Охлократија — разлика између измена
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{{Short description|Демагогијом и владавином страсти над разумом покварена демократија}} |
{{Short description|Демагогијом и владавином страсти над разумом покварена демократија}} |
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{{Облици држава}} |
{{Облици држава}} |
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'''Охлократија''' ({{Јез-гр|οχλοκρατια}}, {{Јез-лат|ochlocratia}}) је назив који се користи за '''владавину руље''' или масе људи, односно њену способност да утиче на [[устав]]не власти. [[Полибије]] види опасност деградације [[демократија|демократије]] у охлократију када њене врлине пропадају, те маса људи даље немају за циљ интерес свих већ једино своје и својих групација. |
'''Охлократија''' ({{Јез-гр|οχλοκρατια}}, {{Јез-лат|ochlocratia}}) је назив који се користи за '''владавину руље''' или масе људи, односно њену способност да утиче на [[устав]]не власти. [[Полибије]] види опасност деградације [[демократија|демократије]] у охлократију када њене врлине пропадају, те маса људи даље немају за циљ интерес свих већ једино своје и својих групација. |
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Охлократија је по значењу и употреби синоним за савремени, неформални израз „[[wikt:mobocracy|мобократија]]“, који је настао у 18. веку као колоквијални неологизам. Слично томе, док владајућа руља у охлократијама понекад може истински да одражава вољу већине на начин који је приближан демократији, охлократију карактерише одсуство или нарушавање процедуралног грађанског и демократског процеса.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/26803846|title=Ochlocracy in the Practices of Civil Society: A Threat for Democracy?|first=Jasmin|last=Hasanović|journal=Studia Juridica et Politica Jaurinensis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515004503/http://www.academia.edu/26803846/Ochlocracy_in_the_Practices_of_Civil_Society_A_Threat_for_Democracy|archive-date=2018-05-15}}</ref> |
Охлократија је по значењу и употреби синоним за савремени, неформални израз „[[wikt:mobocracy|мобократија]]“, који је настао у 18. веку као колоквијални неологизам. Слично томе, док владајућа руља у охлократијама понекад може истински да одражава вољу већине на начин који је приближан демократији, охлократију карактерише одсуство или нарушавање процедуралног грађанског и демократског процеса.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/26803846|title=Ochlocracy in the Practices of Civil Society: A Threat for Democracy?|first=Jasmin|last=Hasanović|journal=Studia Juridica et Politica Jaurinensis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515004503/http://www.academia.edu/26803846/Ochlocracy_in_the_Practices_of_Civil_Society_A_Threat_for_Democracy|archive-date=2018-05-15}}</ref> |
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== Етимологија == |
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{{рут}} |
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[[File:T2C, Fred Barnard, The Mob attacking Foulon de Doué, 22 July 1789 (II,22).jpeg|thumb|left|250px|The Mob attacking [[Joseph Foullon de Doué]]]] |
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[[File:Red Summer 1919 Omaha Nebraska lynching.jpg|thumb|left|250px|African-American [[lynched]] by white mob in Omaha, Nebraska, September 28, 1919 ... the "[[Red Summer]]"]] |
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Ochlocracy come from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''okhlokratia'' with ὄχλος, ''óchlos'' (masses) ''+'' κράτος, ''krátos'' (rule) literally meaning "rule by the masses".<ref>{{cite web|title=ochlocracy|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/ochlocracy|work=The Free Dictionary|access-date=2021-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ochlocracy {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of ochlocracy by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/ochlocracy|access-date=2021-12-31|website=www.etymonline.com|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Origin and theory == |
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[[Polybius]] appears to have coined the term ochlocracy in his 2nd century BC work ''[[The Histories (Polybius)|Histories]]'' (6.4.6).<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Plb.+6.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234 |
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|title = Polybius, Histories, The Rotation of Polities |
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|publisher = www.perseus.tufts.edu |
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|access-date = 2008-03-29 |
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|url-status = live |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080226215813/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Plb.+6.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234 |
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|archive-date = 2008-02-26 |
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}} |
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</ref> He uses it to name the "pathological" version of popular rule, in opposition to the good version, which he refers to as democracy. There are numerous mentions of the word "ochlos" in the [[Talmud]], in which "ochlos" refers to anything from "mob", "populace", to "armed guard", as well as in the writings of [[Rashi]], a Jewish commentator on the Bible. The word was first recorded in English in 1584, derived from the [[French language|French]] ''ochlocratie'' (1568), which stems from the original Greek ''okhlokratia'', from ''okhlos'' ("mob") and ''kratos'' ("rule", "power", "strength"). |
