Edvard Teler
Edvard Teler | |
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![]() Edvard Teler 1958. kao direktor Nacionalne laboratorije Lorens Livermor | |
Lični podaci | |
Datum rođenja | 15. januar 1908. |
Mesto rođenja | Budimpešta, Austrougarska |
Datum smrti | 9. septembar 2003.95 god.) ( |
Mesto smrti | Stanford, SAD |
Naučni rad | |
Polje | fizika |
Potpis | ![]() |
Edvard Teler (engl. Edward Teller; Budimpešta, 15. januar 1908 — Stanford, 9. septembar 2003) je bio američki fizičar mađarskog porekla. Radio u atomskoj laboratoriji u Los Alamosu i smatra se izumiteljem američke hidrogenske bombe.[1][2] Teler je takođe dao doprinos Tomas-Fermijevoj teoriji, preteči teorije gustinske funkcionalnosti, standardnom savremenom alatu u kvantno mehaničkom tretmanu složenih molekula. Godine 1953, zajedno sa Nikolasom Metropolisom, Arijanom Rozenblah, Maršalom Rozenblah i njegovom suprugom Avgustom Teler, Teler je koautor rada koji je standardno polazište za primenu Monte Karlo metode na statističku mehaniku.[3]
Kao Jevrejin emigrirao je u SAD 1930. godine, i bio je jedan od prvih članova projekta Menhetn koji je pokrenut sa ciljem razvijanja atomske bombe. U ovom periodu se snažno zalagao za razvoj oružja baziranih na fuzijskoj reakciji. Nakon priznanja o kontroverznoj ulozi u svjedočenju protiv kolege Roberta Openhajmera doživio je osudu javnosti, ali je i dalje imao podršku vlade SAD i vojnog vrha. Bio je koosnivač Nacionalne laboratorije Lorens Livermor, i bio je direktor te institucije, kao i zamenik direktora mnoge godine.
U kasnijim godinama postao je poznat po svom zalaganju za kontroverzna tehnološka rješenja i za civilne i vojne svrhe, a naročito je poznat njegov predlog da se upotrebi termonuklearna eksplozija da bi se iskopalo arheološko pristanište na Aljasci. Bio je i zagovarač Reganove odbrambene strategije, iako su ga kasnije optuživali za nerealne najave mogućnosti budućih oružja.
Mladost i rad[uredi | uredi izvor]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Edward_Teller_%28boy%29.jpg/250px-Edward_Teller_%28boy%29.jpg)
Edvard Teler je rođen 15. januara 1908. u Budimpešti, Austrougarska, u jevrejskoj porodici. Njegovi roditelji su bili Ilona, pijanistkinja, i Maks Teler, advokat.[4] Školovao se u luteranskoj gimnaziji Fasori, zatim u gimnaziji Minta (Model) u Budimpešti. Mada jevrejskog porekla, kasnije u životu Teler je postao agnostički Jevrej. „Religija nije bila problem u mojoj porodici”, kasnije je napisao, „zaista, o tome se nikada nije razgovaralo. Do moje jedine verske obuke je došlo jer je Minta zahtevala da svi učenici pohađaju časove u svojim religijama. Moja porodica je slavila jedan praznik, Dan pomirenja, kada smo svi postili. Ipak, moj otac se molio za svoje roditelje subotom i na sve jevrejske praznike. Ideja Boga koju sam upijao bila je da bi bilo divno da postoji: Očajnički nam je trebao, ali ga nismo videli tokom mnogo hiljada godina.”[5] Kao i Albert Ajnštajn i Ričard Fajnman, Teler je kasno progovorio. On je razvio sposobnost govora kasnije od većine dece, ali se veoma zainteresovao za brojeve, te bi zabave radi računao velike brojeve u glavi.[6]
Teler je otišao iz Mađarske u Nemačku 1926. godine, delom i zbog diskriminatorne numerus clausus vladavine pod režimom Mikloša Hortija. Politička klima i revolucije u Mađarskoj tokom njegove mladosti ulile su u Telera dugotrajni animozitet prema komunizmu i prema fašizmu.[7]
