Пређи на садржај

Олово — разлика између измена

С Википедије, слободне енциклопедије
Садржај обрисан Садржај додат
м Враћене измене 178.220.188.86 (разговор) на последњу измену корисника Autobot
ознака: враћање
.
Ред 1: Ред 1:
{{Друго значење 2}}
{{Друго значење 2}}
{{infobox element
{{Хемијски елемент
|number=82
| група_низ = [[талијум|Tl]] - '''Pb''' - [[бизмут|Bi]]
|symbol=Pb
| периода_низ = [[калај|Sn]]<br />'''Pb'''<br /> {{nbsp}}
|name=Олово
| периодни_систем = Pb-TableImage.png
|abundance=
| име = Олово
|abundance in earth's crust=
| симбол = Pb
|abundance in oceans=
| атомски_број = 82
|abundance in solar system=
| скуп = [[постпрелазни метал]]
|left=[[Талијум]]
| група = [[14. група хемијских елемената|IVA]]
|right=[[Бизмут]]
| периода = [[6. периода хемијских елемената|6]]
|above=[[tin|-{Sn}-]]
| густина = 11.340 [[килограм по кубном метру|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]]
|below=[[flerovium|-{Fl}-]]
| тврдоћа = 1,5
|category comment=
| боја = плавичастобела
|group=14
| слика = Pb,82.jpg
|period=6
| опис_слике =
|block=p
| атомска_маса = 207,2 [[јединица атомске масе|u]]
|image name=Lead electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg
| атомски_радијус = 180 (154) [[пикометар|pm]]
|appearance=металично сив
| ковалентни_радијус = 147 -{pm}-
|standard atomic weight ref={{sfn|Meija|Coplen|Berglund|Brand|2016}}
| ван_дер_Валсов_радијус = 202 -{pm}-
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
| електронска_конфигурација = <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[ксенон|Xe]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>4f<sup>14</sup>5d<sup>10</sup>6s<sup>2</sup>6p<sup>2</sup>
|phase=
| енергетски_нивои = 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
|density gpcm3nrt=11.34
| оксидациони_број = 4, '''2'''
|density gpcm3mp=10.66
| особине_оксида = средње базни
|melting point K=600.61
| кристална_структура = регуларна зидно <br />центрирана
|melting point C=327.46
| агрегатно_стање = чврсто
|melting point F=621.43
| температура_топљења = 600,61 [[Келвин|K]] (327,46 [[степен целзијуса|°C]])
|boiling point K=2022
| температура_кључања = 2.022 -{K}- (1.749&nbsp;°C)
|boiling point C=1749
| молска_запремина = 18,26×10<sup>−3</sup> -{m}-³/[[мол (јединица)|mol]]
|boiling point F=3180
| топлота_испаравања = 177,7 [[килоџул по молу|kJ/mol]]
|heat fusion=4.77
| топлота_топљења = 4,799 -{kJ/mol}-
|heat vaporization=179.5
| притисак_засићене_паре = 4,21×10<sup>−7</sup> [[Паскал|Pa]] (600 -{K}-)
|heat capacity=26.650
| брзина_звука = 1.260 -{m/s}- (293,15 -{K}-)
|vapor pressure 1=978
| електронегативност = 2,33 ([[Полингова скала|Паулинг]])<br /> 1,55 ([[Алредова скала|Алред]])
|vapor pressure 10=1088
| специфична_топлота = 129 [[џул кроз килограм-келвин|J/(kg*K)]]
|vapor pressure 100=1229
| специфична_проводљивост = 4,81×10<sup>6</sup> [[Сименс (јединица)|S]]/m
|vapor pressure 1 k=1412
| топлотна_проводљивост = 35,9 [[ват кроз метар-келвин|W/(m*K)]]
|vapor pressure 10 k=1660
| I_енергија_јонизације = 715,6 -{kJ/mol}-
|vapor pressure 100 k=2027
| II_енергија_јонизације = 1.450,5 -{kJ/mol}-
|vapor pressure comment=
| III_енергија_јонизације = 3.081,5 -{kJ/mol}-
|crystal structure=face-centered cubic
| IV_енергија_јонизације = 4.083 -{kJ/mol}-
|electronegativity=1.87 (+2)
| V_енергија_јонизације = 6.640 -{kJ/mol}-
|number of ionization energies=3
| изотопи1 = <!--
|ionization energy 1=715.6
{| {{table}}
|ionization energy 2=1450.5
! [[изотоп]]
|ionization energy 3=3081.5
! заст.
|atomic radius=175
! [[време полу распада|в. п. р.]]
|covalent radius=146±5
! [[начин распада|н. р.]]
|Van der Waals radius=202
! [[енергија распада|e.r.]] [[мегаелектроноволт|MeV]]
|magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetism|дијамагнетик]]
! [[производ распада|п. р.]]
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=n
|-
|electrical resistivity at 20=208
| rowspan="2" | <sup>202</sup>Pb
|thermal conductivity=35.3
| rowspan="2" | [[вештачки радиоактиван изотоп|(веш.)]]
|thermal expansion at 25=28.9
| rowspan="2" | 5,25×10<sup>4</sup> [[година]]
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=1190
| [[заробљавање електрона|з. е.]]
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
| 0,050
|magnetic susceptibility= &minus;23.0×10<sup>−6</sup>
| <sup>202</sup>[[талијум|Tl]]
|magnetic susceptibility ref= &#x20;(at 298&nbsp;K){{sfn|Weast|Astle|Beyer|1983|p=E110}}
|-
|Young's modulus=16
| [[распад алфа|α]]
|Shear modulus=5.6
| 2,598
|Bulk modulus=46
| <sup>198</sup>[[жива|Hg]]
|Poisson ratio=0.44
|-
|Mohs hardness=1.5
| <sup>204</sup>Pb
|Brinell hardness=38–50
| 1,4%
|Brinell hardness comment=
| >1,4×10<sup>17</sup> [[година]]
|CAS number=7439-92-1
| [[распад алфа|α]]
|isotopes=
| 2,186
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=204 | sym=Pb | na=1.4% | n=122 |firstlinks=yes}}
| <sup>200</sup>[[жива|Hg]]
<!--{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=205 | sym=Pb
|-
|na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=1.53×10<sup>7</sup>&nbsp;y
| <sup>205</sup>Pb
|dm=ε | de=0.051 | link1=thallium-205 | pn=205 | ps=Tl}}-->
| [[вештачки радиоактиван изотоп|(веш.)]]
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=206 | sym=Pb | na=24.1% | n=124 |firstlinks=no}}
| 1,53×10<sup>7</sup> [[година]]
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=207 | sym=Pb | na=22.1% | n=125 |firstlinks=no}}
| [[заробљавање електрона|з. е.]]
{{infobox element/isotopes stable | mn=208 | sym=Pb | na=52.4% | n=126 |firstlinks=no}}
| 0,051
<!--{{infobox element/isotopes decay | mn=210 | sym=Pb
| <sup>205</sup>[[талијум|Tl]]
|na=trace | hl=22.3&nbsp;y
|-
|dm=[[Beta decay|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.064 | link1=bismuth-210 | pn=210 | ps=Bi}}-->
| <sup>206</sup>Pb
|isotopes comment=Изотопска заступљеност увелико се разликује зависно од узорку
| 24,1%
|discovered by= на [[Middle East|Блиском Истоку]]
| colspan="4" | стабилни изотор са 124 [[неутрон]]а
|discovery date=[[7. миленијум п. н. е.|7000 п.н.е.]]
|-
|QID=Q708
| <sup>207</sup>Pb
| 22,1%
| colspan="4" | стабилни изотор са 125 [[неутрон]]а
|-
| <sup>208</sup>Pb
| '''52,4%'''
| colspan="4" | стабилни изотор са 126 [[неутрон]]а
|-
| rowspan="2" | <sup>210</sup>Pb
| rowspan="2" | [[вештачки радиоактиван изотоп|(веш.)]]
| rowspan="2" | 22,3 [[година]]
| [[распад алфа|α]]
| 3,792
| <sup>206</sup>[[жива|Hg]]
|-
| [[распад бета минус|β]]<sup>-</sup>
| 0,064
| <sup>210</sup>[[бизмут|Bi]]
|}-->
}}
}}


