Džordž Berkli

Džordž Berkli
Lični podaci
Puno ime	Džordž Berkli
Datum rođenja	(1685-03-12)12. mart 1685.
Mesto rođenja	Tomastaun, Irska
Datum smrti	14. januar 1753.(1753-01-14) (67 god.)
Mesto smrti	Oksford, Velika Britanija
Obrazovanje	Trinity College Dublin
Filozofski rad
Epoha	Novovekovna
Regija	Zapadna filozofija
Škola filozofije	idealizam, empirizam, fundamentalizam, konceptualizam, indirektni realizam
Interesovanja	metafizika, epistemologija
Ideje	subjektivni idealizam
Uticaji od	Džon Lok, Nicolas Malebranche
Potpis

Džordž Berkli (engl. George Berkeley; Tomastaun, 1685 — Oksford, 1753) je bio novovekovni irski filozof, poznat kao zastupnik subjektivnog idealizma i empirizma. Njegova filozofija se ponekad uzima za krajnji oblik subjektivnog idealizma, koji se naziva solipsizam.

Biografija

Džordž Berkli je rođen 12. marta 1685. godine u blizini Tomastauna u Irskoj. 1707. godine je postao je magistar teologije, a 1713. kapelan. Sve svoje najznačajnije i najoriginalnije radove napisao je do svoje 28. godine. Često je putovao, kao pratilac grofa, u Francusku i Italiju. Od 1729. do 1731. godine kao misionar širi hrišćanstvo u Americi, a 1734. postaje episkop u Klojnu. Godine 1752. povlači se iz javnog života, a godinu dana kasnije umire u Oksfordu.

Učenje

Džordž Berkli je jedan od najpoznatijih predstavnika subjektivnog idealizma, koji najbolje izražava svojim fundamentalnim načelom: „Biti jeste biti opažen“ (Esse est percipi).

„ Postojao je neki miris, znači da ga je neko mirisao; postojao je neki zvuk, znači da ga je neko čuo; bila je neka boja ili oblik - opaženi su vidom ili opipom. To je sve što mogu razumeti pod tim i sličnim izrazima. Jer ono što se kaže o apsolutnom postojanju nemislećih stvari, bez obzira na to da li se opažaju, izgleda savršeno nerazumljivo. Njihov esse jest percipi, i nije moguće da oni imaju neku egzistenciju izvan duhova ili mislećih stvari, koje ih opažaju. ” — Rasprava o principima ljudske spoznaje

U „Dijalozima izmedu Hilasa i Filonusa“ Filonus, koji iznosi Berklijeve ideje, dokazuje »da se realnost čulnih stvari sastoji u tome što su opažene», nasuprot Hilasovog mišljenja da »postojati znači jedno a biti opažen drugo«. Berkli razrađuje tezu da su svi čulni fenomeni mentalne prirode. On argumentuje o subjektivnosti oseta toplote i hladnoće poznatim primerom o mlakoj vodi. Kad je jedna ruka topla a druga hladna pa se obe stave u hladnu vodu, onda jedna ruka oseća ovu vodu kao hladnu, a druga kao toplu, premda voda objektivno ne može biti istovremeno i topla i hladna. Stoga oseti toplo i hladno postoje samo u našem duhu.

Berklijeva filozofija se zasniva na empirističkim tvrdnjama, i iskustvo uzima za osnovu celokupnog znanja. Pa ipak, za njega tzv. spoljni predmeti nisu ništa drugo do skupovi naših oseta, koji ne postoje izvan duha. Po njemu postoji samo duh a čulne ideje ne zavise od nas, već ih izaziva Bog. Stoga čulne ideje i jesu mnogo jače i stalnije od ideja misli i mašte koje proizvodi naš duh. Realne stvari i nisu drugo nego čulne ideje pa je postojanje materije izvan i nezavisno od tih ideja samo izmišljotina »uvrnutih« filozofa.

Dela

Glavna Berklijeva dela su:

• An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (1709)
• Rasprava o principima ljudskog saznanja (A Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge; 1710)
• Tri dijaloga izmedu Hilasa i Filonusa (Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous; 1713)
• Alciphron or the Minute Philosopher (1732)
• Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries (1744)

Literatura

The Works of George Berkeley. Ed. by Alexander Campbell Fraser. In 4 Volumes. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901.

• The works of George Berkeley D. D. ... Including his posthumous works. 1. 1901. 
• The works of George Berkeley D. D. ... Including his posthumous works. 2. 1901. 
• The works of George Berkeley D. D. ... Including his posthumous works. 3. 1901. 
• The works of George Berkeley D. D. ... Including his posthumous works. 4. 1901. 

Ewald, William B., ed., 1996. From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics, 2 vols. Oxford Uni. Press.