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Ancient Greek political thinkers regarded ochlocracy as one of the three "bad" forms of government ([[tyranny]], [[oligarchy]], and ochlocracy) as opposed to the three "good" forms of government: [[monarchy]], [[aristocracy]], and [[democracy]]. They distinguished "good" and "bad" according to whether the government form would act in the interest of the whole community ("good") or in the exclusive interests of a group or individual at the expense of justice ("bad"). |
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The Polybian terminology for forms of state in ancient Greek philosophy has become customary. Polybius' predecessor, [[Aristotle]], distinguished between different forms of democracy, stating that those disregarding the [[rule of law]] devolved into ochlocracy.<ref>[[Aristotle]] ''Politics'', Bk IV, Part IV</ref> The Polybian distinction between democracy and ochlocracy is absent in the works of [[Plato]], who considered democracy to be a degraded form of government.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blössner |first=Norbert |chapter=The City-Soul Analogy |editor-last=Ferrari |editor-first=G. R. F. |others=Translated from the German by G. R. F. Ferrari |title=The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 }}</ref> |
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The threat of "mob rule" to a democracy is restrained by ensuring that the rule of law protects [[minority group|minorities]] or individuals against short-term [[demagoguery]] or [[moral panic]].<ref>[[Jesús Padilla Gálvez]], Democracy in Times of Ochlocracy, Synthesis philosophica, Vol. 32 No.1, 2017, pp. 167–178.{{cite journal |url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/190389 |title=Demokracija u vremenu ohlokracije |journal=Synthesis Philosophica |date=23 August 2017 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=167–178 |doi=10.21464/sp32112 |access-date=2017-12-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224042438/http://hrcak.srce.hr/190389 |archive-date=2017-12-24|last1=Padilla Gálvez |first1=Jesús |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, considering how laws in a democracy are established or repealed by the majority, the protection of minorities by rule of law is questionable. Some authors, like the Bosnian political theoretician Jasmin Hasanović, connect the emergence of ochlocracy in democratic societies with the decadence of democracy in [[neoliberalism]] in which "the democratic role of the people has been reduced mainly to the electoral process".<ref name="auto"/> |
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==In history== |
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During the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, English life was very disorderly. Although the [[James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth|Duke of Monmouth]]'s rising of 1685 was the last rebellion, there was scarcely a year in which [[London]] or the provincial towns did not see aggrieved people breaking out into riots. In [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]'s reign (1702–14) the word "mob", first heard of not long before, came into general use. With no police force, there was little public order.<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Sir George |date=1956 |title=The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714 |location=The Oxford History of England |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=258–259 |isbn=0-19-821702-1}}</ref> Several decades later, the anti-Catholic [[Gordon Riots]] swept through London and claimed hundreds of lives; at the time, a proclamation painted on the wall of Newgate prison announced that the inmates had been freed by the authority of "His Majesty, King Mob". |
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The [[Salem Witch Trials]] in [[Province of Massachusetts|colonial Massachusetts]] during the 1690s, in which the unified belief of the townspeople overpowered the logic of the law, also has been cited by one essayist as an example of mob rule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amath.colorado.edu/carnegie/lit/lynch/mobrule.htm|title=Mob Rule and Violence in American Culture|website=colorado.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221030848/http://amath.colorado.edu/carnegie/lit/lynch/mobrule.htm|archive-date=2010-02-21|access-date=2010-01-20}}</ref> |
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In 1837, [[Abraham Lincoln]] wrote about [[lynching]] and "the increasing disregard for law which pervades the country – the growing disposition to substitute the wild and furious passions in lieu of the sober judgment of courts, and the worse than savage mobs for the executive ministers of justice."<ref>"[http://www.classicreader.com/book/3237/12/ Opposition to Mob-Rule] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109025333/http://www.classicreader.com/book/3237/12/ |date=2009-01-09 }}", ''The Writings of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 1''.</ref> |
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Mob violence played a prominent role in the early history of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arrington |first1=Leonard J. |last2=Bitton |first2=Davis |author-link1=Leonard J. Arrington |author-link2=Davis Bitton |name-list-style=amp|title=The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints |date=1992 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=9780252062360 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMQgrBcI998C&q=mob&pg=PA45 |access-date=23 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Examples include the [[1838 Mormon War|expulsions from Missouri]], the [[Haun's Mill massacre]], the [[death of Joseph Smith]], the [[History of Nauvoo, Illinois#The "Mormon War in Illinois" and the Mormon Exodus|expulsion from Nauvoo]], the murder of [[Joseph Standing]], and the [[Cane Creek Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cane Creek Massacre |url=https://sites.google.com/site/tnmormonhistory/events/1884/cane-creek-massacre |website=TNMormonHistory |access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wingfield |first1=Marshall |title=Tennessee's Mormon Massacre |journal=[[Tennessee Historical Quarterly]] |date=1958 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=19–36 |jstor=42621358 }}</ref> In [[Danite#Brigham Young|an 1857 speech]], [[Brigham Young]] gave an address demanding military action against "mobocrats." |
