		3		218031	113919	23h 04m 10.83s	+50° 03′ 06.1″	4.64	0.94	179	K0III
65 And		65		14872	11313	02h 25m 37.40s	+50° 16′ 43.2″	4.73	−0.39	345	K4III	трострука звијезда
58 And		58		13041	9977	02h 08m 29.15s	+37° 51′ 33.1″	4.78	0.86	198	A5IV-V
8 And		8		219734	115022	23h 17m 44.62s	+49° 00′ 55.0″	4.82	−1.69	655	M2III	suspected variable
ω And	ω	48		8799	6813	01h 27m 39.09s	+45° 24′ 25.0″	4.83	2.57	92	F5IV
γ2 And	γ2	57		12534		02h 03m 54.70s	+42° 19′ 51.0″	4.84	-0.3	350	B8V	component of the γ And system; triple star system
60 And	b	60		13520	10340	02h 13m 13.34s	+44° 13′ 54.1″	4.84	−1.32	556	K4III	suspected variable
ξ And	ξ	46		8207	6411	01h 22m 20.39s	+45° 31′ 43.5″	4.87	0.98	195	K0III-IV	Adhil
τ And	τ	53		10205	7818	01h 40m 34.80s	+40° 34′ 37.6″	4.96	−1.64	681	B8III	suspected variable
41 H. And	υ			10307	7918	01h 41m 46.52s	+42° 36′ 49.7″	4.96	4.45	41	G2V	spectroscopic binary
ψ And	ψ	20		223047	117221	23h 46m 02.04s	+46° 25′ 13.0″	4.97	−3.05	1309	G5Ib	Звјездани систем
22 And		22		571	841	00h 10m 19.24s	+46° 04′ 20.2″	5.01	−2.44	1006	F2II
χ And	χ	52		10072	7719	01h 39m 21.02s	+44° 23′ 10.1″	5.01	0.66	242	G8III...
41 And	(d)	41		6658	5317	01h 08m 00.72s	+43° 56′ 32.1″	5.04	1.14	196	A3m
2 And		2		217782	113788	23h 02m 36.34s	+42° 45′ 28.1″	5.09	−0.06	349	A3Vn	Звјездани систем
V428 And			V428	3346	2900	00h 36m 46.47s	+44° 29′ 18.6″	5.14	−1.38	656	K5III	semiregular variable, ΔV = 0.06m, P = 11.5 d; has a possible planetary system
ρ And	ρ	27		1671	1686	00h 21m 07.23s	+37° 58′ 07.3″	5.16	1.71	160	F5III
HD 2421				2421	2225	00h 28m 13.59s	+44° 23′ 40.2″	5.18	0.63	265	A2Vs	spectroscopic binary
64 And		64		14770	11220	02h 24m 24.89s	+50° 00′ 23.9″	5.19	−0.11	375	G8III
GN And		28	GN	2628	2355	00h 30m 07.34s	+29° 45′ 06.1″	5.20	1.43	185	A7III	low-amplitude δ Sct промјенљива, ΔV = 0.05m, P = 0.0693041 d
14 And		14		221345	116076	23h 31m 17.20s	+39° 14′ 11.0″	5.22	0.80	249	K0III	Veritate, suspected variable; има планету (b)
49 And	A	49		9057	6999	01h 30m 06.10s	+47° 00′ 26.6″	5.27	0.53	290	K0III
32 And		32		3817	3231	00h 41m 07.20s	+39° 27′ 31.2″	5.30	0.18	344	G8III
4 And		4		218452	114200	23h 07m 39.28s	+46° 23′ 14.3″	5.30	0.20	342	K5III	дупла звијезда
6 Per		(6)		13530	10366	02h 13m 36.02s	+51° 03′ 58.4″	5.31	1.38	199	G8III:var	spectroscopic binary; suspected variable
