Породица — разлика између измена
м Dodavanje datuma u šablone za održavanje i/ili sredjivanje referenci |
. |
||
| Ред 2: | Ред 2: | ||
[[Датотека:Spomen kuća Vuka Karadžića, Tršić 024.jpg|мини|250п|Породица]] |
[[Датотека:Spomen kuća Vuka Karadžića, Tršić 024.jpg|мини|250п|Породица]] |
||
[[Датотека:US-hoosier-family.jpg|мини|250п|десно|Шира америчка породица]] |
[[Датотека:US-hoosier-family.jpg|мини|250п|десно|Шира америчка породица]] |
||
{{рут}} |
|||
'''Породица''' је универзална људска [[заједница]] коју чине одрасли репродуктивно способни партнери и њихово потомство, али и даљи сродници који живе заједно са њима. Породица, поред репродуктивне, привредне и социјалне, има и значајну психолошку, васпитну и социјализацијску улогу. Она је важна примарна [[друштвена група|група]] и један од најзначајнијих агенаса [[социјализација|социјализације]]. По структури, функцијама и вредносној оријентацији постоји више типова и облика породица: моногамна, полигамна; матријархална, патријархална; потпуна, непотпуна; нуклеарна, проширена; ауторитарна, демократска итд. |
'''Породица''' је универзална људска [[заједница]] коју чине одрасли репродуктивно способни партнери и њихово потомство, али и даљи сродници који живе заједно са њима. Породица, поред репродуктивне, привредне и социјалне, има и значајну психолошку, васпитну и социјализацијску улогу. Она је важна примарна [[друштвена група|група]] и један од најзначајнијих агенаса [[социјализација|социјализације]]. По структури, функцијама и вредносној оријентацији постоји више типова и облика породица: моногамна, полигамна; матријархална, патријархална; потпуна, непотпуна; нуклеарна, проширена; ауторитарна, демократска итд. |
||
| Ред 32: | Ред 33: | ||
Према ставу ЛГБТ и феминистичких интелектуалаца, брак је плод мешања државе у [[приватност]], те се евентуално могу „ублажити“ његове лоше друштвене последице. Савршеније би друштво, према њима, било оно у којем брака уопће не би било. Породица какву замишљају била би сачињена од детета, те једне или неколико одраслих особа које су на дуже или краће време преузеле одговорност за дете. Тачног „нацрта“ како би се држава повукла из мешања у приватност и такве заједнице још нема; за сада нико не тврди да би држава посве требала напустити бригу за децу, па је очито да би се и случају остваривања феминистичког/ЛГБТ идеала држава некако морала мешати у приватност особа које живе са децом. |
Према ставу ЛГБТ и феминистичких интелектуалаца, брак је плод мешања државе у [[приватност]], те се евентуално могу „ублажити“ његове лоше друштвене последице. Савршеније би друштво, према њима, било оно у којем брака уопће не би било. Породица какву замишљају била би сачињена од детета, те једне или неколико одраслих особа које су на дуже или краће време преузеле одговорност за дете. Тачног „нацрта“ како би се држава повукла из мешања у приватност и такве заједнице још нема; за сада нико не тврди да би држава посве требала напустити бригу за децу, па је очито да би се и случају остваривања феминистичког/ЛГБТ идеала држава некако морала мешати у приватност особа које живе са децом. |
||
== Друштвена улога == |
|||
[[File:Galla Placidia (rechts) und ihre Kinder.jpg|thumb|Detail of a [[gold glass]] medallion with a portrait of a family, from [[Alexandria]] ([[Roman Egypt]]), 3rd–4th century ([[Brescia]], [[Museo di Santa Giulia]])<ref>Jás Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style," in Eva R. Hoffman (ed), ''Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World'', 11–18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-2071-5}}, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18.</ref>]] |
|||
[[File:Sauk Indian family by Frank Rinehart 1899.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sauk people|Sauk]] family of photographed by [[Frank Rinehart]] in 1899]] |
|||
One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production and reproduction of persons [[biologically]] and socially. This can occur through the sharing of material substances (such as food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture ([[nurture kinship]]); jural rights and obligations; and moral and sentimental ties.<ref name="Schneider p. 182">Schneider, David 1984 ''A Critique of the Study of Kinship''. Ann Arbor: [[University of Michigan Press]]. p. 182</ref><ref>Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 3, p. 80</ref> Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. From the perspective of [[children]], the family is a "family of orientation": the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their [[enculturation]] and socialization.<ref>[[John Russon|Russon, John]], (2003) ''Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life'', Albany: [[State University of New York Press]]. pp. 61–68.</ref> From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a "family of procreation", the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children.<ref>George Peter Murdoch ''Social Structure'' p. 13</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Shyam|first1=Radhey|title=Clinical Child Psychology|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Books|location=Delhi|isbn=9788178357614|pages=113–115 }}</ref> However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual division of labor, [[marriage]], and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive [[household]].<ref>Wolf, Eric. 1982 ''Europe and the People Without History''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. 92</ref><ref>Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in ''Population, Ecology, and Social Evolution'', Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers: [[the Hague]].</ref><ref>Rivière, Peter 1987 "Of Women, Men, and Manioc", ''Etnologiska Studier'' (38).</ref> |
|||
