Neoekspresionizam
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Neoekspresionizam je stil kasnog modernističkog ili ranopostmodernog slikarstva i skulpture koji se pojavio tokom kasnih 1970-ih. Neoekspresionisti su se ponekad nazivali Transavangarda, Mladi divljaci ili Neue Wilden, u zavisnosti od zemlje. Karakteriše ga intenzivna subjektivnost i grubo rukovanje materijalima.[1]
Neoekspresionizam je stil u modernoj umetnosti i razvijao se od 1970. godine i bio je dominantan oko 1980. godine. Sličan je američkoj lirskoj apstrakciji i razvijao se u Evropi kao reakcija na konceptualnu umetnost i minimalizam. Neoekspresionisti su se vratili ekspresivnom figurativnom slikarstvu inspirišući se u delima nemačkih ekspresionista Maksa Bekmana, Georga Grosa, i norveškog slikara Edvarda Munka.
Neoekspresionizam se razvio kao reakcija na konceptualnu umetnost[2] i minimalnu umetnost[3] 1970-ih. Neoekspresionisti su se vratili portretisanju prepoznatljivih objekata, kao što je ljudsko telo (iako ponekad na apstraktan način), na grub i nasilno emotivan način, često koristeći žive boje.[4] Otvoreno je inspirisan nemačkim ekspresionističkim slikarima, kao što su Emil Nolde, Maks Bekman, Georg Gros, Ernst Ludvig Kirhner, Džejms Ensor i Edvard Munk. Takođe je povezano sa slikarstvom američke lirske apstrakcije 1960-ih i 1970-ih, Pokretom Čikaških imadžista, Fgurativnom školom Oblasti zaliva 1950-ih i 1960-ih, nastavkom apstraktnog ekspresionizma, presedanima u pop slikarstvu,[5] i Slikarstvom novog imidža: nejasan termin iz kasnih 1970-ih primenjen na slikare koji su koristili upečatljiv figurativni stil sa slikama nalik crtanim filmovima i abrazivnim rukovanjem zahvaljujući neoekspresionizmu. Izraz Nova slika slika dobio je značaj na izložbi 1978. pod nazivom Slikarstvo novog imidža koja je održana u Muzeju Vitni.[6]
Kritički prijem[uredi | uredi izvor]
Neoekspresionizam je dominirao tržištem umetnosti sve do sredine 1980-ih.[7] Stil se pojavio na međunarodnom nivou i mnogi kritičari, kao što su Akil Bonito Oliva i Donald Kaspit, smatrali su ga oživljavanjem tradicionalnih tema samoizražavanja u evropskoj umetnosti nakon decenija američke dominacije. O društvenoj i ekonomskoj vrednosti pokreta se žestoko raspravljalo.[8] Sa tačke gledišta istorije moderne umetnosti, likovni kritičar Robert Hjuz je odbacio neoekspresionističko slikarstvo kao retrogradno, kao neuspeh radikalne imaginacije, i kao žalosnu kapitulaciju pred umetničkim tržištem.[9]
Kritičari kao što su Bendžamin Buhlo, Hal Foster, Crejg Ovens i Mira Šor bili su veoma kritični prema njegovom odnosu prema tržišnoj prodajnosti slikarstva na brzorastućem tržištu umetnosti, slavnih ličnosti, reakcije protiv feminizma, anti-intelektualizma i povratka mitskim temama i individualističkih metoda koje su smatrali prevaziđenom.[10][8] Žene su bile notorno marginalizovane u pokretu,[11] a slikari poput Elizabet Mari[12] i Marije Lasnig izostavljeni su sa mnogih njegovih ključnih izložbi, a najeksplicitnija je izložba Novi duh u slikarstvu iz 1981. u Londonu koja je uključivala 38 muških slikara, ali nijednu slikarku.[13]
Neoekspresionizam širom sveta[uredi | uredi izvor]
Pokret je postao poznat kao Transavangarda u Italiji i Mladi divljaci u Nemačkoj, i grupa Slobodna figurativnost je formirana u Francuskoj 1981. godine.[14]
Neoekspresionistički umetnici u svetu[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Georg Bazelic (Georg Baselitz)
- Anzelm Kifer (Anselm Kiefer)
- Jorg Imendorf (Jörg Immendorff)
- SAD
- Žan- Mišel Baskvajt (Jean-Michel Basquiat)
- Erik Fišl (Eric Fischl)
- Dejvid Sale (David Salle)
- Džulijan Šnabel (Julian Schnabel)
- Francuska
- Remi Blanšard (Rémi Blanchard)
- Fransoa Basrond (François Boisrond)
- Robert Kombas (Robert Combas)
- Herve Di Rosa (Hervé Di Rosa)
- Stil se ponekad zove Figuration Libre.
- Italija
- Frančesko Klement (Francesco Clemente)
- Sandro Kia (Sandro Chia)
- Enco Kuki (Enzo Cucchi)
- Stil se ponekad zove Transavangarda
- Engleska
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- Dejvid Hoknej (David Hockney)
- Frenk Ojerbah (Frank Auerbach)
- Leon Kosof (Leon Kossoff)
- Holandija
- Meno Bars (Menno Baars)
- Južna Afrika
- Marlen Dumas (Marlene Dumas)
- Španija
- Migel Barcelo (Miquel Barcelo)
- Australija
- Džordž Džitez (George Gittoes)
- Meksiko
- Žulijo Galan (Julio Galán)
- Češka
- Jiri Georg Dokupil (Jiři Georg Dokupil)
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Chilvers, Ian and John Glaves-Smith. A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford University Press (2009), p. 503
- ^ „Wall Drawing 811 – Sol LeWitt”. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 3. 2007. g.
- ^ Hinant, Cindy (2014). Meyer-Stoll, Christiane, ur. Gary Kuehn: Between Sex and Geometry. Cologne: Snoeck Verlagsgessellschaft. str. 33. ISBN 978-3864421099.
- ^ Graham Thompson,American Culture in the 1980s, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, p. 73
- ^ Chilvers, Ian and John Glaves-Smith. A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford University Press (2009), p. 503-504
- ^ [1] New Image Painting, Oxford Reference
- ^ Graham Thompson,American Culture in the 1980s, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, p. 70
- ^ a b Kurczynski, Karen. „Neo-Expressionism in America”. Grove Art Online.
- ^ Graham Thompson,American Culture in the 1980s, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, p. 71
- ^ Graham Thompson,American Culture in the 1980s, Edinburgh University Press, 2007, p. 30
- ^ Cohen, Alina (2019-03-01). „The Bad Boy Artists of the 1980s Owe a Debt to Their Feminist Predecessors”. Artsy (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-05-07.
- ^ Jones, Amelia (2009). A Companion to Contemporary Art Since 1945 (na jeziku: engleski). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4051-5235-8.
- ^ „A New Spirit of Painting makes a comeback (with one woman artist this time)”. www.theartnewspaper.com (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2021-05-06.
- ^ Tate. „Neo-expressionism”. Tate (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2023-02-20.
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Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- And then it went boom, on the neo-expressionist "Neuen Wilden" artists