Od 1926. do 1928. godine, Teler je studirao matematiku i hemiju na Univerzitetu u Karlsrueu, gde je diplomirao hemijsko inženjerstvo. Jednom je izjavio da je osoba koja je odgovorna za to što je postao fizičar bio Herman Mark, koji je bio gostujući profesor,[8] nakon što je čuo predavanja o molekularnoj spektroskopiji gde mu je Mark jasno stavio do znanja da su nove ideje u fizici radikalno menjale granice hemije.[9] Mark je bio stručnjak za hemiju polimera, polje koje je od suštinskog značaja za razumevanje biohemije. Mark ga je isto tako podučio i o vodećim otkrićima u kvantnoj fizici koje je napravio Luj de Broj, između ostalih. Ta izloženost koju je dobio na Markovim predavanjima motivisala je Telera da pređe na fiziku.[10] Nakon što je obavestio svog oca o nameri da promeni smer studija, njegov otac je bio toliko zabrinut da je otputovao da ga poseti i razgovara sa njegovim profesorima u školi. Dok je diploma hemijskog inženjerstva bila siguran put do dobro plaćenog posla u hemijskim kompanijama, nije postojao tako jasan put do karijere sa diplomom fizike. On nije bio upućen u razgovore koje je njegov otac vodio sa njegovim profesorima, ali ishod je bio da je dobio očevu dozvolu da postane fizičar.[11]
Reference[uredi | uredi izvor]
- ^ Rhodes 2012, str. 773.
- ^ "I have always considered that description in poor taste." Teller & Shoolery 2001, str. 546.
- ^ Metropolis, Nicholas; Rosenbluth, Arianna W.; Rosenbluth, Marshall N.; Teller, Augusta H.; Teller, Edward (1953). „Equation of State Calculations by Fast Computing Machines”. Journal of Chemical Physics. 21 (6): 1087—1092. Bibcode:1953JChPh..21.1087M. OSTI 4390578. doi:10.1063/1.1699114.
- ^ „Edward Teller Is Dead at 95; Fierce Architect of H-Bomb”. The New York Times. 10. 9. 2003.
- ^ Teller & Shoolery 2001, str. 32.
- ^ Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories na sajtu YouTube
- ^ Stix, Gary (oktobar 1999). „Infamy and honor at the Atomic Café: Edward Teller has no regrets about his contentious career”. Scientific American: 42—43. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1099-42. Pristupljeno 25. 11. 2007.
- ^ Edward Teller - The inspiration of Herman Mark (segment 18 of 147), June 1996 interview with John H. Nuckolls, former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (posted on January 24, 2008)
Alternate source video (uploaded to Web of Stories YouTube channel on September 27, 2017) - ^ Edward Teller Facts, quote:
"Leaving Hungary because of anti-Semitism, Teller went to Germany to study chemistry and mathematics at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology from 1926 to 1928. A lecture he heard by Herman Mark on the new science of molecular spectroscopy made a lasting impression on him: "He [Mark] made it clear that new ideas in physics had changed chemistry into an important part of the forefront of physics." - ^ Edward Teller - Wave-particle duality sparked a fascination with physics (segment 16 of 147), June 1996 interview with John H. Nuckolls, former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (posted on 24 January 2008)
Alternate source video (uploaded to Web of Stories YouTube channel on Sep 27, 2017)
Quote:
"This theory [of polymer chemistry, and its relation to quantum physics] managed to make in me a big change from an interest in mathematics to an interest in physics." - ^ Edward Teller - Permission to become a physicist (segment 17 of 147), June 1996 interview with John H. Nuckolls, former director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (posted on January 24, 2008)
Alternate source video (uploaded to Web of Stories YouTube channel on September 27, 2017)
Literatura[uredi | uredi izvor]
- Blumberg, Stanley; Panos, Louis (1990). Edward Teller: Giant of The Golden Age of Physics. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 0-684-19042-7.