62 And	c	62		14212	10819	02h 19m 16.85s	+47° 22′ 48.0″	5.31	0.84	255	A1V
18 And		18		222304	116709	23h 39m 08.35s	+50° 28′ 18.3″	5.35	−0.04	390	B9V
55 And		55		11428	8814	01h 53m 17.35s	+40° 43′ 47.3″	5.42	−0.67	540	K1III	дупла звијезда
11 And		11		219945	115152	23h 19m 29.79s	+48° 37′ 30.7″	5.44	0.43	328	K0III
				3421	2942	00h 37m 21.23s	+35° 23′ 58.2″	5.45	−2.03	1022	G5III
36 And		36		5286	4288	00h 54m 58.02s	+23° 37′ 42.4″	5.46	2.51	127	K1IV	suspected variable
V340 And		15	V340	221756	116354	23h 34m 37.55s	+40° 14′ 11.6″	5.55	1.28	233	A1III	low-amplitude δ Sct variable, ΔV = 0.007m
PZ And		63	PZ	14392	10944	02h 20m 58.17s	+50° 09′ 05.5″	5.57	0.38	356	B9p Si	α2 CVn variable, ΔV = 0.05m, P = 4.189 d
47 And		47		8374	6514	01h 23m 40.56s	+37° 42′ 54.0″	5.60	1.54	211	A1m
				10204	7825	01h 40m 39.56s	+43° 17′ 51.9″	5.63	1.05	268	A9IV:
44 And		44		6920	5493	01h 10m 18.85s	+42° 04′ 53.7″	5.67	2.06	172	F8V
5 And		5		218470	114210	23h 07m 45.25s	+49° 17′ 43.6″	5.68	3.02	111	F5V
HD 5788				5788	4675	01h 00m 03.55s	+44° 42′ 47.9″	5.69	0.14	420	A2Vn	binary star with HD 5789
56 And		56		11749	9021	01h 56m 09.23s	+37° 15′ 06.5″	5.69	0.73	320	G8III...	звјездани систем
23 And		23		905	1086	00h 13m 30.94s	+41° 02′ 08.6″	5.71	2.99	114	F0IV
HD 16028				16028	12072	02h 35m 38.74s	+37° 18′ 44.2″	5.72	−0.86	676	K4III	triple star
V388 And		13	V388	220885	115755	23h 27m 07.33s	+42° 54′ 43.1″	5.75	0.97	294	B9III	α2 CVn variable, Vmax = 5.73m, Vmin = 5.77m, P = 1.47931 d
12 And		12		220117	115280	23h 20m 53.17s	+38° 10′ 56.9″	5.77	2.63	138	F5V	трострука звијезда
				1632	1657	00h 20m 45.54s	+32° 54′ 40.4″	5.79	−0.69	646	K5III
45 And		45		7019	5550	01h 11m 10.29s	+37° 43′ 26.9″	5.80	−1.44	916	B7III-IV	дупла звијезда
HD 14622				14622	11090	02h 22m 50.36s	+41° 23′ 47.5″	5.81	2.44	154	F0III-IV	има два оптичка пратиоца
10 And		10		219981	115191	23h 19m 52.38s	+42° 04′ 40.9″	5.81	−0.30	542	M0III
HD 222109				222109	116582	23h 37m 32.03s	+44° 25′ 44.5″	5.81	−1.20	823	B8V	дупла звијезда
HD 224635				224635	118281	23h 59m 29.33s	+33° 43′ 26.9″	5.81	3.50	95	F8	звјездани систем
OU And			OU	223460	117503	23h 49m 40.96s	+36° 25′ 31.4″	5.86	0.21	440	G1IIIe	FK Com промјенљива, ΔV = 0.07m, P = 24.2 d
				1439	1493	00h 18m 38.22s	+31° 31′ 02.0″	5.88	−0.23	543	A0IV
HD 2767				2767	2475	00h 31m 25.61s	+33° 34′ 54.1″	5.88	0.10	467	K1III...	бинарана звијезда
