Монизам — разлика између измена

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Заокружену тачку су користили Питагорејанци и касније Грци да представе прво метафизичко створење, монад или апсолут

Монизам је филозофско учење према којем се све може извести из једног јединог начела. Реч је грчког порекла. Супротно монизму је дуализам (и плурализам). Могу се разликовати различите врсте монизма:

Приоритетни монизам наводи да се све постојеће ствари враћају ка извору који се разликује од њих; нпр. у неоплатонизму све произлази из једног.^[1] У овом је гледишту само једна ствар онтолошки основна или пре свега осталог.
Монизам постојања сматра да, строго говорећи, постоји само једна ствар, свемир, која се једино вештачки и произвољно може поделити на многе ствари.^[2]
Монизам супстанци тврди да се мноштво постојећих ствари може објаснити помоћу једне стварности или супстанце.^[3] Монизам супстанци сматра да постоји само једна врста ствари, мада се од тих ствари могу сачињавати многе ствари, нпр. материја или ум.

Дефиниције

Постоје две врсте дефиниција за монизам:

Широка дефиниција: филозофија је монистичка ако постулира јединство порекла свих ствари; све постојеће ствари враћају се у извор који се разликује од њих.^[1]
Ограничена дефиниција: ово захтева не само јединство порекла, већ и јединство супстанце и суштине.^[1]

Иако је термин „монизам” изведен из западне филозофије за типизирање позиција у проблему ума и тела, он се такође користио за типизацију верских традиција. У модерном хиндуизму, термин „апсолутни монизам” користи се за адвајта веданту.^[4]^[5]

Историја

Monism has been discussed thoroughly in Indian Philosophy and Vedanta throughout the history starting as early as the Rig Veda. The term monism was introduced in the 18th century by Christian von Wolff^[6] in his work Logic (1728), to designate types of philosophical thought in which the attempt was made to eliminate the dichotomy of body and mind and explain all phenomena by one unifying principle, or as manifestations of a single substance.^[6]

The mind–body problem in philosophy examines the relationship between mind and matter, and in particular the relationship between consciousness and the brain. The problem was addressed by René Descartes in the 17th century, resulting in Cartesian dualism, and by pre-Aristotelian philosophers,^[7]^[8] in Avicennian philosophy,^[9] and in earlier Asian and more specifically Indian traditions.

It was later also applied to the theory of absolute identity set forth by Hegel and Schelling.^[10] Thereafter the term was more broadly used, for any theory postulating a unifying principle.^[10] The opponent thesis of dualism also was broadened, to include pluralism.^[10] According to Urmson, as a result of this extended use, the term is "systematically ambiguous".^[10]

According to Jonathan Schaffer, monism lost popularity due to the emergence of analytic philosophy in the early twentieth century, which revolted against the neo-Hegelians. Rudolf Carnap and A. J. Ayer, who were strong proponents of positivism, "ridiculed the whole question as incoherent mysticism".^[11]

The mind–body problem has reemerged in social psychology and related fields, with the interest in mind–body interaction^[12] and the rejection of Cartesian mind–body dualism in the identity thesis, a modern form of monism.^[13] Monism is also still relevant to the philosophy of mind,^[10] where various positions are defended.^[14]^[15]

Religion

Pantheism

Pantheism is the belief that everything composes an all-encompassing, immanent God,^[16] or that the universe (or nature) is identical with divinity.^[17] Pantheists thus do not believe in a personal or anthropomorphic god, but believe that interpretations of the term differ.

