Podjela vlasti

Podjela vlasti je naziv za način organizacije državne vlasti u kome svaka od grana vlasti ima svoje organe koji vlast vrše nezavisno od organa drugih grana vlasti. To znači da se nijedna grana vlasti ne može miješati u rad drugih grana vlasti u mjeri u kojoj bi to miješanje preraslo u dominaciju jedne vlasti nad drugom.

Po Slobodanu Jovanoviću, načelo podjele vlasti „znači da za tri osnovne funkcije državne vlasti treba upotrebiti različite organe: onaj koji izdaje zakon ne treba u isto vrijeme da sudi i upravlja - i obrnuto“^[1]

Po Monteskjeu „vladavina treba da bude takva da se građanin ne može bojati drugog građanina... Kada su zakonodavna i izvršna vlast objedinjene u istoj osobi ili u pravnom tijelu, slobode nema, jer postoji bojazan da će taj monarh ili senat donositi tiranske zakone da bi ih izvršavao na tiranski način. U pravu niko ne može biti ograničen svojom vlastitom voljom, nego tuđom.“^[2]

Danas je najčešća podjela na zakonodavnu, izvršnu i sudsku vlast. Jedna od prvih modernih država koja je sprovela ovaj model su Sjedinjene Američke Države, gdje svaka od tri grane vlasti ograničava druge dvije pomoću tzv. sistema „kočnica i ravnoteža“ (engl. Checks and balances).

Istorija[uredi | uredi izvor]

Antika[uredi | uredi izvor]

Aristotel je prvi put pomenuo ideju „mešovite vlade“ ili hibridne vlade u svom delu Politika, gde se oslanjao na mnoge ustavne oblike u gradovima-državama stare Grčke. U Rimskoj republici, Rimski senat, konzuli i skupštine imali su karakter primer mešovite vlade prema Polibiju.^[3] Polibije je bio taj koji je detaljno opisao i objasnio sistem kontrole i ravnoteže, pripisujući zasluge Likurgu iz Sparte kao prvoj vladi ovog tipa.^[4]

Rano moderna mešovita vlada u Engleskoj i njenim kolonijama[uredi | uredi izvor]

Žan Kalvin (1509–1564) favorizovao je sistem vlasti koji je delio političku moć između demokratije i aristokratije (mešovita vlada). Kalvin je cenio prednosti demokratije, navodeći: „To je neprocenjivo vredan dar ako Bog dozvoli narodu da sam izabere vladu i sudije.“^[5] Kako bi se smanjila opasnost od zloupotrebe političke moći, kalvin je predložio uspostavljanje nekoliko političkih institucije koje treba da se međusobno dopunjavale i kontrolisale u sistemu kontrole i ravnoteže.^[6]

Na ovaj način, Kalvin i njegovi sledbenici su se opirali političkom apsolutizmu i unapredili rast demokratije. Kalvin je imao za cilj zaštitu prava i blagostanja običnih ljudi.^[7] Godine 1620. grupa engleskih separatističkih kongregacionalista i anglikanaca (kasnije poznatih kao Hodočasnički očevi) osnovala je koloniju Plimout u Severnoj Americi. Uživajući u samoupravi, uspostavili su dvostrani demokratski sistem vlasti. „Slobodi ljudi” su birani u Opšti sud, koji je funkcionisao kao zakonodavno i sudsko telo, a koji je zauzvrat birao guvernera, koji je zajedno sa svojih sedam „pomoćnika” služio u funkcionalnoj ulozi obezbeđivanja izvršne vlasti.^[8] Kolonija Masačusetskog zaliva (osnovana 1628), Roud Ajland (1636), Konektikat (1636), Nju Džerzi i Pensilvanija imali su slične ustave - svi su razdvajali političke moći. (Osim kolonije Plimut i kolonije Masačusetski zaliv, ove engleske ispostave dodale su verske slobode svojim demokratskim sistemima, što je važan korak ka razvoju ljudskih prava.^[9]^[10])

Knjige poput Vilijam Bradfordove „Plimutske plantaže” (napisane između 1630. i 1651) bile su uveliko čitane u Engleskoj.^[11]^[12] Stoga da je oblik vladavine u kolonijama bio dobro poznat u matičnoj zemlji, uključujući i filozofa Džona Loka (1632-1704). On je iz jedne studije o engleskom ustavnom sistemu izveo zaključke o prednostima podele političke vlasti na zakonodavnu (koja bi trebalo da se podeli između nekoliko tela, na primer, Doma lordova i Donjeg doma), s jedne strane, i izvršne i federativne vlasti, odgovornih za zaštitu zemlje i prerogativa monarha, s druge strane, pošto Kraljevina Engleska nije imala pisani ustav.^[13]^[14]

