Руанда — разлика између измена

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Нема описа измене
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== Привреда ==
== Привреда ==
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== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Литература ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Adekunle |first=Julius |year=2007 |title=Culture and customs of Rwanda |location=Westport, Conn. |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |isbn=978-0-313-33177-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=g0FC40EQujwC}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=African Development Bank (AfDB) |date=26 August 2011 |title=Boosting Rwanda's Energy Sector: AfDB, other Lenders Commit USD 91.25 million to Kivuwatt Project |authorlink=African Development Bank |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/article/boosting-rwandas-energy-sector-afdb-other-lenders-commit-usd-91-25-million-to-kivuwatt-project-8338/ |accessdate=10 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|AfDB|2011}} }}
* {{cite book |author1=African Development Bank (AfDB) |author2=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Development Centre |year=2006 |title=African Economic Outlook |edition=5 |location=Paris |publisher=OECD Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-02243-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=fpEFOR6WmfYC}}| ref = {{sfnRef||AfDB|OECD Development Centre|2006}} }}
* {{cite news |author=Agence Africaine de Presse |date=24 July 2015 |title=Rwanda, DR Congo open trade talks |location=Dakar |url=http://www.apanews.net/abonnes/connection.php?id=829578&lg=fr |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003092331/http://apanews.net/abonnes/connection.php?id=829578&lg=fr |archivedate=3 October 2015 |accessdate=30 October 2015 |ref=harv |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |author=Agence France-Presse |date=16 August 2002 |title=Ethnic origins ignored in Rwanda's first census since genocide |authorlink=Agence France-Presse |location=Paris |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/ethnic-origins-ignored-rwandas-first-census-genocide |accessdate=30 October 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Aglietti |first=Stephanie |date=11 September 2014 |title=Rwanda cricket, growing a game of hope |agency=Agence France-Presse |location=Paris |work=[[Yahoo Sports]] |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/rwanda-cricket-growing-game-hope-064714133--spt.html |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=9 August 2015 |title=BNR 'defeats' speculators but exchange rate woes continue |work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-08-09/191405/ |accessdate=31 August 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Agutamba |first=Kenneth |date=4 December 2014 |title=Rwanda graft index falters but ranking unaffected |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-04/183704/ |accessdate=30 August 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=Al Jazeera |date=20 September 2007 |title=Rwanda blames DR Congo for violence |authorlink=Al Jazeera |location=Doha |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2007/09/2008525143037439552.html |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Amnesty International |year=2015 |title=Amnesty International Report 2014/15: The State of the World's Human Rights |authorlink=Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1000012015ENGLISH.PDF |accessdate=3 August 2015 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Anyango |first=Gloria I. |date=4 February 2010 |title=The Barbecue Chef who masters his roast |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-02-04/93743/ |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 |edition=illustrated |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=A0XNvklcqbwC }} |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Bosco R |date=28 September 2011 |title=Gov't to sanction officials who failed to declare wealth |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-09-27/35369/ |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Asiimwe |first=Dicta |date=20 December 2014 |title=Uganda races to meet Monetary Union date |work=[[The EastAfrican]] |location=Nairobi |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Uganda-races-to-meet-Monetary-Union-date/-/2558/2563504/-/13p67lh/-/index.html |accessdate=31 August 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Auzias |first=Dominique |year=2007 |title=Rwanda |location=Paris |publisher=Petit Futé |language=French |isbn=978-2-7469-2037-8 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=TyMs5XGSIzQC}}|ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Banda |first=Honoré |date=12 February 2015 |title=Rwanda's job crunch |publisher=[[The Africa Report]] |location=Paris |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/rwandas-job-crunch.html |accessdate=7 September 2015 |ref=harv }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/02/27/090224b082b6d3c9/2_0/Rendered/PDF/Scaling0up0acc000the0case0of0Rwanda.pdf|title=Scaling Up Access to Electricity: The Case of Rwanda|publisher=World Bank Group|first1=Paul|last1=Baringanire|first2=Kabir|last2=Malik|first3=Sudeshna Ghosh|last3=Banerjee|year=2014|accessdate=10 October 2015|ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (I) |date=3 January 2006 |title=Rwanda redrawn to reflect compass |authorlink=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4577790.stm |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (II) |date=31 March 2006 |title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source' |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (III) |date=12 January 2010 |title=Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana' |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8453832.stm |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (IV) |date=11 August 2010 |title=Rwanda President Kagame wins election with 93% of vote |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-10935892 |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (V) |date=27 August 2010 |title=Q&A: DR Congo conflict |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11108589 |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (VI) |date=3 November 2011 |title=Rwanda gives DR Congo back tonnes of smuggled minerals |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15570648 |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (VII) |date=23 June 2015 |title=Rwanda profile – Media |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093244 |accessdate=1 October 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (VIII) |date=4 June 2015 |title=Rwanda country profile – Overview |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 |accessdate=30 October 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (IX) |date=18 June 2012 |title=Rwanda 'gacaca' genocide courts finish work |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18490348 |accessdate=30 October 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (X) |date=20 November 2012 |title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |accessdate=30 October 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=BBC News (XI) |date=24 December 2014 |title=Why cricket is gaining in popularity in Rwanda |location=London |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20798480 |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=BBC Sport (I) |date=13 August 2012 |title=Rwanda |authorlink=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/countries/rwanda |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=BBC Sport (II) |date=27 September 2010 |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: Participating nations in Africa |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9037806.stm |accessdate=10 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last1=Berry|first1=Philip |last2=Lewis |first2=Janice |last3=Williams |first3=Cara |editor-last=Turner |editor-first=B.L. |year=1990 |title=The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere Over the Past 300 Years |chapter=32: East African Highlands |edition=Illustrated, Reprint |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36357-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7GI0AAAAIAAJ|page=533}}|ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Best Country Reports |year=2007 |title=Temperature Map of Rwanda |publisher=World Trade Press |url=http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Temperature_Map_Rwanda.php |accessdate=12 November 2015 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117203642/http://www.bestcountryreports.com/Temperature_Map_Rwanda.php |archive-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |last=Bishumba |first=Richard |date=7 February 2015 |title=Meet Mutokambali, the national hoops team coach |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2015-02-07/185708/ |accessdate=9 April 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Bowdler |first=Neil |date=14 May 2010 |title=Apprentice adviser Nick Hewer's Rwanda mission |work=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8672889.stm |accessdate=12 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Bowcott |first=Owen |date=2 April 2014 |title=Rwanda genocide: the fight to bring the perpetrators to justice |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/02/rwanda-genocide-fight-justice |accessdate=12 April 2017 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last=Boyd |first=J. Barron |date=December 1979 |title=African Boundary Conflict: An Empirical Study |journal=African Studies Review |volume=22 |issue=3 | jstor = 523892 |ref=harv |pages=1–14 }}
* {{cite web |author=Bralirwa (I) |title=History and Background Information |authorlink=Bralirwa |url=http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/about-bralirwa/bralirwa-history |accessdate=13 September 2015 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703173033/http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/about-bralirwa/bralirwa-history |archive-date=3 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |author=Bralirwa (II) |title=Sparkling beverages |authorlink=Bralirwa |url=http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/sparkling-beverages |accessdate=13 September 2015 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704034003/http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/sparkling-beverages |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |author=Bralirwa (III) |title=Beer |authorlink=Bralirwa |url=http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/beer |accessdate=13 September 2015 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106143421/http://www.bralirwa.com/cms/index.php/brand-portfolio/beer |archive-date=6 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite news |last=Briggs |first=Jimmy |date=August 2004 |title=A dance of hope in Rwanda |work=[[Dance Magazine]] |location=New York, N.Y. |via=[[Questia Online Library]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-119951358 |accessdate=28 June 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |last2=Booth |first2=Janice |year=2006 |title=Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide |edition=3rd |location=London |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-84162-180-7 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC}}|ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Bucyensenge |first=Jean-Pierre |date=17 September 2014 |title=Farmers wary as new weather patterns threaten production |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-09-17/181003/ |accessdate=4 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=5 August 2017 |title=Paul Kagame re-elected president with 99% of vote in Rwanda election |website=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/05/paul-kagame-secures-third-term-in-rwanda-presidential-election |accessdate=29 May 2018 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Butera |first=Saul |date=9 January 2010 |title=MTN Rwanda deploys new Internet technology |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2010-01-08/15462/ |accessdate=12 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Butera |first=Saul |date=6 April 2011 |title=MTN, Tigo Reaping From Rwandatel Misery |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2011-04-06/29981/ |accessdate=12 November 2015 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Carlin |first=John |date=13 July 2003 |title=Rwanda's magic moment |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/jul/13/sport.comment3 |accessdate=9 April 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=CECAFA |title=Kagame Cup Championships |url=http://cecafafootball.org/kagame-cup-championships/ |accessdate=29 October 2015 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (I) |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Rwanda |authorlink=CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html |accessdate=12 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|CIA (I)}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (II) |work=The World Factbook |title=Rank Order – Area |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |accessdate=12 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|CIA (II)}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (III) |year=2011 |work=The World Factbook |title=Rank Order – Life expectancy at birth |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |accessdate=12 