Монархија

Монархија је облик владавине у коме група, генерално фамилија која представља династију, оличава национални идентитет земље и и њен вођа, монарх, извршава улогу суверенитета. The actual power of the monarch may vary from purely symbolic (crowned republic), to partial and restricted (constitutional monarchy), to completely autocratic (absolute monarchy). Traditionally the monarch's post is inherited and lasts until death or abdication. In contrast, elective monarchies require the monarch to be elected. Both types have further variations as there are widely divergent structures and traditions defining monarchy. For example, in some elected monarchies only pedigrees are taken into account for eligibility of the next ruler, whereas many hereditary monarchies impose requirements regarding the religion, age, gender, mental capacity, etc. Occasionally this might create a situation of rival claimants whose legitimacy is subject to effective election. There have been cases where the term of a monarch's reign is either fixed in years or continues until certain goals are achieved: an invasion being repulsed, for instance.

Richard I of England being anointed during his coronation in Westminster Abbey, from a 13th-century chronicle.

Monarchic rule was the most common form of government until the 19th century. It is now usually a constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch retains a unique legal and ceremonial role, but exercises limited or no official political power: under the written or unwritten constitution, others have governing authority. Currently, 45 sovereign nations in the world have monarchs acting as heads of state, 16 of which are Commonwealth realms that recognise Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. Most modern European monarchies are constitutional and hereditary with a largely ceremonial role, with the exception of the Vatican which is an elective theocracy and the Principality of Liechtenstein where the monarch exercises unrestricted authority. The monarchies of Cambodia and Malaysia are constitutional with a largely ceremonial role, despite possessing significantly more social and legal clout than their European counterparts. The monarchs of Brunei, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Swaziland have more political influence than any other single source of authority in their nations, either by tradition or a constitutional mandate.

У монархији власт краља је неограничена, наследна и без одговорности. Она се трансформисала у данашњем смислу у власт закона. Уставна монархија (као што је монархија у Уједињеном Краљевству) је ограничена уставом. Ово се догодило услед развоја друштва (економских односа, технике, грађанске мисли) и спознаја да друштво може опстати, а држава егзистирати. Ако се владавина монарха замени влашћу закона доћи ће до трансформације класичне монархије (тако краљ/краљица у Великој Британији нема никаквих великих моћи већ служи више као маскота државе- финансирана из благајне државе). У новијем периоду приликом доношења закона монарх сарађује са парламентом (у Великој Британији улога краља/краљице је симболична- он/она има право само да се потпише на донесени закон, не сме га ни одбити). Тако је започео процес поделе власти. Краљ је изгубио извршно-политичке овласти.

Етимологија

Види још: King (title), Rex (title) и Realm

The word "monarch" (лат. monarcha) comes from the Greek language word μονάρχης, monárkhēs (from μόνος monos, "one, singular", and ἄρχω árkhō, "to rule" (compare ἄρχων arkhon, "leader, ruler, chief")) which referred to a single, at least nominally absolute ruler. In current usage the word monarchy usually refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule, as elective monarchies are rare nowadays.

Depending on the title held by the monarch, a monarchy may be known as a kingdom, principality, duchy, grand duchy, empire, tsardom, emirate, sultanate, khaganate, etc.

Историја

Sigismund III of Poland holding a sceptre and globus cruciger as symbols of monarchical power

Thutmose I, the third Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Форма друштвене хијерархије познате као chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric. The Greek term monarchia is classical, used by Herodotus (3.82). The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as "king" or "ruler" (translating archon, basileus, rex, tyrannos etc.) or as "queen" (translating basilinna). From earliest historical times, with the Egyptian and Mesopotamian monarchs, as well as in reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion, the king holds sacral function directly connected to sacrifice, or is considered by their people to have divine ancestry.

The role of the Roman emperor as the protector of Christianity was conflated with the sacral aspects held by the Germanic kings to create the notion of "Divine right of kings" in the Christian Middle Ages. The Chinese, Japanese and Nepalese monarchs continued to be considered living Gods into the modern period.