Vidi još[uredi | uredi izvor]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ Jovanović, Slobodan (1922). O državi - osnovi jedne pravne teorije. str. 259.
^ Monteskje, Šarl (1989). O duhu zakona. str. 175—176.
^ Histories, Book 6, 11–13
^ Polibius. (~150 B.C.). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). Penguin Classics. London, England.
^ Quoted in Jan Weerda, Calvin, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, Third Edition (1960), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210
^ Ward, Lee (2014-12-04). Modern Democracy and the Theological-Political Problem in Spinoza, Rousseau, and Jefferson. Recovering Political Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan (objavljeno 2014). str. 25—26. ISBN 9781137475053. „Calvin's republican sympathies derived from his view of human nature as deeply flawed. Compound or mixed governments reflect the reality that human frailty justifies and necessitates institutional checks and balances to the magistrate's presumed propensity to abuse power. It was this commitment to checks and balances that became the basis of Calvin's resistance theory, according to which inferior magistrates have a duty to resist or restrain a tyrannical sovereign.”
^ Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 9–10
^ Fennell, Christopher. „Plymouth Colony Legal Structure”. Histarch.uiuc.edu. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 04. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 09. 09. 2021.
^ Hanover Historical Texts Project Arhivirano 12 januar 2013 na sajtu Wayback Machine
^ Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 69–76, 99–105, 114–16
^ Wilberforce, Samuel (1844). A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America. London: James Burns. str. 55–61. „a history of the protestant episcopal church in america.”
^ Bradford's History "Of Plymouth Plantation". Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1900. str. 94—97.
^ Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz, Gewalt, Gewaltenteilung, In Evangelisches Soziallexikon, col. 420
^ Galdia, Marcus (2009). Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. str. 249. ISBN 9783631594636. „[...] in the absence of a written constitution in England it may at times be difficult to determine whether a particular text belongs to the constitutional law, i.e. forms the corpus of legal constitutional acts of England [...].”

Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]

