Terapija konverzije

Konverziona terapija predstavlja pseudonaučnu praksu pokušaja da se promeni seksualna orijentacija ili rodni identitet pojedinca kako bi se uklopio u heteroseksualne i cisrodne norme.^[1] Ovakve prakse su u konstrastu sa medicinom zasnovanom na nauci [en] i smatraju homoseksualnost i rodne neusaglašenosti neprirodnima ili nezdravima. Postoji naučni konsenzus da terapija konverzije ne postiže svoj cilj i da često čini veliku i trajnu psihološku štetu osobama koje su joj podvrgnute.^[2]

Česte metode terapije konverzije su savetovanje, vizualizacija, trening društvenih sposobnosti, psihoanalitička terapija i duševne intervencije. Neke druge metode su lobotomija,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] hemijska kastracija sa hormonskim tretmanom,^[9] masturbatorno preuslovljavanje i averzivne terapije kao što su elektrošokovi na rukama i/ili genitalijama ili droge koje izazivaju bol koje se daju u isto vreme kao homoerotični stimulans.

Broj vlasti koje zabranjuju terapiju konverzije [en] se stalno povećava.^[10] Ova terapija može se smatrati i prevarom, a eksperti je opisuju kao mučenje i okrutno, nehumano i degradirajuće ponašanje [en].

Američka asocijacija psihijatara (AAP) podstiče Zakon koji bi zabranio psihijatrijsko lečenje „na osnovu apriorne pretpostavke da su različite seksualne orijentacije i rodni identiteti mentalne bolesni i da bi trebalo da se promene”^[11] i opisuje pokušaje praktičara da promene seksualnu orijentaciju osobe kao neetičke. Godine 2015. Američko udruženje psihologa i Uprava za zloupotrebu psihoaktivnih supstanci i usluge mentalnog zdravlja sarađivali su na izveštaju u kojem se navodi da je „konverziona terapija — nastojanja da se promeni seksualna orijentacija, rodni identitet ili rodno izražavanje pojedinca — praksa koja nije podržana verodostojnim dokazima, a odbacili su je stručnjaci za bihejvioralno zdravlje i udruženja. Konverziona terapija održava zastarele poglede na rodne uloge i identitete, kao i negativan stereotip da je biti seksualna ili rodna manjina ili identifikovati se kao LGBTK+ nenormalan aspekt ljudskog razvoja.”^[12]

Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]

^ „Ending Conversion Therapy: Supporting and Affirming LGBTQ Youth” (PDF). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. oktobar 2015. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 14. 10. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 26. 12. 2021. „Efforts to change an individual’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression through behavioral health or medical interventions. Any effort with an a priori goal of a gender expression that aligns with stereotypical norms, cisgender identity, and/or heterosexual orientation, identity, and sexual behaviors.” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Higbee, Madison; Wright, Eric R.; Roemerman, Ryan M. (2022). „Conversion Therapy in the Southern United States: Prevalence and Experiences of the Survivors”. Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (4): 612—631. PMID 33206024. S2CID 227039714. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1840213.
^ Cruz, David B. (1999). „Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law” (PDF). Southern California Law Review. 72 (5): 1297—400. PMID 12731502. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 19. 9. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Yoshino 2002
^ Burr, Chandler (jun 1997). „Homosexuality and Biology”. The Atlantic Magazine. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Harrison, James. „Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker” (Documentary Film). imdb. Internet Movie Database. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar (1979). „Psychosurgery on Sex Offenders and Sexual "Deviants" in West Germany”. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 8 (6): 523—527. PMID 391177. S2CID 41463669. doi:10.1007/bf01541419.
^ Dieckmann, G.; Horn, H.J.; Schneider, H. (1979). Hitchcock, E.R.; Ballantine, H.T.; Meyerson, B.A., ur. „Long-term Results of Anterior Hypothalamotomy in Sexual Offences”. Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery: 187—195.
^ Milar, Katherine S. (februar 2011). „The myth buster”. Monitor on Psychology. 42 (2): 24. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). „The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy”. Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7—12. PMC 5040471 . PMID 27754500. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7.
^ American Psychiatric Association (decembar 2018). „Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies)” (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 10. 12. 2021. g. „While many might identify as questioning, queer, or a variety of other identities, “reparative” or conversion therapy is based on the a priori assumption that diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are mentally ill and should change ... APA encourages legislation which would prohibit the practice of “reparative” or conversion therapies that are based on the a priori assumption that diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are mentally ill(references omitted)” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ „Ending Conversion Therapy: Supporting and Affirming LGBTQ Youth” (PDF). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. oktobar 2015. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 14. 10. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 26. 12. 2021. „Specifically, conversion therapy—efforts to change an individual's sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression—is a practice that is not supported by credible evidence and has been disavowed by behavioral health experts and associations. Conversion therapy perpetuates outdated views of gender roles and identities as well as the negative stereotype that being a sexual or gender minority or identifying as LGBTQ is an abnormal aspect of human development. Most importantly, it may put young people at risk of serious harm.” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