Since antiquity, monarchy has contrasted with forms of democracy, where executive power is wielded by assemblies of free citizens. In antiquity, monarchies were abolished in favour of such assemblies in Rome (Roman Republic, 509 BC), and Athens (Athenian democracy, 500 BC).

In Germanic antiquity, kingship was primarily a sacral function, and the king was either directly hereditary for some tribes, while for others he was elected from among eligible members of royal families by the thing.

Such ancient "parliamentarism" declined during the European Middle Ages, but it survived in forms of regional assemblies, such as the Icelandic Commonwealth, the Swiss Landsgemeinde and later Tagsatzung, and the High Medieval communal movement linked to the rise of medieval town privileges.

The modern resurgence of parliamentarism and anti-monarchism began with the temporary overthrow of the English monarchy by the Parliament of England in 1649, followed by the American Revolution of 1776 and the French Revolution of 1792. One of many opponents of that trend was Elizabeth Dawbarn, whose anonymous Dialogue between Clara Neville and Louisa Mills, on Loyalty (1794) features "silly Louisa, who admires liberty, Tom Paine and the USA, [who is] lectured by Clara on God's approval of monarchy" and on the influence women can exert on men. Much of 19th century politics was characterised by the division between anti-monarchist Radicalism and monarchist Conservativism.

Many countries abolished the monarchy in the 20th century and became republics, especially in the wake of either World War I or World War II. Advocacy of republics is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchies is called monarchism. In the modern era, monarchies are more prevalent in small states than in large ones.

Карактеристике и улоге

[[Драган:Allan Ramsay - King George III in coronation robes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|King George III of the United Kingdom, Portrait by Allan Ramsay, 1762]]

Monarchies are associated with political or sociocultural hereditary rule, in which monarchs rule for life (although some monarchs do not hold lifetime positions: for example, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia serves a five-year term) and pass the responsibilities and power of the position to their child or another member of their family when they die. Most monarchs, both historically and in the modern day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, the centre of the royal household and court. Growing up in a royal family (called a dynasty when it continues for several generations), future monarchs are often trained for the responsibilities of expected future rule.

Different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, and agnatic seniority (Salic law). While most monarchs have been male, many female monarchs also have reigned in history; the term queen regnant refers to a ruling monarch, while a queen consort refers to the wife of a reigning king. Rule may be hereditary in practice without being considered a monarchy, such as that of family dictatorships or political families in many democracies.

The principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the immediate continuity of leadership (as seen in the classic phrase "The King is dead. Long live the King!").

Some monarchies are non-hereditary. In an elective monarchy, monarchs are elected, or appointed by some body (an electoral college) for life or a defined period, but otherwise serve as any other monarch. Three elective monarchies exist today: Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates are 20th-century creations, while one (the papacy) is ancient.

A self-proclaimed monarchy is established when a person claims the monarchy without any historical ties to a previous dynasty. Napoleon I of France declared himself Emperor of the French and ruled the First French Empire after previously calling himself First Consul following his seizure of power in the coup of 18 Brumaire. Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic declared himself "Emperor" of the Central African Empire. Yuan Shikai crowned himself Emperor of the short-lived "Empire of China" a few years after the Republic of China was founded.

Моћ монарха

King Salman of Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarch.