Pantheism was popularized in the modern era as both a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza,^[18] whose Ethics was an answer to Descartes' famous dualist theory that the body and spirit are separate.^[19] Spinoza held that the two are the same, and this monism is a fundamental quality of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man," and used the word God to describe the unity of all substance.^[19] Although the term pantheism was not coined until after his death, Spinoza is regarded as its most celebrated advocate.^[20]

Panentheism

Panentheism (from Greek πᾶν (pân) "all"; ἐν (en) "in"; and θεός (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") is a belief system that posits that the divine (be it a monotheistic God, polytheistic gods, or an eternal cosmic animating force) interpenetrates every part of nature, but is not one with nature. Panentheism differentiates itself from pantheism, which holds that the divine is synonymous with the universe.^[21]

While pantheism asserts that 'All is God', panentheism claims that God animates all of the universe, and also transcends the universe. In addition, some forms indicate that the universe is contained within God,^[21] like in the Judaic concept of Tzimtzum. Much Hindu thought is highly characterized by panentheism and pantheism.^[22]^[23]

Види још

Једност

Референце

^ ^а ^б ^в Brugger 1972.
^ Strawson, G. (2014 in press): "Nietzsche's metaphysics?". In: Dries, M. & Kail, P. (eds): "Nietzsche on Mind and Nature". Oxford University Press. PDF of draft
^ Cross & Livingstone 1974.
^ Chande 2000, стр. 277.
^ Dasgupta 1992, стр. 70.
^ ^а ^б "monism", Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
^ Robert M. Young (1996). „The mind-body problem”. Ур.: Olby, RC; GN Cantor; JR Christie; MJS Hodges. Companion to the History of Modern Science (Paperback reprint of Routledge 1990 изд.). Taylor & Francis. стр. 702—11. ISBN 0-41514578-3.
^ Robinson, Howard (3. 11. 2011). „Dualism”. Ур.: Edward N. Zalta. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition).
^ Henrik Lagerlund (2010). „Introduction”. Ур.: Henrik Lagerlund. Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment (Paperback reprint of 2007 изд.). Springer Science+Business Media. стр. 3. ISBN 978-9048175307.
^ ^а ^б ^в ^г ^д Urmson 1991, стр. 297.
^ Schaffer 2010.
^ Fiske 2010, стр. 195.
^ Fiske 2010, стр. 195-196.
^ Mandik 2010.
^ McLaughlin 2009.
^ Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan and Free Press. 1967. стр. 34.
^ The New Oxford Dictionary Of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. стр. 1341. ISBN 0-19-861263-X.
^ Picton, James Allanson (1905). Pantheism: its story and significance. Chicago: Archibald Constable & CO LTD. ISBN 978-1419140082.
^ ^а ^б Plumptre, Constance (1879). General sketch of the history of pantheism, Volume 2. London: Samuel Deacon and Co. стр. 3—5, 8, 29. ISBN 9780766155022.
^ Shoham, Schlomo Giora (2010). To Test the Limits of Our Endurance. Cambridge Scholars. стр. 111. ISBN 978-1443820684.
^ ^а ^б Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley; David B. Barrett (1999). The Encyclopedia of Christianity pg. 21. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-2416-1.
^ [1] Britannica – Pantheism and Panentheism in non-Western cultures
^ Whiting, Robert. Religions for Today Stanley Thomes (Publishers) Ltd. P. VIII. ISBN 0-7487-0586-4.