HD 1606				1606	1630	00h 20m 24.39s	+30° 56′ 08.2″	5.89	−0.37	582	B7V	suspected variable
				11727	9001	01h 55m 54.47s	+37° 16′ 40.1″	5.89	−1.52	991	K5III	optical component of 56 And
KK And			KK	9531	7321	01h 34m 16.60s	+37° 14′ 13.9″	5.90	0.50	392	B8Vp(Si)	α2 CVn промјенљива, ΔV = 0.012m, P = 0.6684 d
				16176	12181	02h 36m 57.08s	+38° 44′ 02.3″	5.91	2.24	177	F5V
6 And		6		218804	114430	23h 10m 27.36s	+43° 32′ 41.1″	5.91	3.65	112	F5V	Astrometric binary
				10975	8423	01h 48m 38.84s	+37° 57′ 10.6″	5.94	1.06	308	K0III
39 And		39		6116	4903	01h 02m 54.28s	+41° 20′ 42.7″	5.95	0.84	344	A5m	дупла звијезда
				8671	6711	01h 26m 18.60s	+43° 27′ 28.4″	5.98	2.90	135	F7V
AN And		9	AN	219815	115065	23h 18m 23.33s	+41° 46′ 25.3″	5.98	0.17	472	A7m	β Lyr промјенљива, Vmax = 5.96m, Vmin = 6.11m, P = 3.21952 d
HD 5608				5608	4552	00h 58m 14.19s	+33° 57′ 03.8″	5.99	2.17	190	K0	има транзитну планету (b)
				224165	117956	23h 55m 33.48s	+47° 21′ 21.0″	6.01	−2.46	1614	G8Ib
				224342	118071	23h 57m 03.63s	+42° 39′ 29.7″	6.01	−2.22	1442	F8III
				4335	3604	00h 46m 10.80s	+44° 51′ 41.4″	6.03	0.32	452	B9.5IIIMNp.
				13594	10403	02h 14m 02.53s	+47° 29′ 03.8″	6.05	2.96	135	F5V
HD 3883				3883	3269	00h 41m 35.98s	+24° 37′ 44.6″	6.06	0.30	462	A7m	suspected variable
V439 And			V439	166	544	00h 06m 36.53s	+29° 01′ 19.0″	6.07	5.39	45	K0V	BY Draconis промјенљива звијезда, ΔV = 0.04m, P = 6.23 d
				5118	4185	00h 53m 28.22s	+37° 25′ 05.9″	6.07	0.77	374	K3III:
				221293	116030	23h 30m 39.54s	+38° 39′ 44.0″	6.07	−0.33	621	G9III
HD 223229				223229	117340	23h 47m 33.05s	+46° 49′ 57.3″	6.08	−1.96	1320	B3IV	suspected variable
				225239	394	00h 04m 53.21s	+34° 39′ 34.4″	6.09	3.26	120	G2V
59 And A		59		13294	10176	02h 10m 52.83s	+39° 02′ 22.5″	6.09	1.56	263	B9V	бинарна звијезда
26 And		26		1438	1501	00h 18m 42.15s	+43° 47′ 28.1″	6.10	−0.53	692	B8V	дупла звијезда
				5526	4501	00h 57m 39.64s	+45° 50′ 21.8″	6.10	0.45	439	K2III
HD 225218				225218	365	00h 04m 36.60s	+42° 05′ 33.2″	6.11	−2.45	1680	B9III	дупла звијезда
				7647	5993	01h 17m 05.05s	+44° 54′ 07.5″	6.11	−0.18	590	K5
HD 1185				1185	1302	00h 16m 21.50s	+43° 35′ 42.4″	6.12	1.28	303	A2V	дупла звијезда
				218416	114162	23h 07m 10.05s	+52° 48′ 59.6″	6.12	0.55	423	K0III
GO And			GO	4778	3919	00h 50m 18.21s	+45° 00′ 08.1″	6.13	1.34	296	A0p...	α2 CVn промјенљива, ΔV = 0.04m, P = 2.5481 d
