Олово — разлика између измена
м Враћене измене 178.220.188.86 (разговор) на последњу измену корисника Autobot ознака: враћање |
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{{Друго значење 2}} |
{{Друго значење 2}} |
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{{infobox element |
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{{Хемијски елемент |
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|number=82 |
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| група_низ = [[талијум|Tl]] - '''Pb''' - [[бизмут|Bi]] |
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|symbol=Pb |
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| периода_низ = [[калај|Sn]]<br />'''Pb'''<br /> {{nbsp}} |
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|name=Олово |
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| периодни_систем = Pb-TableImage.png |
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|abundance= |
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| име = Олово |
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|abundance in earth's crust= |
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| симбол = Pb |
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|abundance in oceans= |
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| атомски_број = 82 |
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|abundance in solar system= |
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| скуп = [[постпрелазни метал]] |
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|left=[[Талијум]] |
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| група = [[14. група хемијских елемената|IVA]] |
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|right=[[Бизмут]] |
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| периода = [[6. периода хемијских елемената|6]] |
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|above=[[tin|-{Sn}-]] |
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| густина = 11.340 [[килограм по кубном метру|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]] |
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|below=[[flerovium|-{Fl}-]] |
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| тврдоћа = 1,5 |
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|category comment= |
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| боја = плавичастобела |
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|group=14 |
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| слика = Pb,82.jpg |
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|period=6 |
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| опис_слике = |
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|block=p |
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| атомска_маса = 207,2 [[јединица атомске масе|u]] |
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|image name=Lead electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg |
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| атомски_радијус = 180 (154) [[пикометар|pm]] |
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|appearance=металично сив |
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| ковалентни_радијус = 147 -{pm}- |
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|standard atomic weight ref={{sfn|Meija|Coplen|Berglund|Brand|2016}} |
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| ван_дер_Валсов_радијус = 202 -{pm}- |
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
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| електронска_конфигурација = <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[ксенон|Xe]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>10</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>6p<sup>2</sup> |
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|phase= |
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| енергетски_нивои = 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
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|density gpcm3nrt=11.34 |
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| оксидациони_број = 4, '''2''' |
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|density gpcm3mp=10.66 |
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| особине_оксида = средње базни |
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|melting point K=600.61 |
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| кристална_структура = регуларна зидно <br />центрирана |
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|melting point C=327.46 |
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| агрегатно_стање = чврсто |
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|melting point F=621.43 |
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| температура_топљења = 600,61 [[Келвин|K]] (327,46 [[степен целзијуса|°C]]) |
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|boiling point K=2022 |
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| температура_кључања = 2.022 -{K}- (1.749 °C) |
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|boiling point C=1749 |
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| молска_запремина = 18,26×10<sup>−3</sup> -{m}-³/[[мол (јединица)|mol]] |
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|boiling point F=3180 |
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| топлота_испаравања = 177,7 [[килоџул по молу|kJ/mol]] |
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|heat fusion=4.77 |
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| топлота_топљења = 4,799 -{kJ/mol}- |
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|heat vaporization=179.5 |
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| притисак_засићене_паре = 4,21×10<sup>−7</sup> [[Паскал|Pa]] (600 -{K}-) |
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|heat capacity=26.650 |
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| брзина_звука = 1.260 -{m/s}- (293,15 -{K}-) |
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|vapor pressure 1=978 |
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| електронегативност = 2,33 ([[Полингова скала|Паулинг]])<br /> 1,55 ([[Алредова скала|Алред]]) |
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|vapor pressure 10=1088 |
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| специфична_топлота = 129 [[џул кроз килограм-келвин|J/(kg*K)]] |
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|vapor pressure 100=1229 |
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| специфична_проводљивост = 4,81×10<sup>6</sup> [[Сименс (јединица)|S]]/m |
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|vapor pressure 1 k=1412 |
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| топлотна_проводљивост = 35,9 [[ват кроз метар-келвин|W/(m*K)]] |
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|vapor pressure 10 k=1660 |
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| I_енергија_јонизације = 715,6 -{kJ/mol}- |
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|vapor pressure 100 k=2027 |
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| II_енергија_јонизације = 1.450,5 -{kJ/mol}- |
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|vapor pressure comment= |
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| III_енергија_јонизације = 3.081,5 -{kJ/mol}- |
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|crystal structure=face-centered cubic |
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| IV_енергија_јонизације = 4.083 -{kJ/mol}- |