Литература

Abernethy, George L; Langford, Thomas A. (1970), Introduction to Western Philosophy:Pre-Socratics to Mill, Belmont, CA: Dickenson
Brugger, Walter (1972), Diccionario de Filosofía, Barcelona: Herder, art. dualismo, monismo, pluralismo
Buswell, Robert E. JR; Gimello, Robert M. (1994), Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
Chande, M.B. (2000), Indian Philosophy In Modern Times, Atlantic Publishers & Dist
Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A. (1974), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, art. monism
Dasgupta, Surendranath (1992), A history of Indian philosophy part 1, Motilall Banarsidass
Dense, Christian D. Von (1999), Philosophers and Religious Leaders, Greenwood Publishing Group
Fiske, Susan T.; Gilbert, DanielT.; Lindzey, Gardner (2010), Handbook of Social Psychology, Volume 1, John Wiley & Sons
Flood, Gavin (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-43878-0
Fowler, Jeaneane D. (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press
Hawley, michael (2006), Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888—1975)
Hori, Victor Sogen (1999), Translating the Zen Phrase Book. In: Nanzan Bulletin 23 (1999) (PDF)
Kalupahana, David J. (1992), The Principles of Buddhist Psychology, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications
Kalupahana, David J. (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003), Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
Liang-Chieh (1986), The Record of Tung-shan, Kuroda Institute
Low, Albert (2006), Hakuin on Kensho. The Four Ways of Knowing, Boston & London: Shambhala
Maezumi, Taizan; Glassman, Bernie (2007), The Hazy Moon of Enlightenment, Wisdom Publications
Mandik, Pete (2010), Key Terms in Philosophy of Mind, Continuum International Publishing Group
McLaughlin, Brian; Beckermann, Ansgar; Walter, Sven (2009), The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind, Oxford University Press
Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Momen, Moojan (2009) [Originally published as The Phenomenon of Religion in 1999], Understanding Religion: A Thematic Approach, Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications, ISBN 978-1-85168-599-8
Nakamura, Hajime (1991), Ways of Thinking of Eastern Peoples: India, China, Tibet, Japan, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, hdl:10125/23054
Puligandla, Ramakrishna (1997), Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy, New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles A. (1957), A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy (12th Princeton Paperback изд.), Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-01958-4
Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas, University of Hawaii Press
Renard, Philip (1999), Ramana Upanishad, Utrecht: Servire
Schaffer, Jonathan (2010), „Monism: The Priority of the Whole” (PDF), Philosophical Review, 119 (1): 31—76)
Sehgal, Sunil (1999), Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: T-Z, Volume 5, Sarup & Sons
Sharf, Robert H. (1995), „Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience” (PDF), NUMEN, 42, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 12. 04. 2019. г., Приступљено 06. 09. 2019
Urmson, James Opie (1991), The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers, Routledge
White, David Gordon (2000), Introduction. In: Tantra in practice, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press
Williams, Paul (1994), Mahayana Buddhism, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-02537-0
Fowler, Jeaneane D. (1997), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press
Levine, Michael (1994), Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity, Psychology Press, ISBN 9780415070645
Long, Jeffrey D. (2011), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism, Scarecrow Press
Amryc, C. Pantheism: The Light and Hope of Modern Reason, 1898. online
Harrison, Paul, Elements of Pantheism, Element Press, 1999. preview
Hunt, John, Pantheism and Christianity, William Isbister Limited, 1884. online
Levine, Michael, Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity, Psychology Press, 1994, ISBN 9780415070645
Picton, James Allanson, Pantheism: Its story and significance, Archibald Constable & Co., 1905. online.
Plumptre, Constance E., General Sketch of the History of Pantheism, Cambridge University Press, 2011 (reprint, originally published 1879), ISBN 9781108028028 online
Russell, Sharman Apt, Standing in the Light: My Life as a Pantheist, Basic Books, 2008, ISBN 0465005179
Urquhart, W. S. Pantheism and the Value of Life, 1919. online
Ankur Barua, "God’s Body at Work: Rāmānuja and Panentheism," in: International Journal of Hindu Studies, 14.1 (2010), pp. 1–30.
Philip Clayton and Arthur Peacock (eds.), In Whom We Live and Move and Have Our Being; Panentheistic Reflections on God's Presence in a Scientific World, Eerdmans (2004)
Bangert, B.C. (2006). Consenting to God and nature: Toward a theocentric, naturalistic, theological ethics, Princeton theological monograph ser. 55, Pickwick Publications, Eugene.
Cooper, John W. (2006). Panentheism: The Other God of the Philosophers, Baker Academic ISBN 9780801027246
Davis, Andrew M. and Philip Clayton (eds.) (2018). How I Found God in Everyone and Everywhere, Monkfish Book Publishing ISBN 9781939681881
Thomas Jay Oord (2010). The Nature of Love: A Theology ISBN 978-0-8272-0828-5.
Joseph Bracken, "Panentheism in the context of the theology and science dialogue", in: Open Theology, 1 (2014), 1–11 (online).
Marbaniang, Domenic (2011). Epistemics of Divine Reality. POD. ISBN 9781105160776.