• In an absolute monarchy, the monarch rules as an autocrat, with absolute power over the state and government — for example, the right to rule by decree, promulgate laws, and impose punishments. Absolute monarchies are not necessarily authoritarian; the enlightened absolutists of the Age of Enlightenment were monarchs who allowed various freedoms.
• In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch is subject to a constitution. The monarch serves as a ceremonial figurehead symbol of national unity and state continuity. The monarch is nominally sovereign but the electorate, through their legislature, exercise (usually limited) political sovereignty. Constitutional monarchs have limited political power, except in Japan and Sweden, where the constitutions grant no power to their monarchs. Typical monarchical powers include granting pardons, granting honours, and reserve powers, e.g. to dismiss the prime minister, refuse to dissolve parliament, or veto legislation ("withhold Royal Assent"). They often also have privileges of inviolability, sovereign immunity, and an official residence. A monarch's powers and influence may depend on tradition, precedent, popular opinion, and law.
• In other cases the monarch's power is limited, not due to constitutional restraints, but to effective military rule. In the late Roman Empire, the Praetorian Guard several times deposed Roman Emperors and installed new emperors. The Hellenistic kings of Macedon and of Epirus were elected by the army, which was similar in composition to the ecclesia of democracies, the council of all free citizens; military service was often linked with citizenship among the male members of the royal house. Military domination of the monarch has occurred in modern Thailand and in medieval Japan (where a hereditary military chief, the shogun, was the de facto ruler, although the Japanese emperor nominally ruled). In Fascist Italy the Savoy monarchy under King Victor Emmanuel III coexisted with the Fascist single-party rule of Benito Mussolini; Romania under the Iron Guard and Greece during the first months of the Colonels' regime were much the same way. Spain under Francisco Franco was officially a monarchy, although there was no monarch on the throne. Upon his death, Franco was succeeded as head of state by the Bourbon heir, Juan Carlos I, who proceeded to make Spain a democracy with himself as a figurehead constitutional monarch.

Личност монарха

Postcard of ruling monarchs, taken in 1908 between February (accession of King Manuel II of Portugal) and November (death of Guangxu Emperor).

Most states only have a single person acting as monarch at any given time, although two monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, a situation known as diarchy. Historically this was the case in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta or 17th-century Russia, and there are examples of joint sovereignty of spouses or relatives (such as William III and Mary II in the Kingdoms of England and Scotland). Other examples of joint sovereignty include Tsars Peter I and Ivan V of Russia, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Joanna of Castile of the Crown of Castile.

Andorra currently is the world's sole constitutional diarchy or co-principality. Located in the Pyrenees between Spain and France, it has two co-princes: the Bishop of Urgell (a prince-bishop) in Spain and the President of France (inherited ex officio from the French kings, who themselves inherited the title from the counts of Foix). It is the only situation in which an independent country's (co-)monarch is democratically elected by the citizens of another country.

In a personal union, separate independent states share the same person as monarch, but each realm retains its separate laws and government. The sixteen separate Commonwealth realms are sometimes described as being in a personal union with Queen Elizabeth II as monarch, however, they can also be described as being in a shared monarchy.

A regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, absent, or debilitated.

A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else.

Abdication is the act of formally giving up one's monarchical power and status.

Monarchs may mark the ceremonial beginning of their reigns with a coronation or enthronement.

Изборна и наследна монархија

Изборна монархија (са често ограниченим бројем кандидата и изборног подручја) се чини старијим обликом од наследне монархије која је успела да смањи опасност грађанског рата при утврђивању наследника. Изборне монархије су до свог краја биле Пољска и Свето римско царство. Данас (2006) су то још Малезија, Уједињени Арапски Емирати, Ватикан, а формално и кнежевина Андора.

До доласка хришћанства у Еуропу на том подручју су углавном постојале изборне монархије. Различита племена имала су своје поглавице који су се по правилу потицали из снажних и утицајних породичних кланова, али нису познавали наследно право. Након смрти једног поглавице, нови је био биран уз одређени ритуал, или би га једноставно прокламирали. Нека племена су само за одређени рат или пљачкашки поход бирала кнеза, који би након обављеног „посла” поново био обичан слободњак. Неки други облик владавине је за сељаке - ратнике био једноставно неприхватљив.

