Nemetal

Ekstrakt periodnog sistema koji prikazuje nemetalne elemente (uključujući metaloide). H se normalno postavlja iznad Li u Grupi 1. Ovde je prikazan iznad F zarad poređenja. Zvezdice prikazuju dalje alternativne položaje za H. Obližnji metali su prikazani svetlosivim slovima, kao i elementi čija hemijska priroda a u masi nije dovoljno potvrđena.

Nemetali su grupa hemijskih elemenata koji se po svojim karakteristikama bitno razlikuju od metala i koji čine znatno veću grupu. Glavne karakteristike su velika elektronegativnost, i građenje kiselih oksida. Po pravilu se ne rastvaraju u mineralnim kiselinama. S vodonikom grade postojana, većinom isparljiva jedinjenja. Mogu biti gasoviti, tečni ili čvrsti na sobnoj temperaturi. Obično slabo odbijaju svetlost, a gustina im je uglavnom mala. Loši su provodnici toplote i elektriciteta. Kovnost i tegljivost nisu im dobro izražene i molekuli su im obično poliatomski u parnom stanju.

To su: ugljenik (C), azot (N), kiseonik (O), fluor (F), fosfor (P), sumpor (S), hlor (Cl), brom (Br) i jod (I). (Nerma) Nemetali, na sobnoj temperaturi, mogu da budu u sva tri agregatna stanja. Neki su čvrsti (ugljenik, sumpor, jod, fosfor), drugi gasoviti (kiseonik, azot, vodonik, hlor, fluor ), a brom je tečan. Osim plemenitih gasova, svi elementi koji se nalaze u gasovitom stanju na sobnoj temperaturi od 25˚C jesu nemetali.

Nemetali se mogu razlikovati po boji. Sumpor je žut, fosfor je beo ili crven, jod je ljubičast, hlor je žutozelen, ugljenik je crn ili bezbojan. Neki gasovi su bezbojni, pa su zato nevidljivi (na primer, vodonik, kiseonik i azot). Nemetali se mogu razlikovati po boji i po mirisu. Neki od njih imaju veoma jak, neprijatan miris, na primer, hlor i brom. Ne smeju se udisati jer su veoma štetni za zdravlje. Opšta osobina nemetala je da ne provode elektricitet. Izuzetak je oblik ugljenika koji nazivamo grafit. I pored navedenih razlika u fizičkim osobinama, svi nemetali zbog zajedničkih hemijskih osobina čine jedan skup elementa.

Život na zemlji se ne može zamisliti bez nemetala. Jedan od najvažnijih nemetala je kiseonik. On je sastavni deo vazduha i vode. Nametali ugljenik, vodonik, kiseonik, azot, fosfor i sumpor osnovni su gradivni elementi jedinjenja koja čine živi svet. Zato se oni zajedno nazivaju biogeni elementi.

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