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|CIA (III)|2011}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Centre For Aviation |date=22 December 2014 |title=RwandAir plans further regional expansion in 2015 and launch of long-haul services in 2017 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/rwandair-plans-further-regional-expansion-in-2015-and-launch-of-long-haul-services-in-2017-202148 |accessdate=26 October 2015 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Chrétien |first=Jean-Pierre |year=2003 |title=The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-1-890951-34-4 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=City Population |year=2012 |title=Rwanda: Cities |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Rwanda-Cities.html |accessdate=7 September 2015 | ref = harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Clark |first=Phil |date=5 August 2010 |title=Rwanda: Kagame's power struggle |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/libertycentral/2010/aug/05/rwanda-kagames-power-struggle |accessdate=12 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Coleman |first=Isobel |date=7 April 2010 |title=Rwanda: Road to Recovery |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |location=New York, N.Y. |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/isobel-coleman/rwanda-road-to-recovery_b_529366.html |accessdate=12 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Commission Juridique Et Constitutionnelle Du Rwanda (CJCR) |date=26 May 2003 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021301/http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc |archivedate=25 March 2009 |accessdate=12 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|CJCR|2003}} }}
* {{cite news |last=Copnall|first=James |date=2 February 2004 |title=Camara breaks Rwanda hearts |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2004/feb/02/africannationscup2004.africannationscup |accessdate=7 November 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite news |last=Craig |first=Tara |date=23 October 2012 |title=Unibra ramps up in Rwanda |work=[[Brewer's Guardian]] |location=Reigate |url=http://www.brewersguardian.com/brewing-features/breweries/1454.html |accessdate=5 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |author=CyclingNews.com |date=27 July 2012 |title=Niyonshuti to carry Rwandan flag in Olympic Games opening ceremony |authorlink=CyclingNews.com |location=London |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/niyonshuti-to-carry-rwandan-flag-in-olympic-games-opening-ceremony/ |accessdate=6 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |location=London |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=Ja2hQgAACAAJ}}|ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Delawala |first=Imtiyaz |date=7 September 2001 |title=What Is Coltan? |work=[[ABC News]] |location=New York, N.Y. |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128631&page=1 |accessdate=12 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Office of the Prime Minister, Republic of Rwanda |title=Statement on Cabinet Decisions of 29.07.2014 |url=http://www.primature.gov.rw/top/news/news-details.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1216&cHash=588e976e71301e1aec9ff383d8378234 |accessdate=9 April 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Office of the Prime Minister|2014}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Dorsey |first=Learthen |year=1994 |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |location=Metuchen, N.J. |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-2820-9 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last1=Drobac |first1=Peter |last2=Naughton |first2=Brienna |date=15 June 2014 |title=Health Equity in Rwanda: The New Rwanda, Twenty Years Later |work=[[Harvard International Review]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |url=http://hir.harvard.edu/health-equity-in-rwanda/ |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111222/http://hir.harvard.edu/health-equity-in-rwanda/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Emery |first=Neal |date=20 February 2013 |title=Rwanda's Historic Health Recovery: What the U.S. Might Learn |work=[[The Atlantic]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/02/rwandas-historic-health-recovery-what-the-us-might-learn/273226/ |accessdate=20 August 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2010 |title=Rwanda |authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514402/Rwanda |accessdate=19 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Evans |first=Ruth |date=20 January 2014 |title=Rwanda's health service evolution – podcast |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/audio/2014/jan/20/rwanda-health-global-development-podcast |accessdate=27 July 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |isbn=978-1-49851944-1 |title=A History of Rwandan Identity and Trauma: The Mythmakers' Victims |first=Randall |last=Fegley |location=Langham, Maryland |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2016 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Fletcher |first=Pascal |date=30 November 2009 |title=Rwanda accepted into Commonwealth only 15 years after genocide |work=[[The Scotsman]] |url=http://news.scotsman.com/latestnews/Rwanda-accepted-into-Commonwealth-only.5868214.jp |accessdate=13 November 2015 |location=Edinburgh |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] / [[World Food Programme]] (FAO / WFP) |date=1 July 1997 |title=Special Report: FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to Rwanda |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm |accessdate=13 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|FAO / WFP|1997}} }}
* {{cite web |author=Francophonie |title=Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's official website |authorlink=La Francophonie |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html |accessdate=13 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Freedom House |year=2015 |title=Freedom in the World: Rwanda |authorlink=Freedom House |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/rwanda |accessdate=23 August 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Gasore |first=Ben |date=31 December 2014 |title=Digital broadcasting stirs up local TV industry, but ... |work=The New Times |location=Kigali |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2014-12-31/184538/ |accessdate=1 October 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Gourevitch |first=Philip |year=2000 |title=We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families |edition=Reprint |location=London; New York, N.Y. |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-330-37120-9 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8OiMfpTiApQC}} |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Government