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== Види још == |
== Види још == |
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== Литература == |
== Литература == |
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* Ronald T. Libby,"American Ochlocracy: Black Lives Matter & Mob Rule" (2021. Miami: Twelve Tables Publisher/ |
* Ronald T. Libby, "American Ochlocracy: Black Lives Matter & Mob Rule" (2021. Miami: Twelve Tables Publisher/ |
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* Campbell, Francis Stuart (pseudonym for [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]]) (1943) ''The Menace of the Herd''. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company/ |
* Campbell, Francis Stuart (pseudonym for [[Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn]]) (1943) ''The Menace of the Herd''. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company/ |
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* {{cite book|last=Abi-Hassan|first=Sahar|chapter=Populism and Gender|year=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of Populism|editor1=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser |editor2=Paul Taggart |editor3=Paulina Ochoa Espejo |editor4=Pierre Ostiguy|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=426–445|isbn=9780198803560}} |
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* Adamidis, Vasileios (2021), [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02633957211041444 Democracy, Populism, and the rule of law: A reconsideration of their interconnectedness] Politics SAGE. |
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* Adamidis, Vasileios (2021), [https://doi.org/10.1163/25888072-BJA10016 Populism and the rule of recognition: challenging the foundations of democratic legal systems.] ''Populism'' 4(1): 1-24. |
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* Adamidis, Vasileios (2019), Manifestations of populism in late 5th century Athens. In: D.A. FRENKEL and N. VARGA, eds., ''New studies in law and history''. Athens: Athens Institute for Education and Research, pp. 11–28. ISBN 9789605982386 |
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* {{cite journal|last=Akkerman|first=Tjitske|title=Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?|journal=Acta Politica|year=2003|volume=38|issue=2|pages=147–159|doi=10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500021|s2cid=143771470}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Akkerman|first=Tjitske|title=Friend or Foe? Right-wing Populism and the Popular Press in Britain and the Netherlands|year=2011|journal=Journalism|volume=12|issue=8|pages=931–945|doi=10.1177/1464884911415972|s2cid=145697478}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Allcock|first=J. B.|title='Populism': A Brief Biography|journal=Sociology|volume=5|issue=3|year=1971|pages=371–387|jstor=42851097|doi=10.1177/003803857100500305|s2cid=143619229}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Albertazzi|first1=Daniele|last2=McDonnell|first2=Duncan|chapter=Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre|title=Twenty-First Century Populism|url=http://www.palgrave.com/resources/sample-chapters/9780230013490_sample.pdf|location=Houdmills and New York|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|pages=1–11|year=2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103230/http://www.palgrave.com/resources/sample-chapters/9780230013490_sample.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Albertazzi|first1=Daniele|last2=McDonnell|first2=Duncan|title=Populists in Power|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2015}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Anselmi|first=Manuel|year=2018|title=Populism: An Introduction|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138287150}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Aslanidis |first1=Paris |first2=Cristóbal |last2=Rovira Kaltwasser |year=2016 |title=Dealing with Populists in Government: The SYRIZA-ANEL Coalition in Greece |journal=Democratization |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1077–1091 |doi=10.1080/13510347.2016.1154842 |s2cid=148014428 |url=http://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/acfs/article/view/7518 }} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Bang|first1=Henrik|first2=David|last2=Marsh|year=2018|title=Populism: A Major Threat to Democracy?|journal=Policy Studies|volume=39|issue=3|pages=352–363|doi=10.1080/01442872.2018.1475640|s2cid=158299409}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Berlet|first1=Chip|last2=Lyons|first2=Matthew N.|year=2000|title=Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort|location=New York|publisher=Guilford Press}} {{ISBN|1572305681|1572305622}}. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Berman |first1=Sheri |title=The Causes of Populism in the West |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |date=11 May 2021 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=71–88 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503 |doi-access=free}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Boyte |first=Harry C. |title=Introduction: Reclaiming Populism as a Different Kind of Politics |journal=The Good Society |volume=21 |number=2 |year=2012 |pages=173–176 |jstor=stable/10.5325/goodsociety.21.2.0173 |doi=10.5325/goodsociety.21.2.0173 }} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Brett|first=William|title=What's an Elite to Do? The Threat of Populism from Left, Right and Centre|journal=The Political Quarterly|year=2013|volume=84|issue=3|pages=410–413|doi=10.1111/j.1467-923X.2013.12030.x}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Canovan|first=Margaret|title=Populism|location=New York|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovuch|year=1981|isbn=9780151730780|url=https://archive.org/details/populism00cano}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Canovan|first=Margaret|title=Two Strategies for the Study of Populism|year=1982|journal=Political Studies|volume=30|issue=4|pages=544–552|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.1982.tb00559.x|s2cid=143711735}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Canovan|first=Margaret|title=Populism for Political Theorists?|year=2004|journal=Journal of Political Ideologies|volume=9|issue=3|pages=241–252|doi=10.1080/1356931042000263500|s2cid=144476284}} |
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* {{cite book|last=de la Torre|first=Carlos|chapter=Populism in Latin America|year=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of Populism|editor1=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser |editor2=Paul Taggart |editor3=Paulina Ochoa Espejo |editor4=Pierre Ostiguy|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=195–213|isbn=9780198803560}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Dobratz|first1=Betty A|last2=Shanks–Meile|first2=Stephanie L.|year=1988|title=The Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party: A Comparison to American Populism at the Turn of the Century|journal=[[Humanity & Society]]|volume=12|pages=20–50|doi=10.1177/016059768801200102|s2cid=148817637}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Eatwell|first=Roger|chapter=Populism and Fascism|year=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of Populism|editor1=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser |editor2=Paul Taggart |editor3=Paulina Ochoa Espejo |editor4=Pierre Ostiguy|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=363–383|isbn=9780198803560}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Ferkiss|first=Victor C.|year=1957|title=Populist Influences on American Fascism|journal=[[Western Political Quarterly]]|volume=10|number=2|pages=350–73|doi=10.1177/106591295701000208|s2cid=154969641}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Foxley|first=Rachel|title=The Levellers: Radical Political Thought in the English Revolution|year=2013|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780719089367}} |
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* {{cite book |first=Peter | last=Fritzsche |title=Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany |year=1990 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195057805 }} |
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* {{cite journal |first1=Jean-Paul |last1=Gagnon |first2=Emily |last2=Beausoleil |first3=Kyong-Min |last3=Son |first4=Cleve |last4=Arguelles |first5=Pierrick |last5=Chalaye |first6=Callum N. |last6=Johnston |year=2018 |title=What is Populism? Who is the Populist? |journal=Democratic Theory |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=vi-xxvi |doi=10.3167/dt.2018.050201 |doi-access=free }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Hawkins |first1=Kirk A. |first2=Cristóbal |last2=Rovira Kaltwasser |year=2019 |chapter=Introduction: The Ideational Approach |title=The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis |pages=1–24 |editor1=Kirk A. Hawkins |editor2=Ryan E. Carlin |editor3=Levente Littvay |editor4=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |series=Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy |isbn=978-1138716513 }} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Inglehart|first1=Ronald|last2=Norris|first2=Pippa|title=Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash|publisher=Elsevier BV|year=2016|issn=1556-5068|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2818659|url=https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401|journal=SSRN Working Paper Series|s2cid=85509479|access-date=15 July 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719212140/https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401|url-status=live}}1 |
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* {{cite journal|last=March|first=Luke|year=2007|title=From Vanguard of the Proletariat to Vox Populi: Left-Populism as a 'Shadow' of Contemporary Socialism|journal=SAIS Review of International Affairs|volume=27|issue=1|pages=63–77|doi=10.1353/sais.2007.0013|s2cid=154586793}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=McDonnell|first1=Duncan|last2=Cabrera|first2=Luis|title=The Right-Wing Populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)|journal=Democratization|volume=26|issue=3|year=2019|pages=484–501|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885|s2cid=149464986}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Mény|first1=Yves|last2=Surel|first2=Yves|year=2002|chapter=The Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism|editor1=Yves Mény |editor2=Yves Surel|title=Democracies and the Populist Challenge|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|pages=1–23|isbn=978-1-4039-2007-2}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Mudde|first=Cas|title=The Populist