[[C. C. Harris (writer)|Christopher Harris]] notes that the western conception of family is ambiguous and confused with the [[household]], as revealed in the different contexts in which the word is used.<ref>"We have seen that people can refer to their relatives as 'the family.' 'All the family turned up for the funeral.... But of course, my brother didn't bring his family along – they're much too young.' Here the reference is to the offspring (as distinct from 'all' the family). The neighbors were very good, too. 'The Jones came, and their two children. It was nice, the whole family turning up like that.' Here the usage is more restricted than 'relatives' or 'his relatives,' but includes just both parents and offspring. 'Of course, the children will be leaving home soon. It's always sad to see the family break up like that.' Here the reference is not only to parents and children but to their co-residence, that is, to the household.''The Family and Industrial Society'', 1983, George Allen Unwin, London, page 30</ref> [[Olivia Harris]] states this confusion is not accidental, but indicative of the familial ideology of [[capitalist]], [[Western culture|western]] countries that pass social legislation that insists members of a [[nuclear family]] should live together, and that those not so related should not live together; despite the ideological and legal pressures, a large percentage of families do not conform to the ideal nuclear family type.<ref> |
|||
{{cite book |
|||
|title=Of Marriage and the Market: Women's Subordination Internationally and its Lessons |
|||
|publisher=Routeledge |
|||
|location=London |
|||
|page=138 |
|||
|author=Olivia Harris |
|||
|editor1=Kate Young |editor2=Carol Wolkowitz |editor3=Roslyn McCullagh }} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
=== Величина === |
|||
{{Further|Fertility factor (demography)}} |
|||
[[File:Mennonite siblings Montana 1937.jpg|thumb|[[Mennonite]] siblings, Montana 1937]] |
|||
The [[total fertility rate]] of women varies from country to country, from a high of 6.76 children born/woman in [[Niger]] to a low of 0.81 in [[Singapore]] (as of 2015).<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> Fertility is low in most [[Eastern European]] and [[Southern European]] countries; and high in most [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n countries.<ref name="cia.gov"/> |
|||
In some cultures, the mother's preference of family size influences that of the children through early adulthood.<ref name="AxinnClarkberg1994">{{cite journal |last1=Axinn |first1=William G. |last2=Clarkberg |first2=Marin E. |last3=Thornton |first3=Arland |title=Family Influences on Family Size Preferences |journal=Demography |volume=31 |issue=1 |year=1994 |pages=65 |issn=0070-3370 |doi=10.2307/2061908}}</ref> A parent's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that they will eventually have.<ref name="Murphy2013">{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Michael |title=Cross-National Patterns of Intergenerational Continuities in Childbearing in Developed Countries |journal=Biodemography and Social Biology |volume=59 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=101–126 |issn=1948-5565 |doi=10.1080/19485565.2013.833779}}</ref> |
|||
=={{anchor|Family types}}Типов породице== |
|||
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-A0808-0008-001, Berlin, Passanten.jpg|thumb|left|A mother with her children, Berlin, Germany, 1962]] |
|||
[[File:Wm. Riley Blankinship, miner, with his children. Koppers Coal Division, Kopperston Mine, Kopperston, Wyoming County... - NARA - 540984.jpg|thumb|left|A miner with his children]] |
|||
Although early western [[cultural anthropologist]]s and [[sociologist]]s considered family and [[kinship]] to be universally associated with relations by "blood" (based on ideas common in their own cultures) later research<ref name="Schneider p. 182"/> has shown that many societies instead understand family through ideas of living together, the sharing of food (e.g. [[milk kinship]]) and sharing care and [[nurture kinship|nurture]]. [[Sociologist]]s have a special interest in the function and status of family forms in stratified (especially [[Capitalism|capitalist]]) societies. |
|||
According to the work of scholars [[Max Weber]], [[Alan Macfarlane]], [[Steven Ozment]], [[Jack Goody]] and [[Peter Laslett]], the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in Western democracies was "fueled by the religio-cultural value system provided by elements of [[Judaism]], early [[Christianity]], Roman Catholic canon law and the [[Protestant Reformation]]".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3322 |website= Religion-online.org |title= The Collapse of Marriage by Don Browning – The Christian Century |date= February 7, 2006 |pages= 24–28 |accessdate= 2007-07-10 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181232/http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3322 |archivedate= September 30, 2007 |df= }}</ref> |
|||
Much sociological, [[historical]] and [[cultural anthropology|anthropological]] research dedicates itself to the understanding of this variation, and of changes in the family that form over time. Levitan claims: |
|||
<blockquote> |
|||
"Times have changed; it is more acceptable and encouraged for mothers to work and fathers to spend more time at home with the children. The way roles are balanced between the parents will help children grow and learn valuable life lessons. There is [the] great importance of communication and equality in families, in order to avoid role strain."<ref> |
|||
{{cite web |last=Levitan |first=Sara |date=2010 |title=Working wives and mothers: what happens to family life? |url=http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1981/09/art4full.pdf |accessdate=January 8, 2014 }} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
</blockquote> |
|||
=== Супружничка (нуклеарна или појединачна) породица === |
|||