Ред 111: Ред 93:
== Референце ==
== Референце ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Литература ==
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{{Refend}}


== Спољашње везе ==
== Спољашње везе ==
{{Commonscat|Lead}}
{{Commonscat|Lead}}
* {{Britannica|333514|Lead}}
* -{[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Catherine_Hammett-Stabler/publication/288272623_The_Toxicology_of_Heavy_Metals_Getting_the_Lead_Out/links/572748fd08ae586b21e28b65.pdf The Toxicology of Heavy Metals: Getting the Lead Out], [[American Society for Clinical Pathology]]}-


{{Периодни систем елемената 2}}
{{Периодни систем елемената 2}}

Верзија на датум 15. август 2020. у 15:56

Олово
Општа својства
Име, симбололово, Pb
Изгледметалично сив
У периодном систему
Водоник Хелијум
Литијум Берилијум Бор Угљеник Азот Кисеоник Флуор Неон
Натријум Магнезијум Алуминијум Силицијум Фосфор Сумпор Хлор Аргон
Калијум Калцијум Скандијум Титанијум Ванадијум Хром Манган Гвожђе Кобалт Никл Бакар Цинк Галијум Германијум Арсен Селен Бром Криптон
Рубидијум Стронцијум Итријум Цирконијум Ниобијум Молибден Технецијум Рутенијум Родијум Паладијум Сребро Кадмијум Индијум Калај Антимон Телур Јод Ксенон
Цезијум Баријум Лантан Церијум Празеодијум Неодијум Прометијум Самаријум Европијум Гадолинијум Тербијум Диспрозијум Холмијум Ербијум Тулијум Итербијум Лутецијум Хафнијум Тантал Волфрам Ренијум Осмијум Иридијум Платина Злато Жива Талијум Олово Бизмут Полонијум Астат Радон
Францијум Радијум Актинијум Торијум Протактинијум Уранијум Нептунијум Плутонијум Америцијум Киријум Берклијум Калифорнијум Ајнштајнијум Фермијум Мендељевијум Нобелијум Лоренцијум Радерфордијум Дубнијум Сиборгијум Боријум Хасијум Мајтнеријум Дармштатијум Рендгенијум Коперницијум Нихонијум Флеровијум Московијум Ливерморијум Тенесин Оганесон
Sn