Zeitgeist|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=39|issue=4|year=2004|pages=541–63|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x|s2cid=67833953|doi-access=free}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Mudde|first1=Cas|last2=Rovira Kaltwasser|first2=Cristóbal|title=Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=48|number=2|pages=147–174|year=2013|doi=10.1017/gov.2012.11|doi-access=free}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Mudde|first1=Cas|last2=Rovira Kaltwasser|first2=Cristóbal|title=Populism: A Very Short Introduction|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780190234874}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Park|first=Bill|year=2018|title=Populism and Islamism in Turkey|journal=Turkish Studies|volume=19|issue=2|pages=169–175|doi=10.1080/14683849.2017.1407651|s2cid=149284223}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Resnick|first=Danielle|chapter=Populism in Africa|year=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of Populism|editor1=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser |editor2=Paul Taggart |editor3=Paulina Ochoa Espejo |editor4=Pierre Ostiguy|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=101–120|isbn=9780198803560}} |
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* {{cite book|editor-last1=Rovira Kaltwasser|editor-first1=Cristóbal|editor-last2=Taggart|editor-first2=Paul A.|editor-last3=Ochoa Espejo|editor-first3=Paulina|editor-last4=Ostiguy|editor-first4=Pierre|title=The Oxford handbook of populism|date=19 September 2019|isbn=978-0-19-884628-4|oclc=1141121440}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Stanley|first=Ben|title=The Thin Ideology of Populism|journal=Journal of Political Ideologies|volume=13|issue=1|year=2008|pages=95–110|doi=10.1080/13569310701822289|s2cid=144350127}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Stier|first1=Sebastian|first2=Lisa|last2=Posch|first3=Arnim|last3=Bleier|first4=Markus|last4=Strohmaier|title=When Populists become Popular: Comparing Facebook use by the Right-Wing Movement Pegida and German Political Parties|journal=Information, Communication and Society|year=2017|volume=20|number=9|pages=1365–1388|doi=10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328519|s2cid=149324437|url=http://osf.io/96umt/|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222050606/https://osf.io/96umt/|url-status=live}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Paul|title=Populism|location=Buckingham|publisher=Open University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780335200467}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Taggart|first=Paul|year=2002|chapter=Populism and the Pathology of Representative Politics|editor1=Yves Mény |editor2=Yves Surel|title=Democracies and the Populist Challenge|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|pages=62–80|isbn=978-1-4039-2007-2}} |
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* {{cite book|last1=Tindall|first1=George|title=A Populist Reader|location=New York|publisher=Harper Torchbooks|year=1966}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Tormey|first=Simon|year=2018|title=Populism: Democracy's Pharmakon?|journal=Policy Studies|volume=39|issue=3|pages=260–273|doi=10.1080/01442872.2018.1475638|s2cid=158416086}} |
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* {{cite journal|last=Woodward|first=C. Vann|title=Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics|journal=The Journal of Southern History|volume=4|issue=1|year=1938|pages=14–33|doi=10.2307/2191851|jstor=2191851}} |
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* {{cite journal|last1=Zaslove|first1=Andrej|first2=Bram|last2=Geurkink|first3=Kristof|last3=Jacobs|first4=Agnes|last4=Akkerman|title=Power to the People? Populism, Democracy, and Political Participation: A Citizen's Perspective|year=2021|journal=West European Politics|volume=44|issue=4|pages=727–751|doi=10.1080/01402382.2020.1776490|doi-access=free}} |
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Идеологија моћи | ||||||||||
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Охлократија (грч. οχλοκρατια, лат. ochlocratia) је назив који се користи за владавину руље или масе људи, односно њену способност да утиче на уставне власти. Полибије види опасност деградације демократије у охлократију када њене врлине пропадају, те маса људи даље немају за циљ интерес свих већ једино своје и својих групација.
Охлократија је по значењу и употреби синоним за савремени, неформални израз „мобократија“, који је настао у 18. веку као колоквијални неологизам. Слично томе, док владајућа руља у охлократијама понекад може истински да одражава вољу већине на начин који је приближан демократији, охлократију карактерише одсуство или нарушавање процедуралног грађанског и демократског процеса.[1]
Етимологија
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Део серије о популизму |
Популизам |
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Ochlocracy come from Greek okhlokratia with ὄχλος, óchlos (masses) + κράτος, krátos (rule) literally meaning "rule by the masses".[2][3]
Origin and theory
Polybius appears to have coined the term ochlocracy in his 2nd century BC work Histories (6.4.6).[4] He uses it to name the "pathological" version of popular rule, in opposition to the good version, which he refers to as democracy. There are numerous mentions of the word "ochlos" in the Talmud, in which "ochlos" refers to anything from "mob", "populace", to "armed guard", as well as in the writings of Rashi, a Jewish commentator on the Bible. The word was first recorded in English in 1584, derived from the French ochlocratie (1568), which stems from the original Greek okhlokratia, from okhlos ("mob") and kratos ("rule", "power", "strength").