The term "[[nuclear family]]" is commonly used, especially in the United States of America, to refer to conjugal families. A "[[Marriage|conjugal]]" family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/anth370/gloss.html|title=Definitions of Anthropological Terms|first=Court|last=Smith|website=Oregonstate.edu|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref> Sociologists distinguish between conjugal families (relatively independent of the kindred of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear families (which maintain relatively close ties with their kindred). Other family structures, such as blended parents, single parents, and domestic partnerships have begun to challenge the normality of the nuclear family.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/12/22/less-than-half-of-u-s-kids-today-live-in-a-traditional-family/|title=Fewer than half of U.S. kids today live in a ‘traditional’ family|date=22 December 2014|website=Pewresearch.org|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Staff writers|title=The Kids will be alright, even without the Nuclear Family|url=https://psmag.com/the-kids-will-be-all-right-even-without-the-nuclear-family-d658459112ad|accessdate=22 April 2017|publisher=Pacific Standard magazine|date=March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Bryant|first1=L. E.|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies|date=March 2016|pages=1–3|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs490/abstract}}</ref> |
|||
=== Матрифокална породица === |
|||
{{Main article|Матрифокална породица}} |
|||
A "matrifocal" family consists of a [[mother]] and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society. This kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women. As a definition, "a family or domestic group is matrifocal when it is centred on a woman and her children. In this case, the father(s) of these children are intermittently present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place. The children's mother is not necessarily the wife of one of the children's fathers."<ref>Godelier, Maurice, trans. Nora Scott, ''The Metamorphoses of Kinship'' (London: Verso, 2011 ({{ISBN|978-1-84467-746-7}})), p. 568 (''Glossary'', entry ''matrifocal'') (trans. from ''Métamorphoses de la parenté'' (Librarie Arthème Fayard (apparently), 2004)) (author prof. anthropology, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris).</ref> |
|||
=== Шира породица === |
|||
[[File:Settled_sami_vasterbotten_sweden_publ_1926.jpg|thumb|right|Settled Sami (Lapplander) family of farmers in [[Stensele]], [[Västerbotten]], [[Sweden]], early 20th century]] |
|||
[[File:Basankusu - typical fired brick house.jpg|thumb|left|A family from Basankusu, [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]].]] |
|||
The term "[[extended family]]" is also common, especially in the United States. This term has two distinct meanings: |
|||
# First, it serves as a synonym of "consanguinal family" (consanguine means "of the same blood"). |
|||
# Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers to "[[Kinship|kindred]]" (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family. |
|||
These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families. |
|||
=== Породица од избора === |
|||
Термин „породица од избора”, also sometimes referred to as "chosen family," is common within the [[LGBT community]], both in academic literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in an individual's life that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system. The term differentiates between the "family of origin" (the biological family or that in which people are raised) and those that actively assume that ideal role.<ref> |
|||
{{Cite web |
|||
|url= http://www.algbtical.org/2A%20GLOSSARY.htm |
|||
|title= ALGBTICAL LGBT Glossary of Terminology |
|||
|date= 2005–2006 |
|||
|website=ALGBTICAL Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling of Alabama |
|||
|access-date= May 4, 2016 |
|||
}} |
|||
</ref> |
|||
The family of choice may or may not include some or all of the members of the family of origin. This terminology stems from the fact that many [[LGBT]] individuals, upon [[coming out]], face rejection or shame from the families they were raised in. The term family of choice is also used by individuals in the 12 step communities, who create close-knit "family" ties through the recovery process. |
|||
=== Мешовита породица === |
|||
Термин ''мешовитиа породица'' или ''[[stepfamily]]'' describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.<ref>[http://www.familylife.com/articles/topics/blended-family Blended and Blessed] – Encouraging Step-Families, blendedandblessed.com</ref> Also in sociology, particularly in the works of social psychologist [[Michael Lamb (psychologist)|Michael Lamb]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdp.cam.ac.uk/contacts/staff/profiles/mlamb.html |title=Department of Social and Developmental Psychology: PPSIS Faculty, Academic Profile |website=Sdp.cam.ac.uk |accessdate=2011-03-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125163148/http://www.sdp.cam.ac.uk/contacts/staff/profiles/mlamb.html |archivedate=2011-11-25 |df= }}</ref> ''traditional family'' refers to "a middle-class family with a bread-winning father and a stay-at-home mother, married to each other and raising their biological children," and ''nontraditional'' to exceptions from this rule. Most of the US households are now non-traditional under this definition.<ref>[http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf Civil Action No. 1:09-cv-10309] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225193923/http://www.glad.org/uploads/docs/cases/gill-v-office-of-personnel-management/2009-11-17-doma-aff-lamb.pdf |date=2010-12-25 }} paragraph 17</ref> |
|||
In terms of communication patterns in families, there are a certain set of beliefs within the family that reflect how its members should communicate and interact. These family communication patterns arise from two underlying sets of beliefs. One being conversation orientation (the degree to which the importance of communication is valued) and two, conformity orientation (the degree to which families should emphasize similarities or differences regarding attitudes, beliefs, and values).<ref>{{cite book |last=McCornack |first=Steven |title=Reflect & Relate an introduction to interpersonal communication |year=2010 |publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's |location=Boston/NY |pages=369–370}}</ref> |