Спољашње везе

Zalta, Edward N. (ур.). „Monism”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Монизам на сајту PhilPapers
Монизам на сајту InPho
Catholic Encyclopedia - Monism
Hinduism's Online Lexicon Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. октобар 2012) – (search for Monism)
The Monist

[FOOTNOTEBrugger1972-1] а ^б ^в Brugger 1972.

[2] Strawson, G. (2014 in press): "Nietzsche's metaphysics?". In: Dries, M. & Kail, P. (eds): "Nietzsche on Mind and Nature". Oxford University Press. PDF of draft

[FOOTNOTECrossLivingstone1974-3] Cross & Livingstone 1974.

[FOOTNOTEChande2000277-4] Chande 2000, стр. 277.

[FOOTNOTEDasgupta199270-5] Dasgupta 1992, стр. 70.

[Columbia-6] а ^б "monism", Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Retrieved 29 October 2014.

[Young-7] Robert M. Young (1996). „The mind-body problem”. Ур.: Olby, RC; GN Cantor; JR Christie; MJS Hodges. Companion to the History of Modern Science (Paperback reprint of Routledge 1990 изд.). Taylor & Francis. стр. 702—11. ISBN 0-41514578-3.

[Robinson-8] Robinson, Howard (3. 11. 2011). „Dualism”. Ур.: Edward N. Zalta. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition).

[Lagerlund-9] Henrik Lagerlund (2010). „Introduction”. Ур.: Henrik Lagerlund. Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment (Paperback reprint of 2007 изд.). Springer Science+Business Media. стр. 3. ISBN 978-9048175307.

[FOOTNOTEUrmson1991297-10] а ^б ^в ^г ^д Urmson 1991, стр. 297.

[FOOTNOTESchaffer2010-11] Schaffer 2010.

[FOOTNOTEFiske2010195-12] Fiske 2010, стр. 195.

[FOOTNOTEFiske2010195-196-13] Fiske 2010, стр. 195-196.

[FOOTNOTEMandik2010-14] Mandik 2010.

[FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2009-15] McLaughlin 2009.

[Edwards-16] Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan and Free Press. 1967. стр. 34.

[17] The New Oxford Dictionary Of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. стр. 1341. ISBN 0-19-861263-X.

[Picton-18] Picton, James Allanson (1905). Pantheism: its story and significance. Chicago: Archibald Constable & CO LTD. ISBN 978-1419140082.

[Plumptre-19] а ^б Plumptre, Constance (1879). General sketch of the history of pantheism, Volume 2. London: Samuel Deacon and Co. стр. 3—5, 8, 29. ISBN 9780766155022.

[20] Shoham, Schlomo Giora (2010). To Test the Limits of Our Endurance. Cambridge Scholars. стр. 111. ISBN 978-1443820684.

[Erwin_Fahlbusch,_Geoffrey_William_Bromiley,_David_B._Barrett_1999-21] а ^б Erwin Fahlbusch; Geoffrey William Bromiley; David B. Barrett (1999). The Encyclopedia of Christianity pg. 21. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-2416-1.

[22] [1] Britannica – Pantheism and Panentheism in non-Western cultures

[23] Whiting, Robert. Religions for Today Stanley Thomes (Publishers) Ltd. P. VIII. ISBN 0-7487-0586-4.