- Broad, William J. (1992). Teller's War: The Top-Secret Story Behind the Star Wars Deception. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-70106-1.
- Brown, Gerald E.; Lee, Sabine (2009). Hans Albrecht Bethe (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
- Cohen, Avner (1998). Israel and the bomb
. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10483-8.
- Dash, Joan (1973). A Life of One's Own: Three Gifted Women and the Men they Married
. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-010949-3. OCLC 606211.
- Goncharov, German (2005). „The Extraordinarily Beautiful Physical Principle of Thermonuclear Charge Design (on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the test of RDS-37 – the first Soviet two-stage thermonuclear charge”. Physics-Uspekhi. 48 (11): 1187—1196. Bibcode:2005PhyU...48.1187G. doi:10.1070/PU2005v048n11ABEH005839. Russian text (free download)
- Goodchild, Peter (2004). Edward Teller: the Real Dr. Strangelove
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01669-9.
- Gorelik, Gennady (2009). „The Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives”. Physics in Perspective. 11 (2): 169—197. Bibcode:2009PhP....11..169G. S2CID 120853984. doi:10.1007/s00016-007-0377-8.
- Herken, Gregg (2002). Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller
. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-6588-1.
- Hoddeson, Lillian; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.; Westfall, Catherine L. (1993). Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44132-3. OCLC 26764320.
- Karpin, Michael (2005). The Bomb in the Basement. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-6595-5.
- O'Neill, Dan (1994). The Firecracker Boys. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-11086-3.
- Rhodes, Richard (1986). The Making of the Atomic Bomb. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-44133-7.
- Rhodes, Richard (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-80400-X.
- Teller, Edward; Shoolery, Judith L. (2001). Memoirs: A Twentieth-Century Journey in Science and Politics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus Publishing. ISBN 0-7382-0532-X.
- Thorpe, Charles (2006). Oppenheimer: The Tragic Intellect. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-79845-3.
- Ulam, S. M (1983). Adventures of a Mathematician
. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-14391-0. OCLC 1528346.
- Stanley A. Blumberg and Louis G. Panos. Edward Teller : Giant of the Golden Age of Physics; a Biography (Scribner's, 1990)
- Istvan Hargittai, (2010). Judging Edward Teller: a Closer Look at One of the Most Influential Scientists of the Twentieth Century. Prometheus..
- Carl Sagan writes at length about Teller's career in chapter 16 of his book The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (Headline, 1996), p. 268–274.
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Science and Technology Review contains 10 articles written primarily by Stephen B. Libby in 2007, about Edward Teller's life and contributions to science, to commemorate the 2008 centennial of his birth.
- Heisenberg sabotaged the atomic bomb (Heisenberg hat die Atombombe sabotiert) an interview in German with Edward Teller in: Michael Schaaf: Heisenberg, Hitler und die Bombe. Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen Berlin. 2001. ISBN 3-928186-60-4..
- Coughlan, Robert (6. 9. 1954). „Dr. Edward Teller's Magnificent Obsession”. LIFE. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2019.
- Szilard, Leo (1987). Toward a Livable World: Leo Szilard and the Crusade for Nuclear Arms Control. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19260-6..
- "Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen" Richard Rhodes, Simon & Schuster. 1995. ISBN 978-0-684-80400-2.
Spoljašnje veze[uredi | uredi izvor]
- 1986 Audio Interview with Edward Teller by S. L. Sanger Voices of the Manhattan Project
- Annotated Bibliography for Edward Teller from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- "Edward Teller's Role in the Oppenheimer Hearings" interview with Richard Rhodes
- Edward Teller Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement
- A radio interview with Edward Teller Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. jul 2011) Aired on the Lewis Burke Frumkes Radio Show in January 1988.
- The Paternity of the H-Bombs: Soviet-American Perspectives Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (28. jun 2011)
- Edward Teller tells his life story at Web of Stories (video)