|||
=== Моногамна породица === |
|||
Моногамна породица је основа based on a legal or social [[monogamy]]. In this case, an individual has only one (official) partner during their lifetime or at any one time (i.e. [[Monogamy#Serial monogamy|serial monogamy]]).<ref name="BRIT">Cf. "Monogamy" in ''Britannica World Language Dictionary'', R.C. Preble (ed.), Oxford-London 1962, p. 1275:''1. The practice or principle of marrying only once. opp. to digamy now ''rare'' 2. The condition, rule or custom of being married to only one [[person]] at a time (opp. to polygamy or bigamy) 1708. 3. [[Zoology|Zool.]] The habit of living in pairs, or having only one mate''; The same text repeats ''The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', W. Little, H.W. Fowler, J. Coulson (ed.), C.T. Onions (rev. & ed.,) Oxford 1969, 3rd edition, vol.1, p.1275; [http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00314586 OED Online]. March 2010. Oxford University Press. 23 Jun. 2010 Cf. [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monogamy Monogamy] in Merriam-Webster Dictionary</ref> This means that a person may not have several different legal spouses at the same time, as this is usually prohibited by [[bigamy]] laws, in jurisdictions that require monogamous marriages. |
|||
=== Полигамна породица === |
|||
[[Полигамоја]] је брак који обухвата више од два партнера.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceofrelationships.com/home/2012/8/17/opening-up-challenging-myths-about-consensual-non-monogamy.html|title=Opening Up: Challenging Myths about Consensual Non-Monogamy – – – Science of Relationships|website=Scienceofrelationships.com|accessdate=12 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="Zeitzen">{{cite book |last=Zeitzen |first=Miriam Koktvedgaard |title=Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIzHjpTJgdQC&pg=PA3 |publisher=Berg |page=3 |year=2008 |isbn=1-84520-220-1}}</ref> When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called [[polygyny]]; and when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called [[polyandry]]. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called [[polyamory]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = McCullough | first1 = Derek | last2 = Hall | first2 = David S. | title = Polyamory – What it is and what it isn't | journal = [[Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality]] | volume = 6 | publisher = [[Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality]] | date = February 27, 2003 | url = http://www.ejhs.org/volume6/polyamory.htm | ref = harv | postscript = .}}</ref> [[group marriage|group or conjoint marriage]].<ref name=Zeitzen/> |
|||
[[Polygyny]] is a form of plural marriage, in which a man is allowed more than one wife .<ref>{{cite book |last=Zeitzen |first=Miriam K. |title=Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis |year=2008 |publisher=Berg |location=Oxford |page=9}}</ref> In modern countries that permit polygamy, polygyny is typically the only form permitted. Polygyny is practiced primarily (but not only) in parts of the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]]; and is often associated with [[Islam]], however, there are certain conditions in Islam that must be met to perform polygyny. |
|||
[[Polyandry]] is a form of marriage whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time.<ref name="Starkweather/Hames 2012">{{cite journal | last1 = Starkweather | first1 = Katherine E. | last2 = Hames | first2 = Raymond | title = A survey of non-classical polyandry | journal = [[Human Nature (journal)|Human Nature]] | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–172 | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | doi = 10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x | pmid = 22688804 | date = June 2012 | url = https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x | ref = harv | postscript = .}}</ref> Fraternal polyandry, where two or more brothers are married to the same wife, is a common form of polyandry. Polyandry was traditionally practiced in areas of the Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in [[Nepal]], in parts of [[Chin]]a and in parts of northern [[India]]. Polyandry is most common in societies marked by high male mortality or where males will often be apart from the rest of the family for a considerable period of time.<ref name="Starkweather/Hames 2012"/> |
|||
== Види још == |
== Види још == |
||
Верзија на датум 17. март 2018. у 07:23
 | Један корисник управо ради на овом чланку. Молимо остале кориснике да му допусте да заврши са радом. Ако имате коментаре и питања у вези са чланком, користите страницу за разговор.
Хвала на стрпљењу. Када радови буду завршени, овај шаблон ће бити уклоњен. Напомене
|
Породица је универзална људска заједница коју чине одрасли репродуктивно способни партнери и њихово потомство, али и даљи сродници који живе заједно са њима. Породица, поред репродуктивне, привредне и социјалне, има и значајну психолошку, васпитну и социјализацијску улогу. Она је важна примарна група и један од најзначајнијих агенаса социјализације. По структури, функцијама и вредносној оријентацији постоји више типова и облика породица: моногамна, полигамна; матријархална, патријархална; потпуна, непотпуна; нуклеарна, проширена; ауторитарна, демократска итд.
Породица се обично се састоји од једног или два родитеља и њихове деце. Породицу могу сачињавати и чланови који нису нужно у крвном сродству, на пример приликом усвајања деце. У породицу припадају: родитељи, деца, унуци, дедови и бабе, тј. сви који су рођени у породици и сви који су постали чланови породице преко склапања брака. Мушкарац и жена с једним или више деце представљају тзв. ужу породицу, која се често уграђује у веће „молекуле“ тзв. проширене породице.