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
 {{short description|Поглед који концепту приписује искључивост или јединство}}
-[[File:Monad.svg|thumb|right|238px|Заокружену тачку су користили Питагорејанци и касније Грци да представе прво метафизичко створење, [[Монада (филозофија)|монад]] или [[апсолут]]]]
+[[File:Monad.svg|thumb|right|250px|Заокружену тачку су користили Питагорејанци и касније Грци да представе прво метафизичко створење, [[Монада (филозофија)|монад]] или [[апсолут]]]]
 {{Бог}}
@@ Ред 16: / Ред 16: @@
 Иако је термин „монизам” изведен из западне филозофије за типизирање позиција у [[Ум-мозак проблем|проблему ума и тела]], он се такође користио за типизацију верских традиција. У модерном хиндуизму, термин „апсолутни монизам” користи се за [[Advaita Vedanta|адвајта веданту]].{{sfn|Chande|2000|p=277}}{{sfn|Dasgupta|1992|p=70}}
+== Историја ==
+{{rut}}
+Monism has been discussed thoroughly in Indian Philosophy and [[Vedanta]] throughout the history starting as early as the [[Rig Veda]]. The term ''monism'' was introduced in the 18th century by [[Christian von Wolff]]<ref name="Columbia" /> in his work ''Logic'' (1728), to designate types of philosophical thought in which the attempt was made to eliminate the dichotomy of body and mind and explain all phenomena by one unifying principle, or as manifestations of a single substance.<ref name="Columbia">[http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/monism.aspx#4 "monism"], Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Retrieved 29 October 2014.</ref>
+The [[mind–body problem]] in philosophy examines the relationship between [[mind]] and matter, and in particular the relationship between [[consciousness]] and the [[brain]]. The problem was addressed by [[René Descartes]] in the 17th century, resulting in [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|Cartesian dualism]], and by pre-[[Aristotelianism |Aristotelian]] philosophers,<ref name= "Young">{{cite book  |editor1-first =RC | editor1-last = Olby |editor2= GN Cantor |editor3=JR Christie |editor4=MJS Hodges |title= Companion to the History of Modern Science |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year= 1996 |pages= 702–11 |isbn=0-41514578-3 |chapter=The mind-body problem |chapter-url=http://human-nature.com/rmyoung/papers/pap102h.html |author= Robert M. Young |edition=Paperback reprint of Routledge 1990}}</ref><ref name=Robinson>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Robinson, Howard |title=Dualism |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition) |editor=Edward N. Zalta |url = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/dualism/ |date=Nov 3, 2011}}</ref> in [[Avicennism|Avicennian philosophy]],<ref name=Lagerlund>{{cite book |title= Forming the Mind: Essays on the Internal Senses and the Mind/Body Problem from Avicenna to the Medical Enlightenment |publisher= [[Springer Science+Business Media]] |year= 2010 |edition=Paperback reprint of 2007 |isbn=  978-9048175307 |chapter=Introduction |page=3 |author=Henrik Lagerlund |editor= Henrik Lagerlund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV-dcQAACAAJ}}</ref> and in earlier Asian and more specifically Indian traditions.
+It was later also applied to the theory of absolute identity set forth by [[Hegel]] and [[Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling|Schelling]].{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}} Thereafter the term was more broadly used, for any theory postulating a unifying principle.{{sfn |Urmson|1991|p=297}} The opponent thesis of [[Mind-body dualism|dualism]] also was broadened, to include pluralism.{{sfn |Urmson|1991|p=297}} According to Urmson, as a result of this extended use, the term is "systematically ambiguous".{{sfn|Urmson|1991|p=297}}