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|electronegativity=1.87 (+2) |
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| V_енергија_јонизације = 6.640 -{kJ/mol}- |
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|number of ionization energies=3 |
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| изотопи1 = <!-- |
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|ionization energy 1=715.6 |
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{| {{table}} |
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|ionization energy 2=1450.5 |
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! [[изотоп]] |
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|ionization energy 3=3081.5 |
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! заст. |
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|atomic radius=175 |
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! [[време полу распада|в. п. р.]] |
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|covalent radius=146±5 |
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! [[начин распада|н. р.]] |
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|Van der Waals radius=202 |
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! [[енергија распада|e.r.]] [[мегаелектроноволт|MeV]] |
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|magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetism|дијамагнетик]] |
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! [[производ распада|п. р.]] |
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|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n |
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|- |
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|electrical resistivity at 20=208 |
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| rowspan="2" | <sup>202</sup>Pb |
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|thermal conductivity=35.3 |
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| rowspan="2" | [[вештачки радиоактиван изотоп|(веш.)]] |
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|thermal expansion at 25=28.9 |
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| rowspan="2" | 5,25×10<sup>4</sup> [[година]] |
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=1190 |
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| [[заробљавање електрона|з. е.]] |
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment= |
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| 0,050 |
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|magnetic susceptibility= −23.0×10<sup>−6</sup> |
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| <sup>202</sup>[[талијум|Tl]] |
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|magnetic susceptibility ref=  (at 298 K){{sfn|Weast|Astle|Beyer|1983|p=E110}} |
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|- |
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|Young's modulus=16 |
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| [[распад алфа|α]] |
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|Shear modulus=5.6 |
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| 2,598 |
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|Bulk modulus=46 |
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| <sup>198</sup>[[жива|Hg]] |
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|Poisson ratio=0.44 |
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|- |
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|Mohs hardness=1.5 |
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| <sup>204</sup>Pb |
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|Brinell hardness=38–50 |
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| 1,4% |
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|Brinell hardness comment= |
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| >1,4×10<sup>17</sup> [[година]] |
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|CAS number=7439-92-1 |
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| [[распад алфа|α]] |
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|isotopes= |
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| 2,186 |
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{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=204 | sym=Pb | na=1.4% | n=122 |firstlinks=yes}} |
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| <sup>200</sup>[[жива|Hg]] |
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<!--{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=205 | sym=Pb |
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|- |
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|na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=1.53×10<sup>7</sup> y |
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| <sup>205</sup>Pb |
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|dm=ε | de=0.051 | link1=thallium-205 | pn=205 | ps=Tl}}--> |
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| [[вештачки радиоактиван изотоп|(веш.)]] |
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{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=206 | sym=Pb | na=24.1% | n=124 |firstlinks=no}} |
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| 1,53×10<sup>7</sup> [[година]] |
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{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=207 | sym=Pb | na=22.1% | n=125 |firstlinks=no}} |
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| [[заробљавање електрона|з. е.]] |
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{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=208 | sym=Pb | na=52.4% | n=126 |firstlinks=no}} |
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| 0,051 |
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<!--{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=210 | sym=Pb |
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| <sup>205</sup>[[талијум|Tl]] |
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|na=trace | hl=22.3 y |
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|- |
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|dm=[[Beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.064 | link1=bismuth-210 | pn=210 | ps=Bi}}--> |
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| <sup>206</sup>Pb |
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|isotopes comment=Изотопска заступљеност увелико се разликује зависно од узорку |
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| 24,1% |
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|discovered by= на [[Middle East|Блиском Истоку]] |
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| colspan="4" | стабилни изотор са 124 [[неутрон]]а |
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|discovery date=[[7. миленијум п. н. е.|7000 п.н.е.]] |
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|- |
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|QID=Q708 |
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| <sup>207</sup>Pb |
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| 22,1% |
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| colspan="4" | стабилни изотор са 125 [[неутрон]]а |
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|- |
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| <sup>208</sup>Pb |
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| '''52,4%''' |