Ancient Greek political thinkers regarded ochlocracy as one of the three "bad" forms of government (tyranny, oligarchy, and ochlocracy) as opposed to the three "good" forms of government: monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. They distinguished "good" and "bad" according to whether the government form would act in the interest of the whole community ("good") or in the exclusive interests of a group or individual at the expense of justice ("bad").
The Polybian terminology for forms of state in ancient Greek philosophy has become customary. Polybius' predecessor, Aristotle, distinguished between different forms of democracy, stating that those disregarding the rule of law devolved into ochlocracy.[5] The Polybian distinction between democracy and ochlocracy is absent in the works of Plato, who considered democracy to be a degraded form of government.[6]
The threat of "mob rule" to a democracy is restrained by ensuring that the rule of law protects minorities or individuals against short-term demagoguery or moral panic.[7] However, considering how laws in a democracy are established or repealed by the majority, the protection of minorities by rule of law is questionable. Some authors, like the Bosnian political theoretician Jasmin Hasanović, connect the emergence of ochlocracy in democratic societies with the decadence of democracy in neoliberalism in which "the democratic role of the people has been reduced mainly to the electoral process".[1]
In history
During the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, English life was very disorderly. Although the Duke of Monmouth's rising of 1685 was the last rebellion, there was scarcely a year in which London or the provincial towns did not see aggrieved people breaking out into riots. In Queen Anne's reign (1702–14) the word "mob", first heard of not long before, came into general use. With no police force, there was little public order.[8] Several decades later, the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots swept through London and claimed hundreds of lives; at the time, a proclamation painted on the wall of Newgate prison announced that the inmates had been freed by the authority of "His Majesty, King Mob".
The Salem Witch Trials in colonial Massachusetts during the 1690s, in which the unified belief of the townspeople overpowered the logic of the law, also has been cited by one essayist as an example of mob rule.[9]
In 1837, Abraham Lincoln wrote about lynching and "the increasing disregard for law which pervades the country – the growing disposition to substitute the wild and furious passions in lieu of the sober judgment of courts, and the worse than savage mobs for the executive ministers of justice."[10]
Mob violence played a prominent role in the early history of the Latter Day Saint movement.[11] Examples include the expulsions from Missouri, the Haun's Mill massacre, the death of Joseph Smith, the expulsion from Nauvoo, the murder of Joseph Standing, and the Cane Creek Massacre.[12][13] In an 1857 speech, Brigham Young gave an address demanding military action against "mobocrats."
Види још
Референце
- ^ а б Hasanović, Jasmin. „Ochlocracy in the Practices of Civil Society: A Threat for Democracy?”. Studia Juridica et Politica Jaurinensis. Архивирано из оригинала 2018-05-15. г.
- ^ „ochlocracy”. The Free Dictionary. Приступљено 2021-12-31.
- ^ „ochlocracy | Etymology, origin and meaning of ochlocracy by etymonline”. www.etymonline.com (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-12-31.
- ^ „Polybius, Histories, The Rotation of Polities”. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-02-26. г. Приступљено 2008-03-29.
- ^ Aristotle Politics, Bk IV, Part IV
- ^ Blössner, Norbert (2007). „The City-Soul Analogy”. Ур.: Ferrari, G. R. F. The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic. Translated from the German by G. R. F. Ferrari. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Jesús Padilla Gálvez, Democracy in Times of Ochlocracy, Synthesis philosophica, Vol. 32 No.1, 2017, pp. 167–178.Padilla Gálvez, Jesús (23. 8. 2017). „Demokracija u vremenu ohlokracije”. Synthesis Philosophica. 32 (1): 167—178. doi:10.21464/sp32112 . Архивирано из оригинала 2017-12-24. г. Приступљено 2017-12-18.
- ^ Clark, Sir George (1956). The Later Stuarts, 1660–1714. The Oxford History of England: Oxford University Press. стр. 258—259. ISBN 0-19-821702-1.
- ^ „Mob Rule and Violence in American Culture”. colorado.edu. Архивирано из оригинала 2010-02-21. г. Приступљено 2010-01-20.
- ^ "Opposition to Mob-Rule Архивирано 2009-01-09 на сајту Wayback Machine", The Writings of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 1.