Monteskje, Šarl (1989). O duhu zakona. str. 175—176.
Jovanović, Slobodan (1922). O državi - osnovi jedne pravne teorije. str. 259.
Peter Barenboim, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers, Moscow, Letny Sad, 2005. ISBN 5-94381-123-0, Permalink: LC Catalog - Item Information (Full Record)
Biancamaria Fontana, ur. (2007). The Invention of the Modern Republic. ISBN 978-0-521-03376-3.
W. B. Gwyn, The Meaning of the Separation of Powers (1965) (no ISBN)
Bernard Manin, Principles of Representative Government (1995; English version 1997) ISBN 0-521-45258-9 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-45891-9 (pbk)
José María Maravall and Adam Przeworski (eds), Democracy and the Rule of Law (2003) ISBN 0-521-82559-8 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-53266-3 (pbk)
Paul A. Rahe, Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty (2009) ISBN 978-0-300-14125-2 (hbk), ISBN 978-0-300-16808-2 (pbk)
Iain Stewart, "Men of Class: Aristotle, Montesquieu and Dicey on 'Separation of Powers' and 'the Rule of Law'" 4 Macquarie Law Journal 187 (2004)
Iain Stewart, "Montesquieu in England: his 'Notes on England', with Commentary and Translation" (2002)
Sweet, Alec Stone (2000). Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe. ISBN 978-0-19-829730-7.
Reinhold Zippelius, Allgemeine Staatslehre/Politikwissenschaft (= Political Science), 16th edition, § 31, C.H. Beck, Munich. 2010. ISBN 978-3-406-60342-6.
Evan C. Zoldan, Is the Federal Judiciary Independent of Congress?, 70 Stan. L. Rev. Online 135 (2018).
„Flavius Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book I, section 159”. Perseus Project. Pristupljeno 2011-08-27.
„Strabo, Geography, Book 8, chapter 7, section 1”. Perseus Project. Pristupljeno 2011-08-27.
„Constitutional Government: James Madison to Thomas Jefferson”. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. Pristupljeno 2011-08-27.
„The Federalist #10”. constitution.org.
„Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace: Appendix I”. Constitution.org. Pristupljeno 2011-08-27.
Xypolia, Ilia (2016). „Divide et Impera: Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism” (PDF). Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory. 44 (3): 221. S2CID 148118309. doi:10.1080/03017605.2016.1199629. hdl:2164/9956 .
„Narcissistic Mothers Divide and Conquer | The Narcissist In Your Life” (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-01-26.
Brown, Nina W. (2008). Children of the self-absorbed: a grown-up's guide to getting over narcissistic parents (2nd izd.). Oakland, CA. ISBN 978-1-57224-561-7. OCLC 191758324.
McBride, Karyl (2008). Will I ever be good enough?: healing the daughters of narcissistic mothers (1st Free Press hbk izd.). New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1-4165-5132-4. OCLC 180755960.
Covert, Theresa J. Gaslighting The Narcissist's Favorite Tool Of Manipulation How To Avoid The Gaslight Effect and Recover from Emotional and Narcissistic Abuse. ISBN 978-1-0824-3937-7. OCLC 1176281612.
Buell, Paul D. (1979). „Sino-Khitan Administration in Mongol Bukhara”. Journal of Asian History. Harrassowitz Verlag. 13 (2): 137—8. JSTOR 41930343.
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Pernin, Christopher G.; et al. (2008). „Unfolding the Future of the Long War” (PDF). US Army Training and Doctrine Command's Army Capability Integration Center — preko RAND Arroyo.
Cheterian, Vicken (2016). „Denial of violence. Ottoman past, Turkish present, and collective violence against the Armenians 1789–2009, Fatma Müge Göçek, New York, Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 656, US$78.00 (hardback), HC 978-0199334209”. Nationalities Papers. 44 (4): 652—654. doi:10.1080/00905992.2016.1158006. „Yet, irony of history, instead of chasing the Armenians from the eastern provinces to make a new home for the Balkan Muslim refugees, they practically eliminated Armenians and consolidated an ethnic Kurdish presence in eastern Anatolia. Having lost the capacity to practice imperial policies of “divide and rule,” today Turkey finds itself face-to-face with Kurdish nationalism.”
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„Julius Caesar: The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Pristupljeno 15. 2. 2015. „"Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late."” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]

[1] Jovanović, Slobodan (1922). O državi - osnovi jedne pravne teorije. str. 259.

[2] Monteskje, Šarl (1989). O duhu zakona. str. 175—176.

[3] Histories, Book 6, 11–13

[Polibius-4] Polibius. (~150 B.C.). The Rise of the Roman Empire. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). Penguin Classics. London, England.

[5] Quoted in Jan Weerda, Calvin, in Evangelisches Soziallexikon, Third Edition (1960), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210

[6] Ward, Lee (2014-12-04). Modern Democracy and the Theological-Political Problem in Spinoza, Rousseau, and Jefferson. Recovering Political Philosophy. Palgrave Macmillan (objavljeno 2014). str. 25—26. ISBN 9781137475053. „Calvin's republican sympathies derived from his view of human nature as deeply flawed. Compound or mixed governments reflect the reality that human frailty justifies and necessitates institutional checks and balances to the magistrate's presumed propensity to abuse power. It was this commitment to checks and balances that became the basis of Calvin's resistance theory, according to which inferior magistrates have a duty to resist or restrain a tyrannical sovereign.”

[7] Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), History of Religion in the United States, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., pp. 9–10

[8] Fennell, Christopher. „Plymouth Colony Legal Structure”. Histarch.uiuc.edu. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 04. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 09. 09. 2021.

[9] Hanover Historical Texts Project Arhivirano 12 januar 2013 na sajtu Wayback Machine

[10] Clifton E. Olmstead, History of Religion in the United States, pp. 69–76, 99–105, 114–16

[11] Wilberforce, Samuel (1844). A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America. London: James Burns. str. 55–61. „a history of the protestant episcopal church in america.”

[Bradford1900-12] Bradford's History "Of Plymouth Plantation". Boston: Secretary of the Commonwealth. 1900. str. 94—97.

[13] Otto Heinrich von der Gablentz, Gewalt, Gewaltenteilung, In Evangelisches Soziallexikon, col. 420

[14] Galdia, Marcus (2009). Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. str. 249. ISBN 9783631594636. „[...] in the absence of a written constitution in England it may at times be difficult to determine whether a particular text belongs to the constitutional law, i.e. forms the corpus of legal constitutional acts of England [...].”

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