^Tzschentke TM, Christoph T, Kogel B, Schiene K, Hennies HH, Englberger W, Haurand M, Jahnel U, Cremers TI, Friderichs E, De Vry J: (-)-(1R,2R)-3-(3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-propyl)-phenol hydrochloride (tapentadol HCl): a novel mu-opioid receptor agonist/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with broad-spectrum analgesic properties. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Oct;323(1):265-76. Epub 2007 Jul 26. PMID17656655
^Gohler K, Brett M, Smit JW, Rengelshausen J, Terlinden R: Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tapentadol following oral administration of immediate- and prolonged-release formulations. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Apr;51(4):338-48. doi: 10.5414/CP201722. PMID23357834
^Xu XS, Smit JW, Lin R, Stuyckens K, Terlinden R, Nandy P: Population pharmacokinetics of tapentadol immediate release (IR) in healthy subjects and patients with moderate or severe pain. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2010 Oct;49(10):671-82. doi: 10.2165/11535390-000000000-00000. PMID20818833