- ^ Arrington, Leonard J.; Bitton, Davis (1992). The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-Day Saints (на језику: енглески). University of Illinois Press. стр. 45. ISBN 9780252062360. Приступљено 23. 6. 2018. Непознати параметар
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игнорисан (помоћ) - ^ „Cane Creek Massacre”. TNMormonHistory. Приступљено 23. 6. 2018.
- ^ Wingfield, Marshall (1958). „Tennessee's Mormon Massacre”. Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 17 (1): 19—36. JSTOR 42621358.
Литература
- Ronald T. Libby, "American Ochlocracy: Black Lives Matter & Mob Rule" (2021. Miami: Twelve Tables Publisher/
- Campbell, Francis Stuart (pseudonym for Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn) (1943) The Menace of the Herd. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company/
- Abi-Hassan, Sahar (2017). „Populism and Gender”. Ур.: Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. стр. 426—445. ISBN 9780198803560.
- Adamidis, Vasileios (2021), Democracy, Populism, and the rule of law: A reconsideration of their interconnectedness Politics SAGE.
- Adamidis, Vasileios (2021), Populism and the rule of recognition: challenging the foundations of democratic legal systems. Populism 4(1): 1-24.
- Adamidis, Vasileios (2019), Manifestations of populism in late 5th century Athens. In: D.A. FRENKEL and N. VARGA, eds., New studies in law and history. Athens: Athens Institute for Education and Research, pp. 11–28. ISBN 9789605982386
- Akkerman, Tjitske (2003). „Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?”. Acta Politica. 38 (2): 147—159. S2CID 143771470. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500021.
- Akkerman, Tjitske (2011). „Friend or Foe? Right-wing Populism and the Popular Press in Britain and the Netherlands”. Journalism. 12 (8): 931—945. S2CID 145697478. doi:10.1177/1464884911415972.
- Allcock, J. B. (1971). „'Populism': A Brief Biography”. Sociology. 5 (3): 371—387. JSTOR 42851097. S2CID 143619229. doi:10.1177/003803857100500305.
- Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2008). „Introduction: The Sceptre and the Spectre”. Twenty-First Century Populism (PDF). Houdmills and New York: Palgrave MacMillan. стр. 1—11. Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 24. 9. 2015. г.
- Albertazzi, Daniele; McDonnell, Duncan (2015). Populists in Power. London: Routledge.
- Anselmi, Manuel (2018). Populism: An Introduction. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138287150.
- Aslanidis, Paris; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2016). „Dealing with Populists in Government: The SYRIZA-ANEL Coalition in Greece”. Democratization. 23 (6): 1077—1091. S2CID 148014428. doi:10.1080/13510347.2016.1154842.
- Bang, Henrik; Marsh, David (2018). „Populism: A Major Threat to Democracy?”. Policy Studies. 39 (3): 352—363. S2CID 158299409. doi:10.1080/01442872.2018.1475640.
- Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew N. (2000). Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 1572305681.
- Berman, Sheri (11. 5. 2021). „The Causes of Populism in the West”. Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 71—88. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503 .
- Boyte, Harry C. (2012). „Introduction: Reclaiming Populism as a Different Kind of Politics”. The Good Society. 21 (2): 173—176. JSTOR stable/10.5325/goodsociety.21.2.0173. doi:10.5325/goodsociety.21.2.0173.
- Brett, William (2013). „What's an Elite to Do? The Threat of Populism from Left, Right and Centre”. The Political Quarterly. 84 (3): 410—413. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2013.12030.x.
- Canovan, Margaret (1981). Populism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovuch. ISBN 9780151730780.
- Canovan, Margaret (1982). „Two Strategies for the Study of Populism”. Political Studies. 30 (4): 544—552. S2CID 143711735. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1982.tb00559.x.
- Canovan, Margaret (2004). „Populism for Political Theorists?”. Journal of Political Ideologies. 9 (3): 241—252. S2CID 144476284. doi:10.1080/1356931042000263500.
- de la Torre, Carlos (2017). „Populism in Latin America”. Ур.: Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. стр. 195—213. ISBN 9780198803560.
- Dobratz, Betty A; Shanks–Meile, Stephanie L. (1988). „The Contemporary Ku Klux Klan and the American Nazi Party: A Comparison to American Populism at the Turn of the Century”. Humanity & Society. 12: 20—50. S2CID 148817637. doi:10.1177/016059768801200102.
- Eatwell, Roger (2017). „Populism and Fascism”. Ур.: Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. стр. 363—383. ISBN 9780198803560.