of Rwanda (I) |title=Official Holidays |authorlink=Government of Rwanda |url=http://www.gov.rw/home/official_holidays/ |accessdate=8 September 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=Government of Rwanda (II) |title=Animals |authorlink=Government of Rwanda |url=http://www.gov.rw/home/animals/ |accessdate=13 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Grainger |first=Sarah |date=18 June 2007 |title=East Africa trade bloc expanded |work=BBC News |location=London |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6762615.stm |accessdate=13 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=31 October 2007 |title=Scar tissue |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/31/rwanda.theatre |accessdate=13 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite news |last=Heuler |first=Hilary |date=12 December 2011 |title=Uganda, Rwanda Move to Mend Troubled Relations |work=[[Voice of America News]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html |accessdate=13 November 2015 |ref=harv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211031714/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Uganda-and-Rwanda-Move-to-Mend-Troubled-Relations-135437603.html |archive-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Hodd |first=Michael |year=1994 |title=East African Handbook |publisher=Trade & Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-8442-8983-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=bL8tAQAAIAAJ}}|ref=harv }}
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* {{cite book |author1=[[Human Rights Watch]] |author2=Wells, Sarah |year=2008 |title=Law and reality: progress in judicial reform in Rwanda |isbn=978-1-56432-366-8 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/62098 |accessdate=13 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Human Rights Watch|Wells|2008}} }}
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* {{cite web |author=World Bank (V) |title=Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 2010–2014 |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (VI) |title=Health expenditure, public (% of GDP), 1995–1999 |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PUBL.ZS |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (VII) |title=Life expectancy at birth, total (years), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN/countries/RW?display=graph |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (VIII) |title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT/countries/RW?display=graph |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (IX) |title=Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD/countries/RW?display=graph |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (X) |title=GDP (current US$), graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/RW?display=graph |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (XI) |title=International tourism, number of arrivals, graph |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.ARVL/countries/RW?display=graph |accessdate=19 August 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (XII) |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RW |accessdate=12 May 2019 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Bank (XIII) |title=Access to electricity (% of population) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS/countries/RW?display=graph |accessdate=13 November 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |author=World Health Organization (WHO) |year=2015 |title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategy at a glance: Rwanda |authorlink=World Health Organization |url=http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_rwa_en.pdf | ref = {{sfnRef|WHO|2015}} }}
* {{cite journal |author=World Health Organization (WHO) |year=2008 |title=Sharing the burden of sickness: mutual health insurance in Rwanda |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |issn=0042-9686 |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=817–908 |url=http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/08-021108/en/index.html | ref = {{sfnRef|WHO|2008}} }}
* {{cite web |author=World Meteorological Organization |title = World Weather Information Service – Kigali |authorlink=World Meteorological Organization |url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/127/c00254.htm |accessdate = 12 November 2015 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Institute (WRI) |year=2006 |title=Agriculture and Food: Country profile – Rwanda |work=EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal |authorlink=World Resources Institute |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402134313/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html |archivedate=2 April 2012 |accessdate=16 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|WRI|2006}} }}
* {{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archivedate=24 March 2012 |accessdate=16 November 2015 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite web |author=World Trade Organization (WTO) |date=30 September 2004 |title=Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy |work=Trade policy review: Rwanda |authorlink=World Trade Organization |url=http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm |accessdate=16 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|WTO|2004}} }}
* {{cite web |author=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) |year=2001 |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions: Albertine Rift montane forests (AT0101) |authorlink=World Wide Fund for Nature |url=https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222014550/https://secure.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/at/at0101_full.html |archivedate=22 December 2004 |accessdate=16 November 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|WWF|2001}} }}
* {{cite news |author=Xinhua News Agency |date=26 August 2015 |title=Rwanda deplores French decision on case of genocide suspect |authorlink=Xinhua News Agency |location=Beijing |url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6636570/2015/08/26/rwanda-deplores-french-decision-case-genocide-suspect |accessdate=30 October 2015 |ref=harv }}
{{refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
Ред 93: Ред 340:
| wikinews = Руанда
| wikinews = Руанда
}}
}}
* -{[http://www.gov.rw/ The Republic of Rwanda] (official government site)}-
* {{CIA World Factbook link|rw|Rwanda}}
* -{[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14093238 Rwanda profile] from the [[BBC News]]}-
* {{cite web|title=Rwanda Convention Bureau|url=https://www.micemag.com/rwanda-convention-bureau/}}
* -{[http://www.visitrwanda.com/ Rwanda Tourism] (official Rwanda Tourism Board site)}-