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[1] „Ending Conversion Therapy: Supporting and Affirming LGBTQ Youth” (PDF). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. oktobar 2015. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 14. 10. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 26. 12. 2021. „Efforts to change an individual’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression through behavioral health or medical interventions. Any effort with an a priori goal of a gender expression that aligns with stereotypical norms, cisgender identity, and/or heterosexual orientation, identity, and sexual behaviors.” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[:0-2] Higbee, Madison; Wright, Eric R.; Roemerman, Ryan M. (2022). „Conversion Therapy in the Southern United States: Prevalence and Experiences of the Survivors”. Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (4): 612—631. PMID 33206024. S2CID 227039714. doi:10.1080/00918369.2020.1840213.

[Cruz-3] Cruz, David B. (1999). „Controlling Desires: Sexual Orientation Conversion and the Limits of Knowledge and Law” (PDF). Southern California Law Review. 72 (5): 1297—400. PMID 12731502. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 19. 9. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Yoshino-4] Yoshino 2002

[Homosexuality_and_Biology-5] Burr, Chandler (jun 1997). „Homosexuality and Biology”. The Atlantic Magazine. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Internet_Movie_Database-6] Harrison, James. „Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker” (Documentary Film). imdb. Internet Movie Database. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[7] Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar (1979). „Psychosurgery on Sex Offenders and Sexual "Deviants" in West Germany”. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 8 (6): 523—527. PMID 391177. S2CID 41463669. doi:10.1007/bf01541419.

[8] Dieckmann, G.; Horn, H.J.; Schneider, H. (1979). Hitchcock, E.R.; Ballantine, H.T.; Meyerson, B.A., ur. „Long-term Results of Anterior Hypothalamotomy in Sexual Offences”. Modern Concepts in Psychiatric Surgery: 187—195.

[APA-myth-9] Milar, Katherine S. (februar 2011). „The myth buster”. Monitor on Psychology. 42 (2): 24. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2016. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Drescher-10] Drescher, Jack; Schwartz, Alan; Casoy, Flávio; McIntosh, Christopher A.; Hurley, Brian; Ashley, Kenneth; Barber, Mary; Goldenberg, David; Herbert, Sarah E.; Lothwell, Lorraine E.; Mattson, Marlin R.; McAfee, Scot G.; Pula, Jack; Rosario, Vernon; Tompkins, D. Andrew (2016). „The Growing Regulation of Conversion Therapy”. Journal of Medical Regulation. 102 (2): 7—12. PMC 5040471 . PMID 27754500. doi:10.30770/2572-1852-102.2.7.

[APA_Position_2018-11] American Psychiatric Association (decembar 2018). „Position Statement on Therapies Focused on Attempts to Change Sexual Orientation (Reparative or Conversion Therapies)” (PDF). American Psychiatric Association. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 10. 12. 2021. g. „While many might identify as questioning, queer, or a variety of other identities, “reparative” or conversion therapy is based on the a priori assumption that diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are mentally ill and should change ... APA encourages legislation which would prohibit the practice of “reparative” or conversion therapies that are based on the a priori assumption that diverse sexual orientations and gender identities are mentally ill(references omitted)” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[SAMHSA-12] „Ending Conversion Therapy: Supporting and Affirming LGBTQ Youth” (PDF). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. oktobar 2015. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 14. 10. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 26. 12. 2021. „Specifically, conversion therapy—efforts to change an individual's sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression—is a practice that is not supported by credible evidence and has been disavowed by behavioral health experts and associations. Conversion therapy perpetuates outdated views of gender roles and identities as well as the negative stereotype that being a sexual or gender minority or identifying as LGBTQ is an abnormal aspect of human development. Most importantly, it may put young people at risk of serious harm.” CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

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