- Ferkiss, Victor C. (1957). „Populist Influences on American Fascism”. Western Political Quarterly. 10 (2): 350—73. S2CID 154969641. doi:10.1177/106591295701000208.
- Foxley, Rachel (2013). The Levellers: Radical Political Thought in the English Revolution. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780719089367.
- Fritzsche, Peter (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195057805.
- Gagnon, Jean-Paul; Beausoleil, Emily; Son, Kyong-Min; Arguelles, Cleve; Chalaye, Pierrick; Johnston, Callum N. (2018). „What is Populism? Who is the Populist?”. Democratic Theory. 5 (2): vi—xxvi. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050201 .
- Hawkins, Kirk A.; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2019). „Introduction: The Ideational Approach”. Ур.: Kirk A. Hawkins; Ryan E. Carlin; Levente Littvay; Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. The Ideational Approach to Populism: Concept, Theory, and Analysis. Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy. London and New York: Routledge. стр. 1—24. ISBN 978-1138716513.
- Inglehart, Ronald; Norris, Pippa (2016). „Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash”. SSRN Working Paper Series. Elsevier BV. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 85509479. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2818659. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 7. 2019. г. Приступљено 15. 7. 2019. 1
- March, Luke (2007). „From Vanguard of the Proletariat to Vox Populi: Left-Populism as a 'Shadow' of Contemporary Socialism”. SAIS Review of International Affairs. 27 (1): 63—77. S2CID 154586793. doi:10.1353/sais.2007.0013.
- McDonnell, Duncan; Cabrera, Luis (2019). „The Right-Wing Populism of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (and why comparativists should care)”. Democratization. 26 (3): 484—501. S2CID 149464986. doi:10.1080/13510347.2018.1551885.
- Mény, Yves; Surel, Yves (2002). „The Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism”. Ур.: Yves Mény; Yves Surel. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. стр. 1—23. ISBN 978-1-4039-2007-2.
- Mudde, Cas (2004). „The Populist Zeitgeist”. Government and Opposition. 39 (4): 541—63. S2CID 67833953. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x .
- Mudde, Cas; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2013). „Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America”. Government and Opposition. 48 (2): 147—174. doi:10.1017/gov.2012.11 .
- Mudde, Cas; Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190234874.
- Park, Bill (2018). „Populism and Islamism in Turkey”. Turkish Studies. 19 (2): 169—175. S2CID 149284223. doi:10.1080/14683849.2017.1407651.
- Resnick, Danielle (2017). „Populism in Africa”. Ур.: Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser; Paul Taggart; Paulina Ochoa Espejo; Pierre Ostiguy. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. стр. 101—120. ISBN 9780198803560.
- Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal; Taggart, Paul A.; Ochoa Espejo, Paulina; Ostiguy, Pierre, ур. (19. 9. 2019). The Oxford handbook of populism. ISBN 978-0-19-884628-4. OCLC 1141121440.
- Stanley, Ben (2008). „The Thin Ideology of Populism”. Journal of Political Ideologies. 13 (1): 95—110. S2CID 144350127. doi:10.1080/13569310701822289.
- Stier, Sebastian; Posch, Lisa; Bleier, Arnim; Strohmaier, Markus (2017). „When Populists become Popular: Comparing Facebook use by the Right-Wing Movement Pegida and German Political Parties”. Information, Communication and Society. 20 (9): 1365—1388. S2CID 149324437. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328519. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 2. 2020. г. Приступљено 14. 12. 2019.
- Taggart, Paul (2000). Populism. Buckingham: Open University Press. ISBN 9780335200467.
- Taggart, Paul (2002). „Populism and the Pathology of Representative Politics”. Ур.: Yves Mény; Yves Surel. Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. стр. 62—80. ISBN 978-1-4039-2007-2.
- Tindall, George (1966). A Populist Reader. New York: Harper Torchbooks.
- Tormey, Simon (2018). „Populism: Democracy's Pharmakon?”. Policy Studies. 39 (3): 260—273. S2CID 158416086. doi:10.1080/01442872.2018.1475638.
- Woodward, C. Vann (1938). „Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics”. The Journal of Southern History. 4 (1): 14—33. JSTOR 2191851. doi:10.2307/2191851.
- Zaslove, Andrej; Geurkink, Bram; Jacobs, Kristof; Akkerman, Agnes (2021). „Power to the People? Populism, Democracy, and Political Participation: A Citizen's Perspective”. West European Politics. 44 (4): 727—751. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1776490 .