У западном свету, многе функције које је традиционално обављала породица, преузимају државне установе попут вртића и старачких домова.
У правном погледу, породичним односима се бави породично право.
Правно уређење
Универзална декларација о људским правима у чланку 16. садржи одредбу о праву пунолетних мушкараца и жена да склопе брак и тиме оснују породицу, која се штити као темељна друштвена јединица.[1]. Слично прописује и чл. 23. Међународног пакта УН о грађанским и политичким правима[2] и чл. 12. Европске конвенције за заштиту људских права и темељних слобода.[3]
Породични закон[4] прописује да је брак „законом уређена животна заједница жене и мушкарца“ (чл. 4.), који „се склапа сугласном изјавом жене и мушкарца у грађанском или верском облику“ (чл. 6.). Уређење породичних односа темељи се на равноправности жене и мушкарца, узајамног поштовања и помагања свих чланова породице, те заштите добробити и права детета, за што су одговорна оба родитеља. Породичним правом се осигурава и заштита деце без родитељске бриге, те одраслих особа с душевним сметњама (чл. 2.). Породични закон такође регулише и учинке ванбрачне заједнице између (једног) неожењеног мушкарца и (једне) неудане жене, ако је у њој рођено дете или ако она потраје дуже од три године. (чл. 3.)
Традиционални поглед на породицу
Према традиционалном гледању „породица је природна и основна друштвена јединица“[5]. Према таквим стајалиштима, друштво постоји стога што постоје породице - права друштва и државе су само последица постојања породице и стога је породица од њих важнија: „Није породица ради друштва, него је друштво ради породице.“[6]
Хранитељска породица
Хранитељска породица је породица која пружа дом детету које нема родитеље или детету које из неких других разлога не може да живи у својој породици. Хранитељство може бити привремено до разрешења кризне ситуације у породици детета, или на дужи период, до осамостаљења детета. Хранитељство може бити без новчане накнаде (према личном опредељењу хранитеља) и са новчаном накнадом која се издваја из буџета државе. Хранитељство није усвојење. Деца у хранитељској породици задржавају свој идентитет и право на контакте са члановима биолошке породице. Хранитељска породица треба да буде добра замена за природну породицу детета. Она треба детету да пружи сигурност, љубав, топлину и подршку и да брине о његовом здрављу, школовању и васпитању. Услови за усвајање детета су другачији, а сама процедура много дуже траје, па зато није редак случај да пар који жели да усвоји дете постане хранитељска породица.[7]
Феминистички и ЛГБТ предлози
Феминистички и ЛГБТ интелектуалци окупљени око тзв. „родних студија“ имају амбивалентан однос према браку и породици: макар феминистички мислиоци већ дуго сагледавају брак као главни извор опресије над женама[8], феминисткиње (и феминисти) често склапају бракове - мада се односи између мушкарца и женама у тим браковима (можда) у мањим детаљима разликују од односа какви су у истим земљама уобичајени међу брачним друговима који нису феминисти.
Феминисткиње углавном подржавају захтев многих ЛГБТ активиста да се заједнице две особе истог пола које одржавају сексуалне односе законом ставе на правни ниво истополног брака. У земљама у којима је то омогућено има хомосексуалаца који своје заједнице региструју као бракове и одржавају свечане свадбе. С друге стране неки ЛГБТ активисти такав захтев сматрају субверзијом.[9][10] Они теже потпуном укидању брака као институције, што би према идеји коју деле са многим феминистима оставило могућност формирању једног бољег друштва у целини.
Према ставу ЛГБТ и феминистичких интелектуалаца, брак је плод мешања државе у приватност, те се евентуално могу „ублажити“ његове лоше друштвене последице. Савршеније би друштво, према њима, било оно у којем брака уопће не би било. Породица какву замишљају била би сачињена од детета, те једне или неколико одраслих особа које су на дуже или краће време преузеле одговорност за дете. Тачног „нацрта“ како би се држава повукла из мешања у приватност и такве заједнице још нема; за сада нико не тврди да би држава посве требала напустити бригу за децу, па је очито да би се и случају остваривања феминистичког/ЛГБТ идеала држава некако морала мешати у приватност особа које живе са децом.
Друштвена улога
_und_ihre_Kinder.jpg)
One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production and reproduction of persons biologically and socially. This can occur through the sharing of material substances (such as food); the giving and receiving of care and nurture (nurture kinship); jural rights and obligations; and moral and sentimental ties.[12][13] Thus, one's experience of one's family shifts over time. From the perspective of children, the family is a "family of orientation": the family serves to locate children socially and plays a major role in their enculturation and socialization.[14] From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a "family of procreation", the goal of which is to produce and enculturate and socialize children.[15][16] However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between two people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household.[17][18][19]
Christopher Harris notes that the western conception of family is ambiguous and confused with the household, as revealed in the different contexts in which the word is used.[20] Olivia Harris states this confusion is not accidental, but indicative of the familial ideology of capitalist, western countries that pass social legislation that insists members of a nuclear family should live together, and that those not so related should not live together; despite the ideological and legal pressures, a large percentage of families do not conform to the ideal nuclear family type.[21]
Величина
The total fertility rate of women varies from country to country, from a high of 6.76 children born/woman in Niger to a low of 0.81 in Singapore (as of 2015).[22] Fertility is low in most Eastern European and Southern European countries; and high in most Sub-Saharan African countries.[22]
In some cultures, the mother's preference of family size influences that of the children through early adulthood.[23] A parent's number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that they will eventually have.[24]
Типов породице
Although early western cultural anthropologists and sociologists considered family and kinship to be universally associated with relations by "blood" (based on ideas common in their own cultures) later research[12] has shown that many societies instead understand family through ideas of living together, the sharing of food (e.g. milk kinship) and sharing care and nurture. Sociologists have a special interest in the function and status of family forms in stratified (especially capitalist) societies.