				7158	5650	01h 12m 34.06s	+45° 20′ 14.9″	6.13	−0.52	698	M1III
66 And		66		15138	11465	02h 27m 51.75s	+50° 34′ 12.7″	6.16	2.54	173	F4V	spectroscopic binary
				14372	10924	02h 20m 41.50s	+47° 18′ 39.0″	6.17	−0.87	836	B5V
				743	967	00h 11m 59.03s	+48° 09′ 08.5″	6.18	0.05	550	K4III
				3411	2926	00h 37m 07.20s	+24° 00′ 51.3″	6.18	1.13	334	K2III
HD 221776				221776	116365	23h 34m 46.73s	+38° 01′ 26.3″	6.18	−0.41	678	K5	дупла звијезда
				16327	12287	02h 38m 17.86s	+37° 43′ 36.6″	6.19	1.60	270	F6III	трострука звијезда
HD 221246				221246	115996	23h 30m 07.39s	+49° 07′ 59.3″	6.19	−0.91	856	K5III	члан NGC 7686 звјезданог јата
OP And			OP	9746	7493	01h 36m 27.21s	+48° 43′ 22.2″	6.20	0.65	420	K1III:	BY Dra промјенљива, ΔV = 0.09m
				400	699	00h 08m 41.02s	+36° 37′ 38.7″	6.21	3.61	108	F8IV
				14213	10814	02h 19m 10.84s	+46° 28′ 20.2″	6.21	0.50	452	A4V
				952	1123	00h 14m 02.29s	+33° 12′ 21.9″	6.22	1.45	293	A1V
HD 895				895	1076	00h 13m 23.93s	+26° 59′ 15.4″	6.24	0.78	403	G0III	трострука звијезда
				222451	116824	23h 40m 40.47s	+36° 43′ 14.6″	6.24	3.01	144	F1V
				224906	137	00h 01m 43.85s	+42° 22′ 01.7″	6.25	−1.80	1331	B9IIIp Mn
				11613	8922	01h 54m 53.75s	+40° 42′ 07.9″	6.25	1.13	345	K2
HD 220105				220105	115261	23h 20m 44.11s	+44° 06′ 58.5″	6.25	1.73	261	A5Vn	дупла звијезда
				221661	116292	23h 33m 42.99s	+45° 03′ 29.1″	6.25	0.12	548	G8II
HD 2942				2942	2583	00h 32m 49.09s	+28° 16′ 48.8″	6.26	0.47	469	G8II	трострука звијезда
				8774	6776	01h 27m 06.21s	+34° 22′ 39.3″	6.27	3.12	139	F7IVsvar
				2507	2270	00h 28m 56.67s	+36° 53′ 58.9″	6.28	0.51	464	G5III
				8375	6512	01h 23m 37.31s	+34° 14′ 44.2″	6.28	2.43	192	G8IV
				11624	8930	01h 54m 57.63s	+37° 07′ 42.0″	6.28	0.25	525	K0
				7758	6087	01h 18m 10.14s	+47° 25′ 11.0″	6.29	−2.07	1531	K0
				16350	12305	02h 38m 27.94s	+38° 05′ 21.0″	6.29	−0.47	734	B9.5V
				219962	115171	23h 19m 41.37s	+48° 22′ 51.1″	6.29	0.47	475	K1III
				217314	113501	22h 59m 10.37s	+52° 39′ 16.0″	6.31	−0.26	672	K2
				10597	8127	01h 44m 26.53s	+46° 08′ 23.2″	6.32	0.23	540	K5III
				219290	114714	23h 14m 14.34s	+50° 37′ 04.5″	6.32	0.82	411	A0V
				10486	8044	01h 43m 16.39s	+45° 19′ 21.5″	6.33	2.61	181	K2IV
				10874	8370	01h 47m 48.00s	+46° 13′ 47.6″	6.33	2.50	190	F6V
				1075	1208	00h 15m 06.93s	+31° 32′ 08.7″	6.34	−1.70	1320	K5
