Zapadni front (Prvi svetski rat)
Zapadni front | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Deo Prvog svetskog rata | |||||||
Saveznički vojnici u rovovima. | |||||||
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Sukobljene strane | |||||||
Antanta: Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Francuska Kraljevina Italija Belgija SAD[1] Portugalija[2] Ruska Imperija[3] |
Centralne sile: Nemačko carstvo Austrougarska[4] | ||||||
Komandanti i vođe | |||||||
do 26. marta 1918. nije postojala jedinstvena komanda, od 3. aprila maršal Ferdinand Foš |
Helmut fon Moltke Mlađi Erih fon Falkenhajn Paul fon Hindenburg Erih Ludendorf Vilhelm Grener | ||||||
Žrtve i gubici | |||||||
7.947.000 poginulih, ranjenih ili zarobljenih[5] | 5.603.000 poginulih, ranjenih ili zarobljenih[5] |
Zapadni front je predstavljao najznačajnije bojište tokom Prvog svetskog rata. Front je otvorila Nemačka invazijom na Luksemburg i Belgiju nakon izbijanja rata u avgustu 1914. godine, preko kojih je planirala da uspostavi kontrolu nad industrijski značajnim regionima u Francuskoj. Brzo napredovanje nemačkih snaga dramatično se završilo bitkom na Marni u kojoj su savezničke snage odnele pobedu. Nakon ove bitke i savezničke i nemačke trupe su se ukopale formirajući liniju fronta koja se protezala od Severnog mora do švajcarske granice. Značajnijih promena položaja nije bilo sve do kraja rata.
Između 1915. i 1917. godine bilo je nekoliko velikih ofanziva duž fronta. Pešadijskim napadima je prethodila temeljna artiljerijska priprema. Ipak pešadija nije mogla da postigne značajnije uspehe protiv dobro ukopanog neprijatelja, mitraljeskih gnezda, bodljikave žice, pa su obe strane imale velike gubitke u ljudstvu.
Kako bi postigli vojnu prednost i prekinuli ćorsokak rovovskog ratovanja nad neprijateljskim snagama obe strane su u borbi koristile nove tehnologije kao što su avijacija, bojni otrovi i tenkovi stalno ih usavršavajući tokom rata. Ali ni upotreba novih vrsta oružja nije mogla da dovede do odlučujućeg uspeha.
Na ovom frontu su se dogodile tri značajnije bitke, koje su na obe strane odnele velike ljudske gubitke. Bitka kod Verdena 1916. godine, bitka na Somi iste godine i bitka kod Pašendala 1917. godine.
Do kraja rata nemačka vlada je uvidela da su savezničke snage superiornije zbog većeg demografskog i industrijskog potencijala pa je iscrpljena Nemačka bila prinuđena da 11. novembra 1918. potpiše primirje, a Versajskim ugovorom iz 1919. godine su određeni uslovi mira pod uslovima koje su tokom Pariske mirovne konferencije diktirale Francuska, Britanija i SAD.
Vojni i civilni ljudski gubici na Zapadnom frontu su bili malo preko 4 miliona života, najviše stradalih su bili među nemcima i francuzima, skoro 3 miliona.
Duž ovog fronta Francuska je u narednim godinama izgradila Mažino liniju, liniju betonskih utvrđenja, tenkovskih prepreka i mitraljeskih gnezda, dužinom granice sa Nemačkom i Italijom kako bi u budućnosti mogli da kompenzuju brojčanu slabost u odnosu na neprijatelja.
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ „2nd Battle of the Marne”. Spartacus Educational. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 12. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2009.
- ^ Rodrigues, Hugo. „Portugal in World War I”. The First World War. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 9. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 26. 1. 2007.
- ^ Cockfield 1999, str. ix.
- ^ „Austria-Hungary Goes to War”. The Great War in a Different Light. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2009.
- ^ a b McRandle, James H.; Quirk, James (2006). „The Blood Test Revisited: A New Look at German Casualty Counts in World War I”. The Journal of Military History. 70 (3): 667—701. doi:10.1353/jmh.2006.0180. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2008.—see table 12 for authors conclusion. The author states that the Sanitats were never upgraded after initial reporting and thus did not include wounded who later died nor MIA who later turned out to be KIA. However the Sanitats include lightly wounded, and thus give an accurate overall casualty figure for the German forces on the western front comparable with how the allies recorded casualties, even if the specific's such as KIA and WIA are not reliable in the Sanitats.
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Spoljašnje veze
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Krause, Jonathan: Western Front , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
- The Western Front Museum
- Articles on the Western Front in Lorraine & Alsace at Battlefields Europe
- 'That Contemptible Little Army' by E. Alexander Powell. The British Army Seen by an American Journalist in 1916
- Watch clips from the Australian War Memorial's collection of films made on the Western Front 1917–1918 on the National Film and Sound Archive's australianscreen online