Pb

Fl
талијумоловобизмут
Атомски број (Z)82
Група, периодагрупа 14 (угљеникова група), периода 6
Блокp-блок
Рел. ат. маса (Ar)207,2(1)[1]
Ел. конфигурација
по љускама
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
Физичка својства
Тачка топљења600.61 K ​(327.46 °‍C, ​621.43 °F)
Тачка кључања2022 K ​(1749 °‍C, ​3180 °F)
Густина при с.т.11.34 g/cm3
течно ст., на т.т.10.66 g/cm3
Топлота фузије4.77 kJ/mol
Топлота испаравања179.5 kJ/mol
Мол. топл. капацитет26.650 J/(mol·K)
Напон паре
P (Pa) 100 101 102
на T (K) 978 1088 1229
P (Pa) 103 104 105
на T (K) 1412 1660 2027
Атомска својства
Електронегативност1.87 (+2)
Енергије јонизације1: 715.6 kJ/mol
2: 1450.5 kJ/mol
3: 3081.5 kJ/mol
Атомски радијус175 pm
Ковалентни радијус146±5 pm
Валсов радијус202 pm
Линије боје у спектралном распону
Спектралне линије
Остало
Кристална структурапостраничноцентр. кубична (FCC)
Постраничноцентр. кубична (FCC) кристална структура за олово
Брзина звука танак штап1190 m/s (на с.т.)
Топл. ширење28.9 µm/(m·K) (на 25 °‍C)
Топл. водљивост35.3 W/(m·K)
Електроотпорност208 nΩ·m (на 20 °‍C)
Магнетни распореддијамагнетик
Магнетна сусцептибилност (χmol)−23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K)[2]
Јангов модул16 GPa
Модул смицања5.6 GPa
Модул стишљивости46 GPa
Поасонов коефицијент0.44
Мосова тврдоћа1.5
Бринелова тврдоћа38–50 MPa
CAS број7439-92-1
Историја
Открићена Блиском Истоку (7000 п.н.е.)
Главни изотопи
изотоп расп. пж. (t1/2) ТР ПР
204Pb 1.4% стабилни
206Pb 24.1% стабилни
207Pb 22.1% стабилни
208Pb 52.4% стабилни
Изотопска заступљеност увелико се разликује зависно од узорку
референцеВикиподаци
Руда олова

У природи, олово се најчешће јавља у виду сулфида, PbS, као руда галенит.

Пржењем се руда преводи у оксид чијом редукцијом настаје сирово олово.[3] Сирово олово садржи: бакар, антимон, арсен, бизмут, цинк, сумпор, калај, сребро и злато. Пречишћавањем сировог олова (најчешће електролитичким путем) добија се чисто олово плавичастобеле боје, само на свежем пресеку је металног сјаја, но брзо потамни од створеног слоја оксида и базног олово(II) карбоната Pb(OH)2*2PbCO3, који га штите од даље оксидације. То је мек метал, велике густине и ниске температуре топљења.[4]

Олово се у дестилованој води не раствара, док се раствара у киселинама са оксидационим дејством нпр. азотна киселина. При дејству разблажене сумпорне киселине ствара се заштитни слој олово- сулфата PbSO4 те растварање престаје. Алкалије не делују на олово. На ваздуху се фино спрашено олово тзв. пирофорно олово пали само од себе.

Олово (II) оксид се користи за глазирање керамичких производа, за израду минијума, као жута боја у сликарству. Олово се користи за израду лимова, канализационих и водоводних цеви уколико воде нису киселе; њиме се облажу електрични каблови и превлачи посуђе. Олово се користи и у војној индустрији, индустрији боја, за израду оловних акумулатора, за заштиту од рендгенског и радиоактивног зрачења.

Прве мине за оловке правиле су се од оловних руда, али их је у савременом добу заменио неотровни графит, који се комбинује са другим примесама.

Референце

  1. ^ Meija et al. 2016.
  2. ^ Weast, Astle & Beyer 1983, стр. E110.
  3. ^ Parkes, G.D. & Phil, D. (1973). Melorova moderna neorganska hemija. Beograd: Naučna knjiga. 
  4. ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3. изд.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-175553-6. 

Литература

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