3. група хемијских елемената

Група 3 периодног система
Водоник Хелијум Литијум Берилијум Бор Угљеник Азот Кисеоник Флуор Неон Натријум Магнезијум Алуминијум Силицијум Фосфор Сумпор Хлор Аргон Калијум Калцијум Скандијум Титанијум Ванадијум Хром Манган Гвожђе Кобалт Никл Бакар Цинк Галијум Германијум Арсен Селен Бром Криптон Рубидијум Стронцијум Итријум Цирконијум Ниобијум Молибден Технецијум Рутенијум Родијум Паладијум Сребро Кадмијум Индијум Калај Антимон Телур Јод Ксенон Цезијум Баријум Лантан Церијум Празеодијум Неодијум Прометијум Самаријум Европијум Гадолинијум Тербијум Диспрозијум Холмијум Ербијум Тулијум Итербијум Лутецијум Хафнијум Тантал Волфрам Ренијум Осмијум Иридијум Платина Злато Жива Талијум Олово Бизмут Полонијум Астат Радон Францијум Радијум Актинијум Торијум Протактинијум Уранијум Нептунијум Плутонијум Америцијум Киријум Берклијум Калифорнијум Ајнштајнијум Фермијум Мендељевијум Нобелијум Лоренцијум Радерфордијум Дубнијум Сиборгијум Боријум Хасијум Мајтнеријум Дармштатијум Рендгенијум Коперницијум Нихонијум Флеровијум Московијум Ливерморијум Тенесин Оганесон alkaline earth metals ←    → group 4
Број групе по IUPAC 3 Име елемента scandium group CAS број групе (САД, патерн А-Б-А) IIIB стари IUPAC број (Европа, патерн А-Б) IIIA
↓ Period
4	Scandium (Sc) 21 Transition metal
5	Yttrium (Y) 39 Transition metal
6	Lutetium (Lu) 71 Lanthanide
7	Lawrencium (Lr) 103 Actinide
Legend primordial element synthetic element Atomic number color: black=solid

Група	3
Периода
4	22 Sc
5	40 Y
6	72 Lu
7	104 Lr

3. група хемијских елемената је једна од 18 група у периодном систему елемената. У овој групи се налазе: скандијум, итријум, лутецијум (или лантан) и лоренцијум (или актинијум). Прва два елемента ове групе су позната, док се за друга два не зна да ли је реч о лутецијуму и лоренцијуму или о лантану и актинијуму. Ова група носи назив и IIIB група хемијских елемената.

Историја

Открића елемената

The discovery of the group 3 elements is inextricably tied to that of the rare earths, with which they are universally associated in nature. In 1787, Swedish part-time chemist Carl Axel Arrhenius found a heavy black rock near the Swedish village of Ytterby, Sweden (part of the Stockholm Archipelago). Thinking that it was an unknown mineral containing the newly discovered element tungsten, he named it ytterbite. Finnish scientist Johan Gadolin identified a new oxide or "earth" in Arrhenius' sample in 1789, and published his completed analysis in 1794; in 1797, the new oxide was named yttria. In the decades after French scientist Antoine Lavoisier developed the first modern definition of chemical elements, it was believed that earths could be reduced to their elements, meaning that the discovery of a new earth was equivalent to the discovery of the element within, which in this case would have been yttrium. Until the early 1920s, the chemical symbol "Yt" was used for the element, after which "Y" came into common use. Yttrium metal, albeit impure, was first prepared in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler heated anhydrous yttrium(III) chloride with potassium to form metallic yttrium and potassium chloride. In fact, Gadolin's yttria proved to be a mixture of many metal oxides, that started the history of the discovery of the rare earths.

In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published his periodic table, which had an empty space for an element above yttrium. Mendeleev made several predictions on this hypothetical element, which he called eka-boron. By then, Gadolin's yttria had already been split several times; first by Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander, who in 1843 had split out two more earths which he called terbia and erbia (splitting the name of Ytterby just as yttria had been split); and then in 1878 when Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac split terbia and erbia themselves into more earths. Among these was ytterbia (a component of the old erbia), which Swedish chemist Lars Fredrik Nilson successfully split in 1879 to reveal yet another new element. He named it scandium, from the Latin Scandia meaning "Scandinavia". Nilson was apparently unaware of Mendeleev's prediction, but Per Teodor Cleve recognized the correspondence and notified Mendeleev. Chemical experiments on scandium proved that Mendeleev's suggestions were correct; along with discovery and characterization of gallium and germanium this proved the correctness of the whole periodic table and periodic law. Metallic scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of a eutectic mixture, at 700–800 °C, of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides. Scandium exists in the same ores that yttrium had been discovered from, but is much rarer and probably for that reason had eluded discovery.

The remaining component of Marignac's ytterbia also proved to be a composite. In 1907, French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James all independently discovered a new element within ytterbia. Welsbach proposed the name cassiopeium for his new element (after Cassiopeia), whereas Urbain chose the name lutecium (from Latin Lutetia, for Paris). The dispute on the priority of the discovery is documented in two articles in which Urbain and von Welsbach accuse each other of publishing results influenced by the published research of the other. In 1909, the Commission on Atomic Mass, which was responsible for the attribution of the names for the new elements, granted priority to Urbain and adopting his names as official ones. An obvious problem with this decision was that Urbain was one of the four members of the commission. In 1949, the spelling of element 71 was changed to lutetium. Later work connected with Urbain's attempts to further split his lutecium however revealed that it had only contained traces of the new element 71, and that it was only Welsbach's cassiopeium that was pure element 71. For this reason many German scientists continued to use the name cassiopeium for the element until the 1950s. Ironically, Charles James, who had modestly stayed out of the argument as to priority, worked on a much larger scale than the others, and undoubtedly possessed the largest supply of lutetium at the time. Lutetium was the last of the stable rare earths to be discovered. Over a century of research had split the original yttrium of Gadolin into yttrium, scandium, lutetium, and seven other new elements.

Lawrencium is the only element of the group that does not occur naturally. It was first synthesized by Albert Ghiorso and his team on February 14, 1961, at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory (now called the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) at the University of California in Berkeley, California, United States. The first atoms of lawrencium were produced by bombarding a three-milligram target consisting of three isotopes of the element californium with boron-10 and boron-11 nuclei from the Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC). The nuclide ²⁵⁷103 was originally reported, but then this was reassigned to ²⁵⁸103. The team at the University of California suggested the name lawrencium (after Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of cyclotron particle accelerator) and the symbol "Lw", for the new element, but "Lw" was not adopted, and "Lr" was officially accepted instead. Nuclear-physics researchers in Dubna, Soviet Union (now Russia), reported in 1967 that they were not able to confirm American scientists' data on ²⁵⁷103. Two years earlier, the Dubna team reported ²⁵⁶103. In 1992, the IUPAC Trans-fermium Working Group officially recognized element 103, confirmed its naming as lawrencium, with symbol "Lr", and named the nuclear physics teams at Dubna and Berkeley as the co-discoverers of lawrencium.

Литература

• Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. US: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850341-5. 
• Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (II изд.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419.