+According to [[Jonathan Schaffer]], monism lost popularity due to the emergence of [[analytic philosophy]] in the early twentieth century, which revolted against the neo-Hegelians. [[Rudolf Carnap]] and [[A. J. Ayer]], who were strong proponents of [[positivism]], "ridiculed the whole question as incoherent [[mysticism]]".{{sfn |Schaffer|2010}}
+The mind–body problem has reemerged in social psychology and related fields, with the interest in mind–body interaction{{sfn |Fiske|2010 |p= 195}} and the rejection of Cartesian mind–body dualism in the ''[[Type physicalism|identity thesis]]'', a modern form of monism.{{sfn |Fiske|2010|p=195-196}} Monism is also still relevant to the [[philosophy of mind]],{{sfn |Urmson|1991|p=297}} where various positions are defended.{{sfn |Mandik|2010}}{{sfn |McLaughlin|2009}}
+==Religion==
+===Pantheism===
+{{Main|Pantheism}}
+Pantheism is the belief that everything composes an all-encompassing, [[immanence|immanent]] God,<ref name="Edwards">{{Cite book|title = Encyclopedia of Philosophy ed. Paul Edwards |publisher=Macmillan and Free Press |year = 1967 |location = New York|pages=34}}</ref> or that the [[universe]] (or [[nature]]) is identical with [[divinity]].<ref>{{Cite book | title = The New Oxford Dictionary Of English | publisher = Clarendon Press|year = 1998 | location = Oxford | pages = 1341|isbn = 0-19-861263-X}}</ref> Pantheists thus do not believe in a [[personal god|personal]] or [[anthropomorphic]] god, but believe that interpretations of the term differ.
+Pantheism was popularized in the modern era as both a theology and philosophy based on the work of the 17th-century philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]],<ref name=Picton>{{cite book|last=Picton|first=James Allanson|title=Pantheism: its story and significance|year=1905|publisher=Archibald Constable & CO LTD.|location=Chicago|isbn=978-1419140082|url=https://archive.org/details/pantheismitsstor00pictrich}}</ref> whose ''[[Ethics (Spinoza)|Ethics]]'' was an answer to [[Descartes]]' famous dualist theory that the body and spirit are separate.<ref name=Plumptre /> Spinoza held that the two are the same, and this monism is a fundamental quality of his philosophy. He was described as a "God-intoxicated man," and used the word God to describe the unity of all substance.<ref name=Plumptre>{{cite book|last=Plumptre|first=Constance|title=General sketch of the history of pantheism, Volume 2|year=1879|publisher=Samuel Deacon and Co|location=London|isbn=9780766155022|pages=3–5, 8, 29}}</ref> Although the term pantheism was not coined until after his death, Spinoza is regarded as its most celebrated advocate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shoham|first=Schlomo Giora|title=To Test the Limits of Our Endurance|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars|isbn=978-1443820684|pages=111}}</ref>
+===Panentheism===
+Panentheism (from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|πᾶν}} (pân) "all"; {{lang|grc|ἐν}} (en) "in"; and {{lang|grc|θεός}} (theós) "God"; "all-in-God") is a belief system that [[postulate|posits]] that the divine (be it a [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[God]], [[polytheism|polytheistic]] [[gods]], or an eternal cosmic animating force) interpenetrates every part of nature, but is not one with nature. Panentheism differentiates itself from [[pantheism]], which holds that the divine is synonymous with the universe.<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, David B. Barrett 1999">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC&pg=PA21|title= The Encyclopedia of Christianity pg. 21|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|author1=Erwin Fahlbusch |author2=Geoffrey William Bromiley |author3=David B. Barrett |year = 1999|isbn = 0-8028-2416-1}}</ref>