HD 8673				8673	6702	01h 26m 08.62s	+34° 34′ 47.7″	6.34	3.43	125	F7V	има планету (b)
				1083	1215	00h 15m 10.55s	+27° 17′ 00.5″	6.35	0.84	412	A1Vn	дупла звијезда
				1527	1575	00h 19m 41.58s	+40° 43′ 46.2″	6.35	0.25	541	K1III
				221970	116505	23h 36m 30.52s	+32° 54′ 15.1″	6.35	1.92	251	F6V
CG And			CG	224801	63	00h 00m 43.62s	+45° 15′ 12.0″	6.36	−0.23	678	B9p SiEu	α2 CVn промјенљива, Vmax = 6.32m, Vmin = 6.42m, P = 3.73975 d
HD 16004				16004	12057	02h 35m 27.89s	+39° 39′ 52.1″	6.36	0.11	580	B9MNp...	трострука
				13818	10562	02h 15m 57.69s	+47° 48′ 43.4″	6.37	0.61	462	G9III-IV
LN And			LN	217811	113802	23h 02m 45.15s	+44° 03′ 31.6″	6.37	−1.42	1177	B2V	дупла звијезда; not variable despite designation
V385 And			V385	220524	115530	23h 24m 08.88s	+41° 36′ 46.3″	6.37	−1.55	1249	M0	нергуларна промјенљива, Vmax = 6.36m, Vmin = 6.47m
GY And			GY	9996	7651	01h 38m 31.84s	+45° 23′ 58.9″	6.38	0.66	455	B9Vp (Cr-Eu)	Promethium линије; α2 CVn промјенљива, Vmax = 6.27m, Vmin = 6.44m, P = 8000 d
				13013	9983	02h 08m 33.55s	+44° 27′ 34.4″	6.38	0.78	430	G8III
				218365	114152	23h 07m 04.99s	+35° 38′ 11.3″	6.38	−0.08	638	K0
				9712	7444	01h 35m 52.46s	+41° 04′ 35.1″	6.39	1.01	388	K1III
V529 And			V529	8801	6794	01h 27m 26.67s	+41° 06′ 04.0″	6.42	2.69	182	Am...	δ Scuti промјенљива, ΔV = 0.03m, P = 0.40331 d
				217731	113750	23h 02m 11.32s	+44° 34′ 22.4″	6.43	1.22	359	K0
HD 222641				222641	116941	23h 42m 14.68s	+44° 59′ 30.3″	6.43	−0.48	786	K5III	suspected variable
HD 7853				7853	6140	01h 18m 47.02s	+37° 23′ 10.7″	6.44	0.71	456	A5m	дупла звијезда
				14221	10830	02h 19m 22.77s	+48° 57′ 19.0″	6.44	2.39	210	F4V
				219668	114981	23h 17m 16.59s	+45° 09′ 51.5″	6.44	2.10	241	K0IV
HD 6114				6114	4911	01h 03m 01.47s	+47° 22′ 34.3″	6.46	1.39	337	A9V	дупла звијезда
				11884	9163	01h 57m 59.23s	+47° 05′ 43.9″	6.48	−1.24	1140	K0
ET And			ET	219749	115036	23h 17m 55.99s	+45° 29′ 20.2″	6.48	0.36	545	B9Vp(Si)	α2 CVn промјенљива, ΔV = 0.03m, P = 1.61888 d
HD 222399				222399	116781	23h 40m 02.82s	+37° 39′ 10.2″	6.49	1.74	291	F2IV	дупла звијезда
PY And			PY	3322	2865	00h 36m 20.00s	+27° 15′ 17″	6.50	-0.16	701	B8IIImnp...	α2 CVn промјенљива, ΔV = ~0.03m
				800	1009	00h 12m 34.08s	+44° 42′ 26.1″	6.50	0.50	517	K0
59 And B		59		13295	10180	02h 10m 53.67s	+39° 02′ 36.0″	6.82	−1.76	1698	A1Vn	компонента 59 And система