То је било раздобље пре феудализма и имало је делом одлике демократије. То је, међутим, престало са хришћанством. Кад је цар Римског Царства Константин Велики 313. године хришћанство прогласио равноправним с другим религијама, а касније и сам прешао на хришћанство, почело је савезништво између хришћанских цркви и световних владара. Црква је легитимисала апсолутну власт владара и наследно право идејом да је неко „владар по Божјој милости”. Као противуслугу, црква је осигурала привилеговани положај и суделовање у власти, и то је остало у већини држава све до Француске револуције.

Европом током средњег века све више превладавају наследне монархије. Монарх је на челу склопа мање-више хомогеног владајућег подручја које онда у облику феуда дели својим присташама. Тај феудални систем формира подлогу управљања и војачења у подручјима којим влада монарх, али трпи због све већих захтева властеле да им феуди пређу у власништво с правом наслеђивања како би онда они са своје стране могли даље те феуде делити својим сљедбеницима. До појаве раних облика модерних држава европски монарх је практично све више губио стварну власт у корист тако формиране феудалне власеле.

Облици монархија

Са настајањем модерних држава, у Европи новог времена обликовале су се три форме монархија:

Апсолутистичка монархија: У том облику монарх полаже право на искључиву личну власт над свим пословима државе, а властела све више губи своје положаје у феудалном систему у замену за привилегије у државној управи и војсци. Најпознатији пример таквих претензија на апсолутну власт монарха је изјава Краља сунца Луја XIV: „Држава - то сам ја”. На дужи рок се таква апсолутна власт није могла одржати супротно вољи властеле и грађанства које се све снажије развијало. Тамо где су монархије преживеле, попримиле су елементе републике или демократије. Упркос одређеним потешкоћама у тачном разграничењу тог појма, могло би се рећи да данас (2005) још постоје као апсолутистичке следеће монархије: Брунеји, Ватикан, Саудијска Арабија и евентуално још која арапска монархија у Персијском заливу .

Уставна монархија: У овом облику монархије власт монарха више није апсолутна (неограничена) него је утврђује устав. Али ипак, владу не одређују народни предтавници него и даље именује монарх. Пример такве монархије било је Њемачко царство од 1871 до 1918, односно и данас војводство Лихтенштајн.

Парламентарна монархија: Парламентарна монархија је подоблик уставне у којој монарх осим уставних ограничења заправо уопше више не суделује у државним пословима (осим ретких изузетака). Њих воде парламент и влада, иако монарх још увек може имати знатан неформални утицај. Њему припадју углавном још само репрезентативни задаци. Такав облик државе данас у Европи имају Белгија, Данска, Луксембург, Норвешка, Холандија, Шведска, Шпанија и Велика Британија.

Државе са монархистичким уређењем

Државе означене плавом бојом су монархије

• Андора
• Антигва и Барбуда
• Аустралија
• Барбадос
• Бахами
• Бахреин (Краљ Бахреина)
• Белгија
• Белизе
• Брунеј
• Бутан
• Ватикан (Папа)
• Гренада
• Данска
• Јамајка
• Јапан (Цар Јапана)
• Јордан
• Камбоџа
• Канада
• Катар
• Кувајт
• Лесото
• Лихтенштајн (Кнез Лихтенштајна)
• Луксембург (Велики војвода Луксембурга)
• Малезија
• Мароко
• Монако (Кнез Монака)
• Нови Зеланд (Монархија на Новом Зеланду)
• Норвешка
• Оман
• Папуа Нова Гвинеја
• Саудијска Арабија (Краљ Саудијске Арабије)
• Света Луција
• Свети Винсент и Гренадини
• Свети Китс и Невис
• Соломонова Острва
• Тајланд
• Тонга
• Тувалу
• Уједињени Арапски Емирати
• Уједињено Краљевство Велике Британије и Северне Ирске (Британска монархија)
• Краљевина Холандија
• Шведска
• Шпанија

Види још

• Укидање монархије
• Критика монархије

Спољашње везе

• The Constitutional Monarchy Association in the UK
• „Monarchy”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески) (11 изд.). 1911.