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[[Категорија:Руанда|*]]
[[Категорија:Руанда|*]]

Верзија на датум 24. јул 2020. у 18:41

Република Руанда
Republic of Rwanda  (енглески)
République du Rwanda  (француски)
Repubulika y'u Rwanda  (кињаруанда)
Jamhuri ya Rwanda  (свахили)
Крилатица: Јединство, рад, патриотизам
(енгл. Unity, Work, Patriotism)
Химна: Прелепа Руандо
(енгл. Beautiful Rwanda)
Положај Руанде
Главни градКигали
Службени језик
Владавина
ПредседникПол Кагаме
Председник ВладеЕдуард Нгиренте
Историја
НезависностОд Белгије
1. јула 1962.
Географија
Површина‍
 — укупно26.338 km2 (144)
 — вода (%)5,3
Становништво‍
 — 2012.[1]10.537.222 (80)
 — густина400,08 ст./km2
Економија
ВалутаРуандски франак
 — стоти део валуте‍100 центи‍
Остале информације
Временска зонаUTC +2
Интернет домен‍.rw‍
Позивни број+250

Руанда, званично Република Руанда, држава је у области Великих језера на истоку централне Африке.[2] Руанда нема излаз на море: на југу се граничи са Бурундијем, на западу са Демократском Републиком Конго, на северу са Угандом и на истоку са Танзанијом. Једна је од најгушће насељених земаља Африке. Због бујне вегетације и брдовитог плодног земљишта ову невелику републику зову „земљом хиљаду брежуљака“. Руанда је постала позната по стравичном геноциду из 1994. године.

Географија

Положај

Површином је Руанда нешто већа од Војводине, а број становника је пет пута већи него у северној покрајини Србије. Налази се у централном делу Африке, неколико степени јужно од Екватора. Од суседне ДР Конго раздвојена је на западу језером Киву и долином реке Ризизу. На југу се граничи са Бурундијем, на истоку са Танзанијом, а на северу са Угандом. Руанда има површину од 26.338 km² од којих су 1.390 km² водене површине.

Геологија и рељеф

Западним делом Руанде у правцу север-југ протеже се планински ланац који чини разводницу река Конго и Нила, а на његовом северном делу се налази највиша руанданска планина Карисимби (4.507 m). Према западу терен се спушта до 1.460 m надморске висине језера Киву. Према истоку се на планине наставља средња брежуљкаста висораван (око 1.700 m), а још источније је долина реке Кагера с бројним мочварама.