HD 222155				222155	116616	23h 38m 00s	+48° 59′ 47″	7.1	3.65	160	G2V	has a planet (b)
HD 16175				16175	12191	02h 37m 01.91s	+42° 03′ 45.5″	7.28	3.40	195	G0	Buna; има планету (b)
R And			R	1967	1901	00h 24m 01.95s	+38° 34′ 37.3″	7.39	-5.19	790	S6.5IIIeZr6Ti2	Mira variable, Vmax = 5.8m, Vmin = 15.2m, P = 409.2 d
HD 1605				1605	1640	00h 20m 32.0s	+30° 58′ 29″	7.52	2.88	276	K1IV	има двије планете (b & c)
HD 13931				13931	10626	02h 16m 47.38s	+43° 46′ 22.8″	7.52	4.3	144	G0	има двије планете (b)
HD 5583				5583		00h 57m 57.0s	+34° 59′ 08″	7.6	0.88	721	K0	има двије планете (b)
RW And			RW	4489		00h 47m 18.92s	+32° 41′ 08.6″	7.9	-0.52	1375	M5e-M10e(S6,2e)	Mira variable, Vmax = 7.9m, Vmin = 15.7m, P = 430 d
GRB 34				1326	1475	00h 18m 22.9s	+44° 01′ 22″	8.01	10.25	11.62	M6Ve + M1Ve	16th closest star system, бинарна звијезда; обе компоненте GQ и GX And бљесковитих звијезди
HD 15082				15082	11397	02h 26m 51.06s	+37° 33′ 01.7″	8.3	3.0	377	A5	has a transiting planet WASP-33b
Z And			Z	221650	116287	23h 33m 39.95s	+48° 49′ 05.9″	10.53	2.38	1393	M2III + B1eq	прототип Z And variables, Vmax = 7.7m, Vmin = 11.3m
HAT-P-6						23h 39m 05.81s	+42° 27′ 57.5″	10.54	4.03	650	F	Sterrennacht; има транзитну планету (b)
HAT-P-16						00h 38m 17.56s	+42° 27′ 47.2″	10.8	3.9	766	F8	има транзитну планету (b)
HAT-P-32						02h 01m 10s	+46° 41′ 16″	11.29	3.76	1044	F/G	има транзитну планету (b)
WASP-1						00h 20m 40.08s	+31° 59′ 23.8″	11.79	3.89	1239	F7V	има транзитну планету (b)
Ross 248						23h 41m 54.99s	+44° 10′ 40.8″	12.29	14.79	10.32	M6e	HH And; 8th closest star system, flare star
HAT-P-19						00h 38m 04s	+34° 42′ 42″	12.9	6.24	701	K	има транзитну планету (b)
HAT-P-28						00h 52m 00s	+34° 43′ 42″	13.03	5.05	1288	G3	има транзитну планету (b)
HAT-P-53						01h 27m 29.0s	+38° 58′ 05″	13.73	4.45	2345		има транзитну планету (b)
S And			S			00h 42m 43.11s	+41° 16′ 04.2″			2600000	Ia	SN 1885A; BD+40°147a; тип Ia супернова у Андромеда галаксији, Vmax = 5.8m, Vmin = < 16m

See also

• List of stars by constellation

References

• Bayer J. (1603). Uranometria. Augsburg: Christophorus Mangus. 
• Bevis J. (c. 1750). Uranographia Britannica. 
• Bode J. E. (1782). Vorstellung der Gestirne.. Berlin / Stralsund: Gottlieb August Lange. 
• Fortin J. (1776). Atlas Celeste de Flamsteed (2^eme изд.). Paris. 