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| colspan="4" | стабилни изотор са 126 [[неутрон]]а |
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|- |
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| rowspan="2" | <sup>210</sup>Pb |
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| rowspan="2" | [[вештачки радиоактиван изотоп|(веш.)]] |
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| rowspan="2" | 22,3 [[година]] |
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| [[распад алфа|α]] |
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| 3,792 |
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| <sup>206</sup>[[жива|Hg]] |
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|- |
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| [[распад бета минус|β]]<sup>-</sup> |
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| 0,064 |
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| <sup>210</sup>[[бизмут|Bi]] |
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|}--> |
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}} |
}} |
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Ред 111: | Ред 93: | ||
== Референце == |
== Референце == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== Литература == |
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{{Refend}} |
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== Спољашње везе == |
== Спољашње везе == |
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{{Commonscat|Lead}} |
{{Commonscat|Lead}} |
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* {{Britannica|333514|Lead}} |
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* -{[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Catherine_Hammett-Stabler/publication/288272623_The_Toxicology_of_Heavy_Metals_Getting_the_Lead_Out/links/572748fd08ae586b21e28b65.pdf The Toxicology of Heavy Metals: Getting the Lead Out], [[American Society for Clinical Pathology]]}- |
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{{Периодни систем елемената 2}} |
{{Периодни систем елемената 2}} |
Верзија на датум 15. август 2020. у 15:56
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Општа својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Име, симбол | олово, Pb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Изглед | металично сив | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
У периодном систему | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Атомски број (Z) | 82 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Група, периода | група 14 (угљеникова група), периода 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Блок | p-блок | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Рел. ат. маса (Ar) | 207,2(1)[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ел. конфигурација | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
по љускама | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Физичка својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Тачка топљења | 600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Тачка кључања | 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Густина при с.т. | 11.34 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
течно ст., на т.т. | 10.66 g/cm3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топлота фузије | 4.77 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топлота испаравања | 179.5 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Мол. топл. капацитет | 26.650 J/(mol·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Напон паре
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Атомска својства | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Електронегативност | 1.87 (+2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Енергије јонизације | 1: 715.6 kJ/mol 2: 1450.5 kJ/mol 3: 3081.5 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Атомски радијус | 175 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ковалентни радијус | 146±5 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Валсов радијус | 202 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Остало | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Кристална структура | постраничноцентр. кубична (FCC) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Брзина звука танак штап | 1190 m/s (на с.т.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топл. ширење | 28.9 µm/(m·K) (на 25 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Топл. водљивост | 35.3 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Електроотпорност | 208 nΩ·m (на 20 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Магнетни распоред | дијамагнетик | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Магнетна сусцептибилност (χmol) | −23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K)[2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Јангов модул | 16 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Модул смицања | 5.6 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Модул стишљивости | 46 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Поасонов коефицијент | 0.44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Мосова тврдоћа | 1.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Бринелова тврдоћа | 38–50 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
CAS број | 7439-92-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Историја | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Откриће | на Блиском Истоку (7000 п.н.е.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Главни изотопи | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Изотопска заступљеност увелико се разликује зависно од узорку | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/LeadOreUSGOV.jpg/220px-LeadOreUSGOV.jpg)
У природи, олово се најчешће јавља у виду сулфида, PbS, као руда галенит.
Пржењем се руда преводи у оксид чијом редукцијом настаје сирово олово.[3] Сирово олово садржи: бакар, антимон, арсен, бизмут, цинк, сумпор, калај, сребро и злато. Пречишћавањем сировог олова (најчешће електролитичким путем) добија се чисто олово плавичастобеле боје, само на свежем пресеку је металног сјаја, но брзо потамни од створеног слоја оксида и базног олово(II) карбоната Pb(OH)2*2PbCO3, који га штите од даље оксидације. То је мек метал, велике густине и ниске температуре топљења.[4]
Олово се у дестилованој води не раствара, док се раствара у киселинама са оксидационим дејством нпр. азотна киселина. При дејству разблажене сумпорне киселине ствара се заштитни слој олово- сулфата PbSO4 те растварање престаје. Алкалије не делују на олово. На ваздуху се фино спрашено олово тзв. пирофорно олово пали само од себе.
Олово (II) оксид се користи за глазирање керамичких производа, за израду минијума, као жута боја у сликарству. Олово се користи за израду лимова, канализационих и водоводних цеви уколико воде нису киселе; њиме се облажу електрични каблови и превлачи посуђе. Олово се користи и у војној индустрији, индустрији боја, за израду оловних акумулатора, за заштиту од рендгенског и радиоактивног зрачења.
Прве мине за оловке правиле су се од оловних руда, али их је у савременом добу заменио неотровни графит, који се комбинује са другим примесама.
Референце
- ^ Meija et al. 2016.
- ^ Weast, Astle & Beyer 1983, стр. E110.
- ^ Parkes, G.D. & Phil, D. (1973). Melorova moderna neorganska hemija. Beograd: Naučna knjiga.
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3. изд.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6.
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