+While pantheism asserts that 'All is God', panentheism claims that God animates all of the universe, and also transcends the universe. In addition, some forms indicate that the universe is contained within God,<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, David B. Barrett 1999"/>  like in the Judaic concept of [[Tzimtzum]]. Much [[Hindu thought]] is highly characterized by panentheism and pantheism.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/441533/pantheism/38168/Pantheism-and-panentheism-in-non-Western-cultures] Britannica – Pantheism and Panentheism in non-Western cultures</ref><ref>Whiting, Robert. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_UfRgCZThWYC&dq=shakti+panentheism&pg=PR8 Religions for Today] Stanley Thomes (Publishers) Ltd. P. VIII. {{ISBN|0-7487-0586-4}}.</ref>
 == Види још ==
@@ Ред 59: / Ред 85: @@
 * {{Citation | last =White | first =David Gordon | year =2000 | title =Introduction. In: Tantra in practice | place =Princeton and Oxford | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
 * {{Citation | last =Williams | first =Paul | year =1994 | title=Mahayana Buddhism | publisher =Routledge | isbn =0-415-02537-0}}
+* {{Citation | last =Fowler | first =Jeaneane D. | year =1997 | title =Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices | publisher =Sussex Academic Press}}
+* {{citation |last=Levine |first=Michael |title=Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity |publisher=Psychology Press |date=1994 |isbn=9780415070645 }}
+* {{Citation | last =Long | first =Jeffrey D. | year =2011 | title =Historical Dictionary of Hinduism | publisher =Scarecrow Press}}
+* Amryc, C. ''Pantheism: The Light and Hope of Modern Reason'', 1898. [https://archive.org/details/pantheismlighta02amrygoog online]
+* Harrison, Paul, ''Elements of Pantheism'', Element Press, 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7w4_zYPOVEcC preview]
+* Hunt, John, ''Pantheism and Christianity'', William Isbister Limited, 1884. [https://archive.org/stream/pantheismandchr00huntgoog online]
+* Levine, Michael, ''Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity'', Psychology Press, 1994, {{ISBN|9780415070645}}
+* Picton, James Allanson, ''Pantheism: Its story and significance'', Archibald Constable & Co., 1905. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Yaw_AAAAYAAJ online].
+* [[Constance E. Plumptre|Plumptre, Constance E]]., ''General Sketch of the History of Pantheism'', Cambridge University Press, 2011 (reprint, originally published 1879), {{ISBN|9781108028028}} [https://archive.org/details/generalsketchhi00plumgoog online]
+* Russell, Sharman Apt, ''Standing in the Light: My Life as a Pantheist'', Basic Books, 2008, {{ISBN|0465005179}}
+* [[William Spence Urquhart|Urquhart, W. S.]] ''Pantheism and the Value of Life'', 1919. [https://archive.org/stream/pantheismandthev032264mbp online]
+* Ankur Barua, "God’s Body at Work: Rāmānuja and Panentheism," in: ''[[International Journal of Hindu Studies]]'', 14.1 (2010), pp.&nbsp;1–30.
+* Philip Clayton and Arthur Peacock (eds.), ''In Whom We Live and Move and Have Our Being; Panentheistic Reflections on God's Presence in a Scientific World'', Eerdmans (2004)
+* Bangert, B.C. (2006). ''Consenting to God and nature: Toward a theocentric, naturalistic, theological ethics,'' Princeton theological monograph ser. 55, Pickwick Publications, Eugene.
+* Cooper, John W. (2006). ''Panentheism: The Other God of the Philosophers'', Baker Academic {{ISBN|9780801027246}}
+* Davis, Andrew M. and Philip Clayton (eds.) (2018). ''How I Found God in Everyone and Everywhere'', Monkfish Book Publishing {{ISBN|9781939681881}}
+* Thomas Jay Oord (2010). ''The Nature of Love: A Theology'' {{ISBN|978-0-8272-0828-5}}.
+* Joseph Bracken, "Panentheism in the context of the theology and science dialogue", in: ''Open Theology'', 1 (2014), 1–11 ([http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/opth.2014.1.issue-1/opth-2014-0001/opth-2014-0001.xml?format=INT online]).
+* {{cite book |last = Marbaniang |first = Domenic |title = Epistemics of Divine Reality |year = 2011 |publisher = POD |isbn = 9781105160776 |ref = Marbaniang2011 }}
 {{refend}}

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Остале	Енциклопедија Британика 2 3