Воде

Флора и фауна

Клима

Историја

Најстарији становници Руанде су данас малобројни пигмејци народа Тва, који су живели у и око Руанде 35.000 година. Током 11. века на ове просторе се из Етиопије досељава банту народ Хути. Затим са севера долази нилотски народ Тутси који су се бавили сточарством за разлику од Хутуа који су се бавили ратарством. Тутси су преузели банту језик али се нису стопили са већинским Хутуима од којих се разликују по неким физичким својствима (виши су и светлије пути). Тутси су завладали овим просторима и створили краљевину у којој су чинили аристократију.

Колонијални период

Године 1895. Руанда и Бурунди постају немачке колоније. Немци су се у управљању ослонили на већ постојеће државне структуре Тутсија. 1911. и помагали су Тутсе да покоре хуту побуњенике на северном делу Руанде који нису хтели да прихвате централну тутску власт.

Након Првог светског рата Белгија преузима контролу на колонијом Руанда—Урунди. Белгијска власт је била много строжа него немачка, а за остваривање своје политике присилног рада и високих пореза иновачила је више слојеве Тутсија користећи их као посреднике што је довело од још већ поделе два народа. Многи су се млади сељаци да би избегли порезе и глад одселили у ДР Конго и Уганду у потрази за послом.

После Другог светског рата Руанда је постала мандатно подручје Уједињених нација под белгијском управом. Реформама које су изједначиле право гласа Хутуи су имали све већа политичка права. Након атентата на краља Мутуру 3. 1959. и бега последњег краља Кигерија 5. у Уганду нестала је монархија Тутсија и Хутуи су постали доминантна политичка снага у независној републици Руанди која је проглашена 1962.

Пост-колонијални период

Године 1990. тутсијски Патриотски фронт Руанде (РПФ) започео је из својих база у Уганди нападе на руанданску владу коју су водили Хутуи. Борбе су трајале до 1992. када је потписан мир у Арушију.

6. априла 1994. оборен је авион под неразјашњеним околностима при слетању у Кигалију у коме су се налазили председник Руанде Жувенал Хабијаримана и председник Бурундија, обојица Хутуи. Хуту екстремисти су непосредно после атентата започели масовне покоље Тутса и умерених Хутуа у којем је у наредна три месеца убијено око 1.000.000 људи. Геноцид је заустављен након што је РПФ и његов вођа Пол Кагаме преузео власт. Бојећи се освете Тутсија, више од 2.000.000 Хутуа је напустило земљу, али су се многи у међувремену вратили. Неки се хутуски паравојни одреди и даље налазе на истоку ДР Конга. Кагамеов РПФ је извршио инвазију 1996. на Источни Заир како би уништио базе Хутуа. У овом подухвату Кагамеу је помогао Жозеф Кабила марксистички револуционар на истоку Заира који је био непријатељ дугогодишњег заирског диктатора Мобуту Сесе Секоа. Ово је био увод у Први Конгоашки рат.

Владавина Патриотског фронта Руанде

Након што тутску РПФ преузива власт у држави, Кагаме поставља на месту председника Хутуа Пастера Бизимунга, 1994. Многи су сматрали да је он био марионета али кад је постао критички настројен према влади Кагамеа био је смењен 2000. На његово место долази сам Пол Кагаме. Бизимунгу је убрзо оформирао опозициону партију (ПДР), али је она убрзо била смењена од стране Кагамеове владе. Бизимунгу је био ухапшен због издаје 2002. и осуђен на 15 година затвора али је ослобођен уз извињење 2007.

Становништво

Највећи руандански језик је Кињарванда. Данас, 84% становништва чине Хутуи, 15% Тутсији и 1% Тва. Највећа вероисповест је римокатоличка 56,5 %, затим протестантска 26%, адвентистичка 11,1%, и 4,6 % су муслимани, а традиционална веровања има 0,1% становништва. Муслиманска популација се повећала после геноцида на 14%.

Административна подела

Привреда

Референце

  1. ^ Национална агенција за статистику [1] Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (19. октобар 2013)
  2. ^ United Nations Statistics Division - Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications

Литература

Спољашње везе

Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Руанда&oldid=23266005”