• ESA (1997). „The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues”. Приступљено 26. 12. 2006. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Kostjuk, N. D. (2002). „HD-DM-GC-HR-HIP-Bayer-Flamsteed Cross Index”. Приступљено 26. 12. 2006. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Roman, N. G. (1987). „Identification of a Constellation from a Position”. Приступљено 26. 12. 2006. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• „SIMBAD Astronomical Database”. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Приступљено 4. 1. 2007. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2004). „Combined General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS4.2)”. Приступљено 28. 3. 2012. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2012). „General Catalog of Variable Stars (GCVS database, version 2012Feb)”. Приступљено 28. 3. 2012. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
• Wagman, Morton (2003). Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer, Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company. стр. 23—24. Bibcode:2003lslm.book.....W. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6. 
• Werner, Helmut; Schmeidler, Felix (1986). Synopsis der Nomenklatur der Fixsterne. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. стр. 50—53. ISBN 978-3-8047-0739-9. 

4chan
Комерцијалност	да
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4chan је анонимни енглески веб-сајт за отпремање и преглед слика. Покренут од стране Кристофера "moot" Пула у октобру 2003, 4chan угошћује табле (board-ove) посвећене најразличитијим темама, од аниме-а и манге до видео игара, музике, литературе, фитнеса, политике, и спорта, између осталог. Регистрација није могућа, и корисници сајта објављују анонимно; приче које примају недавне одговоре "набијају се" на врх своје табле и старе приче се аутоматски бришу како се креирају нове. 4chan прима више од 22 милиона јединствених мјесечних посјетилаца, са приближно 900,000 објава свакодневно.

Страница је креирана као пандан јапанској страници Futaba Channel, такође позната као 2chan, и прве табле су направљене за објављивањљ слика и дискусија везане за аниме. 4chan је описан као средиште интернетске субкултуре, при чему је заједница веб локације утицала на формирање и ширење истакнутих интернет мимова, укључујући лолкет, рикролинг и рејџ комиске, као и хакерске покрете попут Анонимоус. Иако је раније постојао велики број лијево оријентисаних либертаријанских активиста 4chan-а, дошло је до постепеног окретања десници на политичкој табли 4chan-а. Ова смјена се догодила средином 2010-их.. Значајни 4chan активизми укључујући акције преузете против Сајентолошке цркве као и против политичких покрета попут Окупације, Арапског прољећа и алт деснице. 4chan је често био предмет медијске пажње као извор контроверзи, укључујући координацију подвала, узнемиравања, напада на друге веб странице и кориснике Интернета и објављивање илегалних садржаја, претњи насиљем, мизогинија и расизма. The Guardian је једном приликом резимирао заједницу 4chan-a као „луђачку, малољетничку ... бриљантну, смjешну и алармантну“".

Референце

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;_;This user enjoys 4chan.

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M2 митраљез или Browning .50 калибар митраљез је тешки митраљез дизајниран предкрај Првог свјетског рата од стране Џона Браунинга. Дизајн је сличан ранијем Браунинговом митраљезу, који је био дизајниран за .30-06 калибар. M2 користи много већи и моћнији .50 BMG (12.7 mm) калибар, који је разивјен упоредо и и своје име носи по самом оружју (BMG значи Browning machine gun). Означен је као "Ma Deuce", у односу на његову M2 номенклатуру. Дизајн је имао много специфичних ознака; званична америчка војна ознака за тренутни пјешадијски тип је Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Flexible. Ефикасан је против пјешадије, неоклопљених или лако оклопних возила и чамаца, лаких утврђења и нисколетаних авиона.

The Browning .50 caliber machine gun has been used extensively as a vehicle weapon and for aircraft armament by the United States from the 1930s to the present day. It was heavily used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Falklands War, the Soviet–Afghan War, the Gulf War, the Iraq War, and the War in Afghanistan in the 2000s and 2010s. It is the primary heavy machine gun of NATO countries and has been used by many other countries as well. The M2 has been in use longer than any other firearm in U.S. inventory except the .45 ACP M1911 pistol, also designed by John Browning.

The current M2HB is manufactured in the U.S. by General Dynamics Ohio Ordnance Works, and U.S. Ordnance for use by the U.S. government, and for allies via Foreign Military Sales, as well as by foreign manufacturers such as FN Herstal.