According to the work of scholars Max Weber, Alan Macfarlane, Steven Ozment, Jack Goody and Peter Laslett, the huge transformation that led to modern marriage in Western democracies was "fueled by the religio-cultural value system provided by elements of Judaism, early Christianity, Roman Catholic canon law and the Protestant Reformation".[25]
Much sociological, historical and anthropological research dedicates itself to the understanding of this variation, and of changes in the family that form over time. Levitan claims:
"Times have changed; it is more acceptable and encouraged for mothers to work and fathers to spend more time at home with the children. The way roles are balanced between the parents will help children grow and learn valuable life lessons. There is [the] great importance of communication and equality in families, in order to avoid role strain."[26]
Супружничка (нуклеарна или појединачна) породица
The term "nuclear family" is commonly used, especially in the United States of America, to refer to conjugal families. A "conjugal" family includes only the husband, the wife, and unmarried children who are not of age.[27] Sociologists distinguish between conjugal families (relatively independent of the kindred of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear families (which maintain relatively close ties with their kindred). Other family structures, such as blended parents, single parents, and domestic partnerships have begun to challenge the normality of the nuclear family.[28][29][30]
Матрифокална породица
A "matrifocal" family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society. This kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women. As a definition, "a family or domestic group is matrifocal when it is centred on a woman and her children. In this case, the father(s) of these children are intermittently present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place. The children's mother is not necessarily the wife of one of the children's fathers."[31]
Шира породица
The term "extended family" is also common, especially in the United States. This term has two distinct meanings:
- First, it serves as a synonym of "consanguinal family" (consanguine means "of the same blood").
- Second, in societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers to "kindred" (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family.
These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families.
Породица од избора
Термин „породица од избора”, also sometimes referred to as "chosen family," is common within the LGBT community, both in academic literature and in colloquial vocabulary. It refers to the group of people in an individual's life that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system. The term differentiates between the "family of origin" (the biological family or that in which people are raised) and those that actively assume that ideal role.[32] The family of choice may or may not include some or all of the members of the family of origin. This terminology stems from the fact that many LGBT individuals, upon coming out, face rejection or shame from the families they were raised in. The term family of choice is also used by individuals in the 12 step communities, who create close-knit "family" ties through the recovery process.
Мешовита породица
Термин мешовитиа породица или stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family.[33] Also in sociology, particularly in the works of social psychologist Michael Lamb,[34] traditional family refers to "a middle-class family with a bread-winning father and a stay-at-home mother, married to each other and raising their biological children," and nontraditional to exceptions from this rule. Most of the US households are now non-traditional under this definition.[35]
In terms of communication patterns in families, there are a certain set of beliefs within the family that reflect how its members should communicate and interact. These family communication patterns arise from two underlying sets of beliefs. One being conversation orientation (the degree to which the importance of communication is valued) and two, conformity orientation (the degree to which families should emphasize similarities or differences regarding attitudes, beliefs, and values).[36]
Моногамна породица
Моногамна породица је основа based on a legal or social monogamy. In this case, an individual has only one (official) partner during their lifetime or at any one time (i.e. serial monogamy).[37] This means that a person may not have several different legal spouses at the same time, as this is usually prohibited by bigamy laws, in jurisdictions that require monogamous marriages.
Полигамна породица
Полигамоја је брак који обухвата више од два партнера.[38][39] When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called polygyny; and when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called polyamory,[40] group or conjoint marriage.[39]
Polygyny is a form of plural marriage, in which a man is allowed more than one wife .[41] In modern countries that permit polygamy, polygyny is typically the only form permitted. Polygyny is practiced primarily (but not only) in parts of the Middle East and Africa; and is often associated with Islam, however, there are certain conditions in Islam that must be met to perform polygyny.
Polyandry is a form of marriage whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time.[42] Fraternal polyandry, where two or more brothers are married to the same wife, is a common form of polyandry. Polyandry was traditionally practiced in areas of the Himalayan mountains, among Tibetans in Nepal, in parts of China and in parts of northern India. Polyandry is most common in societies marked by high male mortality or where males will often be apart from the rest of the family for a considerable period of time.[42]
Види још
Референце
- ^ Opća deklaracija UN o pravima čovjeka, službeni prevod
- ^ Međunarodni pakt UN o građanskim i političkim pravima, službeni prevod
- ^ Evropska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, službeni prevod
- ^ Porodični zakon
- ^ Opšta deklaracija o pravima čoveka, službeni prevod (citat prema čl. 16. tač. 3.)