• 1707. Of Infinites, 16–19.
• 1709. Letter to Samuel Molyneaux, 19–21.
• 1721. De Motu, 37–54.
• 1734. The Analyst, 60–92.
• Nichols, R. H.; Wray, F A. (1935). The History of the Foundling Hospital. London: Oxford University Press. str. 349. .
• John Daniel Wild (1962). George Berkeley: a study of his life and philosophy. New York: Russell & Russell. 
• Fogelin, Robert (2001). Berkeley and the Principles of Human Knowledge. Routledge. 
• Muehlmann, Robert G. (1992). Berkeley's Ontology. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-146-0. 
  • "Shows a thorough mastery of the literature on Berkeley, along with very perceptive remarks about the strength and weaknesses of most of the central commentators. ... Exhibits a mastery of all the material, both primary and secondary..." Charles Larmore, for the Editorial Board, Journal of Philosophy.
  • R. Muehlmann is one of the Berkeley Prize Winners.
• New Interpretations of Berkeley's Thought. Ed. by S. H. Daniel. N. Y.: Humanity Books, 319 pp. 2008. ISBN 978-1-59102-557-3..
  • For reviews see:
  • Reviewed by Marc A. Hight Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. јун 2011), Hampden–Sydney College
  • Reviewed by Thomas M. Lennon – Berkeley Studies 19 (2008):51–56.
• Edward Chaney (2000), 'George Berkeley's Grand Tours: The Immaterialist as Connoisseur of Art and Architecture', in E. Chaney, The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations since the Renaissance, 2nd ed. London, Routledge. ISBN 9780714644745.
• Costica Bradatan (2006), The Other Bishop Berkeley. An Exercise in Reenchantment, Fordham University Press, New York
• Brook, Richard J. (1973). Berkeley's Philosophy of Science. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-90-247-1555-8. 
• Strathern, Paul (2000). Berkeley in ninety minutes. Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-291-1. 

Sekundarna literatura dostupna na internetu

• Most sources listed below are suggested by Dr. Talia M. Bettcher Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (28. maj 2010) in Berkeley: a Guide for the Perplexed (2008). See the textbook's description.
• Berman, David. George Berkeley: Idealism and the Man. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
• Kenneth P. Winkler, ur. (2005). The Cambridge Companion to Berkeley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521450331. 
• Daniel, Stephen H., ur. (2007). Reexamining Berkeley's Philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802093486. 
• Johnston G. A. (1923). The Development of Berkeley's Philosophy. London: Macmillan. 
• Luce, A. A (1934). Berkeley and Malebranche. A Study in the Origins of Berkeley's Thought. Oxford University Press. . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1934. (2nd edn, with additional Preface, 1967).
• Muehlmann, Robert G., ur. (1995). Berkeley's Metaphysics. Structural, Interpretive, and Critical Essays. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02656-5. 
• Olscamp, Paul J. (1970). The Moral Philosophy of George Berkeley. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 9789024703036. 
  • Reviewed by: Désirée Park. Studi internazionali filosofici 3 (1971):228‑30; G. J. Warnock. Journal of Philosophy 69, 15 (1972):460–62; Günter Gawlick "Menschheitsglück und Wille Gottes: Neues Licht auf Berkeleys Ethik." Philosophische Rundschau 1–2 (January 1973):24–42; H. M. Bracken. Eighteenth-Century Studies 3 (1973): 396–97; and Stanley Grean. Journal of the History of Philosophy 12, 3 (1974): 398–403.
• Roberts, John Russell (18. 5. 2007). A Metaphysics for the Mob: The Philosophy of George Berkeley. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804283-9. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza) (EPUP, Google Books). New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. – 172 p. ISBN 978-0-19-531393-2.
  • Reviewed by Marc A. Hight Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (15. jun 2011), University of Tartu/Hampden–Sydney College
• Russell B. Berkeley // Bertrand Russell A History of Western Philosophy 3:1:16
• Tipton, I. C (1974). Berkeley, The Philosophy of Immaterialism. London: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-416-70440-2. 
  • "Ian C. Tipton, one of the world's great Berkeley scholars and longtime president of the International Berkeley Society. ... Of the many works about Berkeley that were published in the twentieth century, few rival in importance his Berkeley: The Philosophy of Immaterialism ... The philosophical insight, combined with the mastery of Berkeley's texts, that Ian brought to this work make it one of the masterpieces of Berkeley scholarship. It is not surprising therefore that, when the Garland Publishing Company brought out, late in 1980s, a 15-volume collection of major works on Berkeley, Ian's book was one of only two full-length studies of Berkeley published after 1935 to be included" (Charles J. McCracken. In Memoriam: Ian C. Tipton // The Berkeley Newsletter 17 (2006), p. 4).
• Walmsley, Peter (1990). The Rhetoric of Berkeley's Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521374132. 
• Winkler, Kenneth P. '. Oxford. Berkeley: An Interpretation. Clarendon Press. 1989. ISBN 9780198249078. 

Spoljašnje veze

• George Berkeley at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
• Downing, Lisa. „George Berkeley”. Ur.: Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 
• George Berkeley Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (14. jun 2010) article by Daniel E. Flage in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• International Berkeley Society
• A list of the published works by and about Berkeley as well as online links
• Berkeley's Life and Works Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (12. jul 2012)
• Džordž Berkli na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
• Džordž Berkli na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
• Džordž Berkli na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
• Another perspective on how Berkeley framed his immaterialism
• Original texts and discussion concerning The Analyst controversy
• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. „Džordž Berkli”. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. 
• Contains more easily readable versions of New Theory of Vision, Principles of Human Knowledge, Three Dialogues, and Alciphron
• An extensive compendium of online resources, including a gallery of Berkeley's images
• A version of Berkeley's PHK condensed and rewritten for faster reading na sajtu Wayback Machine (arhivirano 2006-03-17).
• Electronic Texts for philosopher Charlie Dunbar (1887–1971):
• Broad, C. D. Berkeley's Argument About Material Substance N. Y., 1975 (Repr. of the 1942 ed. publ. by the British Academy, London.)
• Broad, C. D. Berkeley's Denial of Material Substance – Published in: The Philosophical Review Vol. LXIII (1954).
• Rick Grush syllabus Empiricism (J. Locke, G. Berkeley, D. Hume)
• Berkeley's (1734) The Analyst – digital facsimile.