Trka u naoružanju
Izraz trka u naoružanju u svojoj prvobitnoj upotrebi označava takmičenje između dve ili više strana koje imaju najrazvijenije naoružanje. Svaka strane se takmiči da proizvede veće količine oružja, veće armije ili napredniju vojnu tehnologiju u eskalaciji tehnologije.
Stručnjak za međunarne konflikte, Teresa Kler Smit, definiše termin kao „učestvovanje dve ili više nacionalnih država u očigledno takmičarskom ili interaktivnom povećanju u kvantitetu ili kvalitetu ratnog materila i/ili naoružanih ljudi“.[1]
U skorije vreme, termin se najviše koristi da opiše bilo koje takmičenje gde ne postoji apsolutni cilj, samo relativni cilj ostajanja u rangu sa drugim takmičarima, najosnovnije, cilj obezbeđivanja „boljeg“.
Primeri trka u naoružanju
[uredi | uredi izvor]Mornarička trka u naoružanju u Prvom svetskom ratu
[uredi | uredi izvor]Između 1891. i 1919, odigrala se trka u naoružanja između nekoliko evropskih zemalja, uključujući Prusiju, Francusku, Rusiju i nekoliko drugih država. Konkretno, nemačka zavist na britansku superiorniju mornaricu pre Prvog svetskog rata rezultovala je skupim takmičenjem u pravljenju drednot-klase brodova. Ova napeta trka u naoružanju trajala je do juna 1914, kada, nakon što su se dva suprotstavljena bloka sukobila, svetski rat je otpočeo. Posle rata, nova trka u naoružanju je razvijena među pobedničkim saveznicima. Vašingtonski pomorski ugovor jedino je delimično mogao da okonča trku. Pre Prvog svetskog rata, drednot trka u naoružanju takođe je izbila u Južnoj Americi.
Trka u nuklearnom naoružanju
[uredi | uredi izvor]Trka u nuklearnom naoružanju razvila se u toku Hladnog rata[2][3][4] i predstavljala je napeti period između Sovjetskog Saveza i Sjedinjenih Država. To je bio jedan od glavnih uzroka koji su izazvali Hladni rat. Na obe strane, uočene prednosti protivnika (kao što je „jaz projektila“) vodile su većoj proizvodnji oružja i vojne opreme i skladištenju većih nuklearnih arsenala. Ratovi zastrašivanjem vođeni su širom sveta (npr. u Srednjem istoku, Koreji, Vijetnamu) u kojima su supersile jedne protiv drugih koristile konvencionalno oružje. Nakon raspada Sovjetskog Saveza i završetka Hladnog rata, tenzije su smanjene i nuklearni arsenal obeju država je smanjen.
Druge upotrebe
[uredi | uredi izvor]Više generički, termin trka u naoružanju koristi se da opiše bilo koje takmičenje gde ne postoji apsolutni cilj, samo relativni cilj ostajanja u rangu ili znanju sa konkurencijom. Trka u naoružanju može takođe da se odnosi i na uzaludnost kako takmičari troše dosta vremena i novca, opet završavajući u istoj situaciji kao da nikad i nisu započeli bilo kakvu trku u naoružanju,
Evoluciona trka u naoružanju je sistem gde se dve populacije razvijaju u cilju kontinuiranog ostajanja u rangu sa drugom populacijom. Primer ovoga je eskalacija otpora drogi u patogenima istim stepenom kao što je nivo korišćenja jačih droga.
Ovo je povezano sa Red kvinovim efektom, gde dve populacije se uporedo razvijaju da savladaju jedna drugu ali ne uspevaju da postignu apsolutni napredak.
U tehnologiji, postoje bliže analogije trci u naoružanju između parazita i domaćina, kao što je trka u naoružanju između programera kompjuterskog virusa i programera antivirus softvera, ili spamera protiv internet provajdera i programera softvera e-pošte.
Na argument trke u naoružanju se često pozivaju zagovornici kontrole oružja, posebno u Sjedinjenim Državama gde je rasprava najviše polarizovana.[5][6]
Vidi još
[uredi | uredi izvor]Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ Smith, Theresa Clair (1980). „Arms Race Instability and War” (PDF). Journal of Conflict Resolution. 24 (2): 253—284. S2CID 154715176. doi:10.1177/002200278002400204.
- ^ Sempa, Francis (12. 7. 2017). Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-51768-3.
- ^ Bob Reinalda (11. 9. 2009). Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day. Routledge. str. 369. ISBN 978-1-134-02405-6. Arhivirano iz originala 1. 1. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 1. 1. 2016.
- ^ Robert English (2000). Russia and the Idea of the West: Gorbachev, Intellectuals, and the End of the Cold War. Columbia University Press. str. 26. ISBN 978-0-231-50474-4. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2019.
- ^ Jensen, Andrew (25. 7. 2012). „An Arms Race We Can't Win”. New York Times.
- ^ „Gun Control Backer Cites 'Arms Race'”. Eugene Register-Guard. 27. 4. 1977.
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Spoljašnje veze
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