- ^ Citat pape Pija XII, prema „Veronauka za odrasle - Porodica“, Glas Koncila 31 (1623) | 31. 7. 2005.
- ^ Хранитељска породица, Темат „Све срећне породице срећне су на исти начин”. НАЈ месечник за ученике и ученице старијих разреда основне школе (82 изд.). „Нова школа” д.о.о. Београд, ЦИП – Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије. стр. 21. ISSN 1451-3013. Приступљено 22. 1. 2018.
- ^ Brake, Elizabeth, „Marriage and Domestic Partnership“, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
- ^ "Lesbian activist’s surprisingly candid speech: gay marriage fight is a ‘lie’ created to destroy traditional marriage and the family", Mike Opelka za "The Blase" 29.4.2013.
- ^ "VIDEO: LGBT, S.V. za "Dnevno.hr" 18.10.2013. (ugrađen link na video "SKRIPTA TV", zapis sa "6. Subversive festival" Zagreb, panel 12/05/2013, ZKM
- ^ Jás Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style," in Eva R. Hoffman (ed), Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World, 11–18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-2071-5, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18.
- ^ а б Schneider, David 1984 A Critique of the Study of Kinship. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 182
- ^ Deleuze-Guattari (1972). Part 2, ch. 3, p. 80
- ^ Russon, John, (2003) Human Experience: Philosophy, Neurosis, and the Elements of Everyday Life, Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 61–68.
- ^ George Peter Murdoch Social Structure p. 13
- ^ Shyam, Radhey (2009). Clinical Child Psychology. Delhi: Gyan Books. стр. 113—115. ISBN 9788178357614.
- ^ Wolf, Eric. 1982 Europe and the People Without History. Berkeley: University of California Press. 92
- ^ Harner, Michael 1975 "Scarcity, the Factors of Production, and Social Evolution," in Population, Ecology, and Social Evolution, Steven Polgar, ed. Mouton Publishers: the Hague.
- ^ Rivière, Peter 1987 "Of Women, Men, and Manioc", Etnologiska Studier (38).
- ^ "We have seen that people can refer to their relatives as 'the family.' 'All the family turned up for the funeral.... But of course, my brother didn't bring his family along – they're much too young.' Here the reference is to the offspring (as distinct from 'all' the family). The neighbors were very good, too. 'The Jones came, and their two children. It was nice, the whole family turning up like that.' Here the usage is more restricted than 'relatives' or 'his relatives,' but includes just both parents and offspring. 'Of course, the children will be leaving home soon. It's always sad to see the family break up like that.' Here the reference is not only to parents and children but to their co-residence, that is, to the household.The Family and Industrial Society, 1983, George Allen Unwin, London, page 30
- ^ Olivia Harris. Kate Young; Carol Wolkowitz; Roslyn McCullagh, ур. Of Marriage and the Market: Women's Subordination Internationally and its Lessons. London: Routeledge. стр. 138.
- ^ а б „The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency”. Cia.gov. Приступљено 12. 4. 2017.
- ^ Axinn, William G.; Clarkberg, Marin E.; Thornton, Arland (1994). „Family Influences on Family Size Preferences”. Demography. 31 (1): 65. ISSN 0070-3370. doi:10.2307/2061908.
- ^ Murphy, Michael (2013). „Cross-National Patterns of Intergenerational Continuities in Childbearing in Developed Countries”. Biodemography and Social Biology. 59 (2): 101—126. ISSN 1948-5565. doi:10.1080/19485565.2013.833779.
- ^ „The Collapse of Marriage by Don Browning – The Christian Century”. Religion-online.org. 7. 2. 2006. стр. 24—28. Архивирано из оригинала 30. 9. 2007. г. Приступљено 2007-07-10.
- ^ Levitan, Sara (2010). „Working wives and mothers: what happens to family life?” (PDF). Приступљено 8. 1. 2014.
- ^ Smith, Court. „Definitions of Anthropological Terms”. Oregonstate.edu. Приступљено 12. 4. 2017.
- ^ „Fewer than half of U.S. kids today live in a ‘traditional’ family”. Pewresearch.org. 22. 12. 2014. Приступљено 12. 4. 2017.
- ^ Staff writers (март 2014). „The Kids will be alright, even without the Nuclear Family”. Pacific Standard magazine. Приступљено 22. 4. 2017.
- ^ Bryant, L. E. (март 2016). The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies. стр. 1—3.
- ^ Godelier, Maurice, trans. Nora Scott, The Metamorphoses of Kinship (London: Verso, 2011 (ISBN 978-1-84467-746-7)), p. 568 (Glossary, entry matrifocal) (trans. from Métamorphoses de la parenté (Librarie Arthème Fayard (apparently), 2004)) (author prof. anthropology, École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris).
- ^ „ALGBTICAL LGBT Glossary of Terminology”. ALGBTICAL Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling of Alabama. 2005—2006. Приступљено 4. 5. 2016.
- ^ Blended and Blessed – Encouraging Step-Families, blendedandblessed.com
- ^ „Department of Social and Developmental Psychology: PPSIS Faculty, Academic Profile”. Sdp.cam.ac.uk. Архивирано из оригинала 2011-11-25. г. Приступљено 2011-03-26.
- ^ Civil Action No. 1:09-cv-10309 Архивирано 2010-12-25 на сајту Wayback Machine paragraph 17
- ^ McCornack, Steven (2010). Reflect & Relate an introduction to interpersonal communication. Boston/NY: Bedford/St. Martin's. стр. 369—370.
- ^ Cf. "Monogamy" in Britannica World Language Dictionary, R.C. Preble (ed.), Oxford-London 1962, p. 1275:1. The practice or principle of marrying only once. opp. to digamy now rare 2. The condition, rule or custom of being married to only one person at a time (opp. to polygamy or bigamy) 1708. 3. Zool. The habit of living in pairs, or having only one mate; The same text repeats The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, W. Little, H.W. Fowler, J. Coulson (ed.), C.T. Onions (rev. & ed.,) Oxford 1969, 3rd edition, vol.1, p.1275; OED Online. March 2010. Oxford University Press. 23 Jun. 2010 Cf. Monogamy in Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- ^ „Opening Up: Challenging Myths about Consensual Non-Monogamy – – – Science of Relationships”. Scienceofrelationships.com. Приступљено 12. 4. 2017.
- ^ а б Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis. Berg. стр. 3. ISBN 1-84520-220-1.
- ^ McCullough, Derek; Hall, David S. (27. 2. 2003). „Polyamory – What it is and what it isn't”. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality. Institute for Advanced Study of Human Sexuality. 6.
- ^ Zeitzen, Miriam K. (2008). Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Oxford: Berg. стр. 9.
- ^ а б Starkweather, Katherine E.; Hames, Raymond (јун 2012). „A survey of non-classical polyandry”. Human Nature. Springer. 23 (2): 149—172. PMID 22688804. doi:10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x.
Литература
- Овај чланак или његов део изворно је преузет из Речника социјалног рада Ивана Видановића уз одобрење аутора.
- McGoldrick, Monica; Garcia, Nydia A. Preto; Carter, Betty A. (2015). The Expanding Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-205-96806-0.
- Daly, Mary (2011) What adult worker model? A critical look at recent social policy reform in Europe from a gender and family perspective. Social Politics,18(1):1-23.
- Daly, Mary and Lewis, Jane (2000). The concept of social care and the analysis of contemporary welfare states. British Journal of Sociology, 51(2):281-98.
- Esping-Andersen, Gøsta (2009). The incomplete revolution: Adapting welfare states to women's new roles. Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Ferragina, Emanuele and Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin (2015) "Determinants of a Silent (R)evolution:Understanding the Expansion of Family Policy in Rich OECD Countries", Social politics 22 (1), 1-37.
- Forbes, Scott, A Natural History of Families, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), ISBN 0-691-09482-9
- Foucault, Michel (1978). The History of Sexuality: Volume I: An Introduction. (New York: Vintage Books). ISBN 978-0-679-72469-8
- Gilroy, Paul Identity Belonging and the Critique of Pure Sameness in Gilroy, Paul (2000) Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line, (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press), Ch. I.3. стр. 97–133
- Goody, Jack The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1980); translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese.
- Mock, Douglas W., More Than Kin and Less Than Kind, (Belknap Press, 2004), ISBN 0-674-01285-2
- Schneider, David M., American Kinship: a cultural approach (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
- Tabak, I.; Mazur, J.; Granado, M.C.; Örkenyi, Á.; Zaborskis, A.; Aasvee, K.; Moreno, C. (2012). „Examining trends in parent-child communication in Europe over 12 years”. The Journal of Early Adolescence. 32 (1): 26—54. doi:10.1177/0272431611419509. Приступљено 8. 1. 2014.
- Chevallier, Denis. „Famille et parenté: une bibliographie”. Terrain (на језику: French). Приступљено 8. 1. 2014.
- Хранитељска породица, Темат „Све срећне породице срећне су на исти начин”. НАЈ месечник за ученике и ученице старијих разреда основне школе (82 изд.). „Нова школа” д.о.о. Београд, ЦИП – Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије. стр. 21. ISSN 1451-3013. Приступљено 22. 1. 2018.
Спољашње везе
- Породица www.srpskikod.org (језик: српски) (језик: енглески)
- „Family”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 10 (11 изд.). 1911.
- Family database, OECD
- Family Research Laboratory, unh.edu
- „Family evolution and contemporary social transformations” (PDF). seres.fcs.ucr.ac.cr. Estación de Economía Política. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 29. 10. 2008. г.
- Family Facts: Social Science Research on Family, Society & Religion (a Heritage Foundation site). familyfacts.org
- Families Australia – independent peak not-for-profit organisation. familiesaustralia.org.au
- FamilyPlatform – A consortium of 12 organisations providing input into the European Union's Socio-Economic and Humanities Research Agenda on Family Research and Family Policies.
- Unitedfamilies.org, International organisation
- UN.org, Families and Development
- Family, marriage and "de facto" unions, Vatican.va
- What Is a Family?
